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限食和重喂食条件下中缅树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）白色脂肪组织的研究

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限食和重喂食条件下中缅树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）白色脂肪组织的...

作者：李海军云南师范大学

学位级别：硕士

在自然界中,动物所需的食物资源会随生境的变化而发生一定的改变,与此同时,不同种类的动物具有一系列的生存机制以适应复杂多变的环境,其中小型哺乳动物在应对食物资源短缺时也具有相对应的适应策略。白色脂肪组织(White adipose tissue... 详细信息

在自然界中,动物所需的食物资源会随生境的变化而发生一定的改变,与此同时,不同种类的动物具有一系列的生存机制以适应复杂多变的环境,其中小型哺乳动物在应对食物资源短缺时也具有相对应的适应策略。白色脂肪组织(White adipose tissue,WAT)作为主要的能量储存器官,是动物在面临食物资源短缺条件下的重要能量来源。WAT内线粒体活性较低,线粒体内膜的解耦联蛋白基本不能发生解偶连作用,但冷驯化和激素可刺激WAT褐化,增加解偶联蛋白-1(Ucoupling protein-1,UCP1)表达量。目前,关于低温诱导小型哺乳动物白色脂肪组织产热的研究的报道很多,而关于限食是如何影响小型哺乳动物白色脂肪组织产热变化的研究较少。本论文在之前的研究基础上,以中缅树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)为研究对象,继续从个体、组织和分子水平等方面来探究在限食及重喂食条件下中缅树鼩的生理指标和WAT产热的变化情况,为中缅树鼩具有多变的能量稳态机制以适应野外食物资源提供了重要依据,同时也为小型哺乳动物生理生态的适应机制奠定了一定的理论基础。本论文主要从以下四个部分来系统的展开研究:1、限食和重喂食条件下中缅树鼩基础指标的研究限食及重喂食条件下,中缅树鼩体重、摄食量、静止代谢率(Resting metabolic rate,RMR)、脂肪含量、肺湿重以及消化道中的小肠、盲肠和胃的湿重均会发生表型可塑性。限食28天期间,结果发现中缅树鼩的体重、摄食量和RMR与对照组相显著下降,重喂食28天期后恢复至对照组水平。限食28天,中缅树鼩的心、肝、肾及大肠无显著变化,而消化道中的小肠、盲肠和胃湿重显著上调,重喂食28天后均恢复至对照组水平。结果表明中缅树鼩可通过调节基础指标以适应食物资源多变的自然环境。2、限食及重喂食后中缅树鼩腹股沟脂肪组织PET/CT扫描及形态学研究腹股沟脂肪组织正电子发射计算机断层显像(Positron emission computed/tom-ography technique,PET/CT)扫描:通过对限食及重喂食后的中缅树鼩腹股沟脂肪组织的PET/CT扫描来探究其在食物资源短缺条件下的生理代谢活性。结果显示:食物限制28天后会导致中缅树鼩的腹股沟WAT吸收氟-氟化脱氧葡萄糖(F-fluorodeoglucose,F-FDG)的平均辐射值(Standerdized uptake value,SUV)相比对照组值显著下降,动物重喂食28天后平均辐射值却恢复至对照组水平。表明中缅树鼩会降低其生理代谢活性以应对食物资源短缺问题进而维持机体稳态平衡。(2)腹股沟脂肪组织形态学研究:腹股沟脂肪组织主要为白色脂肪组织,利用苏木素-伊红染色切片(Hematoxylin-eosin staining,HE)观察其形态变化情况。结果显示:限食28天后的脂肪组织与对照组相比形态明显缩小,但颜色变化不显著,并且没有发现多腔室小脂滴的脂肪细胞。重喂食28天后其形态大小和颜色均恢复至对照组水平。表明中缅树鼩在食物给予的能量不足时会消耗脂肪组织,且消耗过程中可能仅均匀消耗每个脂肪细胞中的一部分,而细胞数量保持不变。3、中缅树鼩在限食和重喂食后腹股沟脂肪组织的流式细胞分析利用UCP1抗体和米色脂肪细胞特异性抗体标记腹股沟脂肪细胞,探究限食对中缅树鼩白色脂肪组织褐化的影响。结果显示:实验室驯化28天后,腹股沟脂肪组织中UCP1和CD137的阳性表达分别为30.14%和14.45%,食物限制28天后表达量分别下降至13.01%和4.35%,重喂食28天后UCP1和CD137的阳性表达分别为28.57%和15.8%,出现了一定的恢复现象(P>0.05)。表明中缅树鼩可通过减弱白色脂肪组织褐化以降低限食条件下的能量消耗。4、限食和重喂食后PRDM16、BMP7、COX-2、PPARα和PGC-1α基因的变化利用qRT-PCR技术分析与白色脂肪组织褐变相关的5个调控基因PR结构域蛋白16(PR domain protein 16,PRDM16)、骨形态发生蛋白7(Bone morphogenetic protein 7,BMP7)、环氧合酶-2(Cyclooxygenase,COX-2)、过氧化物酶体增殖激活受体α(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorα,PPARα)和过氧化物酶体增殖物受体γ共激活因子1α(Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gcoactivator 1α,PGC-1α)在限食和重喂食期间的相对表达量。结果显示:与对照组相比,限食28天后的COX-2和BMP7基因的相对表达量显著下降(P<0.05),而PRDM16、PPARα和PGC-1α基因的相对

关键词：中缅树鼩生理指标食物限制重喂食表型可塑性

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烹调油烟冷凝物及苯胺对槐叶萍生长的影响

烹调油烟冷凝物及苯胺对槐叶萍生长的影响

作者：江新闯扬州大学

学位级别：硕士

槐叶萍[ Salvinia natans (L.) All. ]为多年生浮水性蕨类植物,常见于静水域中。槐叶萍具有较强的金属吸附能力,能有效治理被铬、镉等重金属污染的水体,同时能够有效吸收转化富营养化水体中的氮、磷等物质。本文通过野外取样和室内处理... 详细信息

槐叶萍[ Salvinia natans (L.) All. ]为多年生浮水性蕨类植物,常见于静水域中。槐叶萍具有较强的金属吸附能力,能有效治理被铬、镉等重金属污染的水体,同时能够有效吸收转化富营养化水体中的氮、磷等物质。本文通过野外取样和室内处理等方法探讨了不同密度条件下槐叶萍的形态可塑性及烹调油烟冷凝物(COFCs)和苯胺对其生物学特征的影响。结果表明:1.在不同的植株个体密度下,槐叶萍表现出较强的表型可塑性,沉水叶的单位面积干重和长度、浮水叶干重、上翘枝头数量、侧芽数量与植株密度呈现正相关,浮水叶的长/宽比值也发生明显变化。***对槐叶萍植株的死亡率与其浓度有密切关系:当COFCs浓度低于0.04 g/L时,不会导致槐叶萍植株的死亡;但当COFCs的浓度升高至0.08 g/L时,就开始出现槐叶萍个体死亡的现象,随着浓度的不断升高,尤其是当浓度高于0.28 g/L时,一定时间内就能够导致槐叶萍个体全部死亡,COFCs浓度越高槐叶萍个体出现死亡的时间就越早,全部死亡的时间也越早。***亦可加速槐叶萍浮水叶的变黄,而且变黄叶片的数目随着实验时间的延长及烹调油烟冷凝物浓度的增加而逐渐增加。COFCs还对新生浮水叶产生影响,新生浮水叶在对照组中从第16天开始出现发黄现象,而高浓度组从第3天就有新生叶变黄。***能够明显抑制槐叶萍茎的生长,实验末期对照组茎长明显高于其它浓度组,COFCs的含量越低影响越小;COFCs在短期内对槐叶萍的侧芽并没有明显的影响,但随着处理时间的延长COFCs能够对侧芽的形成产生明显的抑制作用,浓度越高侧芽数越少;COFCs中含有的一些成分能够在起始阶段作为营养物质促进槐叶萍的生长,但在随着作用时间的延长,这些成分在槐叶萍内的不断积累对其相对生长率还是起到了明显的抑制作用。槐叶萍沉水叶、浮水叶、茎三部分生物量的积累,与COFCs浓度呈负相关性。***能够导致水体pH值的升高,且COFCs浓度越高,水体pH值也越高;对水体电导率没有明显影响。***对槐叶萍内过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性具有明显的抑制作用;浓度较高时,能够促进槐叶萍内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的增加,但在浓度低于0.38 g/L时的影响较小,与对照组没有什么区别;当COFCs浓度在0.08 g/L-0.48 g/L时能够明显促进过氧化物酶(POD)活性的升高,高浓度情况下则对POD活性产生抑制。7.苯胺能够明显影响水体的pH值和电导率,但对槐叶萍的生长没有明显影响,槐叶萍对苯胺的耐受性比淡水藻要高。自然条件下,槐叶萍可以通过部分形态特征的变化以适应高密度对其种群产生的影响;由于槐叶萍对COFCs有较高的敏感性,可以作为水体受COFCs污染程度的指示植物;槐叶萍对苯胺具有明显的耐受性,表明该植物可能在苯胺类物质的污染监测和治理中具有比较大的潜力。

关键词：槐叶萍表型可塑性营养生长烹调油烟冷凝物苯胺

Microhabitat Effect on Iron Distribution and Transfer in Carex pseudocuraica in Sanjiang Plain Wetlands

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Chinese Geographical Science 2010年第4期20卷 363-371页

作者： ZOU Yuanchun LU Xianguo JIANG Ming YU Xiaofei Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130012 China Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China

Ten clonal units of Carex pseudocuraica growing in four different microhabitats (perennial flooded ditch water,perennial flooded ditch sediment,seasonal flooded ditch sediment and perennial flooded soil) of the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China,were collected randomly for phenotypic plasticity *** content,chemical and physical properties of substrates and the total Fe of nine plant modules were measured as *** results show that the performance of the *** is affected by the microhabitat,with the greatest performance score in perennial flooded ditch water,and the lowest in perennial flooded *** biomass allocation indexes indicate that much more mass is allocated to stems and roots to expand colonization *** distribution of the total Fe in plant modules appears as pyramids from the tip to the root,while marked differences are observed in the distribution proportion of stems,tillering nodes and roots that are allometrically *** transfer from substrates to the plant is mainly controlled by the substrate *** differences of iron distribution and transfer in the plant in different microhabitats are attributed to the iron contents of the substrates as well as the phenotypic plasticity of the plant.

关键词：三江平原漂筏苔草铁含量微生境湿地分布表型可塑性转让总铁测定

异质生境下克隆植物光稃茅香DNA甲基化变化及其适应性意义

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异质生境下克隆植物光稃茅香DNA甲基化变化及其适应性意义

作者：边儒进东北师范大学

学位级别：硕士

胞嘧啶甲基化是表观遗传修饰的一个重要途径，在植物适应不同环境的过程中起到至关重要的作用。本研究应用可控的盆栽实验和MSAP分子标记技术来探究异质生境中克隆植物光稃茅香DNA胞嘧啶甲基化的变化，以期从表观遗传学的角度解释异质... 详细信息

胞嘧啶甲基化是表观遗传修饰的一个重要途径，在植物适应不同环境的过程中起到至关重要的作用。本研究应用可控的盆栽实验和MSAP分子标记技术来探究异质生境中克隆植物光稃茅香DNA胞嘧啶甲基化的变化，以期从表观遗传学的角度解释异质生境下克隆植物的DNA甲基化变异与其适应性机制的关系。盆栽实验在两端开口的温室大棚内进行，分为异质和同质生境两种处理。通过不同梯度的氮添加模拟自然条件下的资源异质性。将直径60cm、深20cm的塑料大盆用塑料隔板均等分为四个“分室”（以下称为斑块）。依次标记为不施肥(NN)、低水平施肥(LN)、中等水平施肥(MN)和高水平施肥(HN)斑块，对应的氮浓度分别是0、0.15、0.30和0.45g N kg-1土壤。不添加氮肥的同质生境作为对照(CK)。实验初期，将遗传基础一致的光稃茅香分株移栽到各个盆的中央，使根茎向周围四个斑块中拓展的机会相同。生长季末对形态学指标的测定结果表明，中度施肥的斑块中的比叶面积值显著高于其他斑块(p=0.008)，但施肥没有显著改变各斑块中光稃茅香芽数、总生物量、根茎长、分株高和分株数。对照组中的光稃茅香总体甲基化水平显著高于其他斑块(p=0.027)，其中NN、LN、MN和HN斑块中的CG/CHG甲基化水平分别是27.93%/11.51%，27.92%/11.49%，27.94%/11.38%和27.63%/11.39%，对照组中分株的CG/CHG甲基化水平分别是27.92%/11.83%。多重比较(Duncan)结果显示，与生长在同质环境中的对照植株相比，氮添加显著降低了异质生境中分株的CHG胞嘧啶甲基化水平(p=0.026)，但CG胞嘧啶甲基化水平的变化未达到显著水平(p=0.556)。与对照组相比，NN、LN、MN和HN斑块中CG和CHG水平的升高或降低的变异率依次为2.51%、2.69%、2.65%和2.91%，均未达到显著差异水平(p=0.474)，但呈现出随着施肥水平增加而上升的趋势。基于UPGMA的甲基化敏感多态矩阵的聚类分析将15个样品聚为两大类，即对照组和施肥处理组(其中CK-3例外)。这说明，施肥不仅引起处理和对照分株之间的表观遗传的变异，还引起处理组中不同施肥梯度斑块中的分株之间的变异。线性回归分析表明，胞嘧啶甲基化水平与芽数、根状茎长以及生物量之间有显著的回归关系。对DNA甲基化变化的特异性片段的测序结果显示，27条特异性条带中有5条片段与编码NADH脱氢酶、固醇去甲基化酶和假意蛋白等已知功能的基因相似，另有一个片段与未知功能的基因相似。主要结论：氮添加会导致克隆植物光稃茅香胞嘧啶甲基化水平的降低。在自然生态系统中，克隆植物改变其胞嘧啶甲基化水平可能对其适应异质生境有重要作用。克隆植物在应对外界环境资源的不均一性时，会启动表观遗传变异来调节植物表型的变化，以保证定植在不利斑块中的分株的存活。另外，较高的甲基化水平可能会激活植物潜在的克隆繁殖能力，由此产生更多的子代分株，并扩大种群，这可能会帮助克隆植物长期适应不利的外界环境并可以解释光稃茅香能成为较贫瘠的松嫩草原中主要的伴生种的原因。

关键词：表观遗传异质生境表型可塑性 DNA甲基化光稃茅香 MSAP

The effect of transposable elements on phenotypic variation： insights from plants to humans

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Science China(Life Sciences) 2016年第1期59卷 24-37页

作者： Liya Wei Xiaofeng Cao State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Plant Gene Research Center (Beijing) CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 China Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development Fudan University shanghai 200433 China

Transposable elements(TEs), originally discovered in maize as controlling elements, are the main components of most eukaryotic genomes. TEs have been regarded as deleterious genomic parasites due to their ability to undergo massive amplification. However, TEs can regulate gene expression and alter phenotypes. Also, emerging findings demonstrate that TEs can establish and rewire gene regulatory networks by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the key roles of TEs in fine-tuning the regulation of gene expression leading to phenotypic plasticity in plants and humans, and the implications for adaption and natural selection.

关键词：表型可塑性转座因子人类植物基因调控网络核基因组跨国企业遗传机制

Comparative studies on phenotypic plasticity of two herbs,Changium smyrnioides and Anthriscus sylvestris

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浙江大学学报：自然科学英文版 2004年第6期5卷 656-662页

作者：常杰关保华葛滢陈玉成 TheStateKeyLaboratoryofPlantPhysiologyandBiochemistry CollegeofLifeScienceZhejiangUniversityHangzhou310012China DepartmentofAppliedBiologyandChemicalTechnology TheHongKongPolytechnicUniversityHongKongChina

The endangered medicinal herb, Changium smyrnioides can only be found in deciduous forest gaps within the middle to northern subtropical broad-leaved evergreen forest zone of China. The considerable plasticity of its shoot and root structure helps it to capture light more effectively in winter and early spring, and to adapt to the soil moisture conditions in its narrow habitat. Another medicinal plant, Anthriscus sylvestris, is of similar economic importance but commonly distributed widely. In contrast to C. smyrnioides, it has low structural plasticity. It is also specialized to adapt to the moist and sunny environment, where habitat, such as the banks of creeks and rivers, is abundant.

关键词：表型可塑性亚热带越冬物种濒危植物明党参峨参中药材根

Plasticity as panacea？ Nerves, hormones, and the currencies of trade-offs

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Current Zoology 2015年第2期61卷 251-264页

作者： Elizabeth BASTIAANS Elizabeth SWANGER Department of Ecology Evolution and Behavior University of Minnesota MN 55108 USA

Phenotypic plasticity is nearly universal among organisms, and evidence indicates that plasticity can exhibit additive genetic variation and respond to selection. These findings have important implications for our understanding of how plasticity may be constrained and how its mechanistic structure may affect its evolution. Many life history trade-offs may be conceptualized as plastic traits, with individuals varying in their position along trade-off axes due to genetic differences, developmental plasticity, or short-term plasticity occurring throughout an individual’s lifetime. Behavioral plasticity is key to understanding when organisms are likely to encounter trade-offs, whether those trade-offs can be mitigated, and how the trade-offs affect the ecology and evolution of populations. In this review, we discuss hormonal and neural mechanisms that may influence how plastic behavioral traits are expressed and evolve. We also outline a classification of life history trade-offs and their mechanistic bases and discuss the currencies most likely to mediate each category of trade-off and how they are tied to the mechanisms by which animals express their behaviors.

关键词：表型可塑性神经机制权衡激素货币行为特征发育可塑性选择反应

How might epigenetics contribute to ecological speciation？

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 686-696页

作者： Gilbert SMITH Michael G. RITCHIE Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California USA School of Biology University of St Andrews St Andews Fife KY16 9TH Scotland UK

Speciation research has seen a renewed interest in ecological speciation, which emphasises divergent ecological selection leading to the evolution of reproductive isolation. Selection from divergent ecologies means that phenotypic plasticity can play an important role in ecological speciation. Phenotypic plasticity involves the induction of phenotypes over the lifetime of an organism and emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic marks such as cytosine and protein (histone) modifications might regulate such environmental induction. Epigenetic marks play a wide role in a variety of processes including development, sex differentiation and allocation, sexual conflict, regulation of transposable elements and phenotypic plasticity. Here we describe recent studies that investigate epigenetic mechanisms in a variety of contexts. There is mounting evidence for environmentally induced epigenetic variation and for the stable inheritance of epigenetic marks between generations. Thus, epigenetically-based phenotypic plasticity may play a role in adaptation and ecological speciation. However, there is less evidence for the inheritance of induced epigenetic variation across multiple generations in animals. Currently few studies of ecological speciation incorporate the potential for the involvement of epigenetically-based induction of phenotypes, and we argue that this is an important omission.

关键词：生态形态表观遗传表型可塑性学会遗传标记环境感应生殖隔离生命周期

Phenotypic plasticity of floral traits and pollination adaption in an alpine plant Pedicularis siphonantha D. Don when transplanted from higher to lower elevation in Eastern Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2017年第10期14卷 1995-2002页

作者： DAI Wen-Kui AMBOKA Grace Mercy KADIORI Edwin Luguba WANG Qing-Feng YANG Chun-Feng Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Life Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

Phenotypic plasticity and/or pollinatormediated selection may be responsible for the changes in floral traits of plants when they are forced to live in new conditions. Although the two events could be independent, we hypothesized that phenotypic plasticity in floral traits might help to coordinate plant-pollinator interactions and enhance plant reproductive success in changing habitats. To test this hypothesis, we investigated floral traits and pollination on three natural populations of a lousewort(Pedicularis siphonantha) ranging at different elevations, as well as two downward transplanted populations in Shangeri-La County and Deqin County, northwest Yunnan, China. The results indicated that floral traits, i.e. phenology, longevity,display size, corolla tube length and pollen production differed significantly among populations. Moreover,or the two transplanted populations, floral traits diverged from their original populations, but converged to their host populations. Although the phenotypic plasticity in floral traits might be a rapid response to abiotic factor such as warmer environment, the changes in floral traits were found to be well adapted to pollination environment of the host population. Compared with plants of their original habitats in higher elevation, the transplanted individuals advanced flowering time, shortened flower longevity, reduced floral display size and pollen production, received higher visiting frequency and yielded more seeds. These findings suggested that phenotypic plasticity of floral traits might help plants adjust their resource allocation strategy between preand post-pollination stages in response to harsh or temperate conditions, which might correspondingly meet a pollinator-poor or hyphen rich *** would be beneficial for the widely-distributed species to adapt to various environmental changes.

关键词：表型可塑性高山植物花器性状马先蒿属传粉者低海拔移植喜马拉雅