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Estimating geographic variation of infection fatality ratios during epidemics

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第2期9卷 634-643页

作者： Joshua Ladau Eoin L.Brodie Nicola Falco Ishan Bansal Elijah B.Hoffman Marcin P.Joachimiak Ana M.Mora Angelica M.Walker Haruko M.Wainwright Yulun Wu Mirko Pavicic Daniel Jacobson Matthias Hess James B.Brown Katrina Abuabara departments of Computational Precision Health and dermatology University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA94115USA Arva Intelligence Inc.Salt Lake CityUT84101USA Computational Biosciences Group Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Earth and Environmental Sciences Area Lawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Graduate Group in Biostatistics University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Biosystems Data Science Environmental Genomics and Systems BiologyLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeleyCA94720USA Center for Environmental Research and Community Health(CERCH) School of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN37996USA department of Nuclear Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyBostonMA02139USA Biosciences Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN37830USA University of California DavisCA95616USA Statistics department University of CaliforniaBerkeleyCA94720USA Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics University of California Berkeley School of Public Health2121 Berkeley WayBerkeleyCA94720USA

Objectives We aim to estimate geographic variability in total numbers of infections and infection fatality ratios(IFR;the number of deaths caused by an infection per 1,000 infected people)when the availability and quality of data on disease burden are limited during an *** We develop a noncentral hypergeometric framework that accounts for differential probabilities of positive tests and reflects the fact that symptomatic people are more likely to seek *** demonstrate the robustness,accuracy,and precision of this framework,and apply it to the United States(U.S.)COVID-19 pandemic to estimate county-level SARS-CoV-2 *** The estimators for the numbers of infections and IFRs showed high accuracy and precision;for instance,when applied to simulated validation data sets,across counties,Pearson correlation coefficients between estimator means and true values were 0.996 and 0.928,respectively,and they showed strong robustness to model *** the county-level estimators to the real,unsimulated COVID-19 data spanning April 1,2020 to September 30,2020 from across the U.S.,we found that IFRs varied from 0 to 44.69,with a standard deviation of 3.55 and a median of *** The proposed estimation framework can be used to identify geographic variation in IFRs across settings.

关键词： Infection fatality ratio Infection fatality rate Noncentral hypergeometric distribution COVID-19 SARS-CoV-2

Turning Natural Herbaceous Fibers into Advanced Materials for Sustainability

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Advanced Fiber Materials 2022年第4期4卷 736-757页

作者： Pengcheng Luan Xianhui Zhao Katie Copenhaver Soydan Ozcan Hongli Zhu department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Northeastern University360 Huntington AvenueBostonMA 02115USA Manufacturing Science Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RoadOak RidgeTN 37830USA Environmental Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory1 Bethel Valley RoadOak RidgeTN 37830USA

Considering the growing concerns about natural resource depletion,energy inequality,and climate crises,biomassderived materials—the most abundant organic matter on the planet—have received a lot of attention as a potential alternative to petroleum-based *** biomasses and extracted cellulose have recently been extensively used in the development of high-performance and multifunctional *** biomass has sparked interest due to its species diversity,abundance,low cost,lightweight,and *** review discusses the structure versus property relationships of various sources of herbaceous biomasses(e.g.,sugarcane,straw,and bamboo)and their extracted biomaterials,as well as the latest emerging applications from macro-and microscales to ***-strength structural materials,porous carbon materials,multichannel materials,and flexible materials are examples of these applications,which include sustainable electronics,environmentally friendly energy harvesting,smart materials,and biodegradable structural buildings.

关键词： Sustainability Herbaceous biomass Biomaterials Biodegradable Advanced applications

Predicting synthesizable multi-functional edge reconstructions in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides

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npj Computational Materials 2020年第1期6卷 1314-1322页

作者： Guoxiang Hu Victor Fung Xiahan Sang Raymond R.Unocic P.Ganesh Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA

Two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDCs)have attracted tremendous interest as functional materials due to their exceptionally diverse and tunable properties,especially in their *** addition to the conventional armchair and zigzag edges common to hexagonal 2D materials,more complex edge reconstructions can be realized through careful control over the synthesis ***,the whole family of synthesizable,reconstructed edges remains poorly ***,we develop a computational approach integrating ensemble-generation,force-relaxation,and electronic-structure calculations to systematically and efficiently discover additional reconstructed edges and screen their functional properties.

关键词： functional dimensional integrating

On the question of quark confinement in the Abelian U(1)QED gauge interaction

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Frontiers of physics 2023年第6期18卷 39-91页

作者： Cheuk-Yin Wong Physics Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory*Oak RidgeTN 37831USA

If we approximate light quarks as massless and apply the Schwinger confinement mechanism to light quarks,we will reach the conclusion that a light quark and its antiquark will be confined as a boson in the Abelian U(1)QED gauge interaction in(1+1)D,as in an open *** the work of Coleman,Jackiw,and Susskind,we can infer further that the Schwinger confinement mechanism persists even for massive quarks in(1+1)*** such a QED-confined one-dimensional open string in(1+1)D be the idealization of a flux tube in the physical world in(3+1)D,similar to the case of QCD-confined open string?If so,the QED-confined bosons may show up as neutral QED mesons in the mass region of many tens of MeV[***.C 81,064903(2010)&*** Energy Phys.2020(8),165(2020)].Is it ever possible that a quark and an antiquark be produced and interact in QED alone to form a confined QED meson?Is there any experimental evidence for the existence of a QED meson(or QED mesons)?The observations of the anomalous soft photons,the X17 particle,and the E38 particle suggest that they may bear the experimental evidence for the existence of such QED *** confirmation and investigations on the X17 and E38 particles will shed definitive light on the question of quark confinement in QED in(3+1)*** of quark confinement in the QED interaction are discussed.

关键词： quark confinement QCD interaction QED interaction Schwinger model open string model of mesons QCD molecular states

Study of galvanic corrosion and mechanical joint properties of AZ31B and carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer joined by friction self-piercing riveting

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Journal of Magnesium and Alloys 2022年第2期10卷 434-445页

作者： Yong Chae Lim Jiheon Jun Donovan N.Leonard Yuan Li Jian Chen Michael P.Brady Zhili Feng Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOne Bethel Valley RoadOak RidgeTN 37831USA

A new testing methodology was developed to quantitively study galvanic corrosion of AZ31B and thermoset carbon-fiber–reinforced polymer spot-joined by a friction self-piercing riveting ***-defined areas of AZ31B in the joint were exposed in 0.1 M Nacl solution over *** galvanic corrosion of AZ31B was observed as exposure time *** measured volume loss was converted into corrosion current that was at least 48 times greater than the corrosion current of AZ31B without galvanic *** percent of the mechanical joint integrity was retained for corroded F-SPR joints to 200 h and then decreased because of the massive volume loss of AZ31B。

关键词： Multi-material joining Carbon fiber–reinforced polymer AZ31B Friction self-piercing riveting Galvanic corrosion Mechanical joint strength

Polymer-coated nanoporous carbons for trace seawater uranium adsorption

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Science China Chemistry 2013年第11期56卷 1510-1515页

作者： YUE YanFeng SUN XiaoGuang MAYES Richard T. KIM Jungseung FULVIO Pasquale F. QIAO ZhenAn BROWN Suree TSOURIS Costas OYOLA Yatsandra DAI Sheng Chemical Sciences Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Energy & Transportation Science Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory department of Chemistry University of Tennessee

Polymer-coated mesoporous carbon nanocomposites were prepared from the immobilization of acrylonitrile and acrylic acid copolymers with divinylbenzene as a crosslinker onto a mesoporous carbon *** surface areas were maintained after polymerization with accessible *** functional nanocomposite was tested as an adsorbent for uranium from high salinity *** adsorption results have shown that the adsorption capacities are strongly influenced by the density of the amidoxime groups and the specific surface area.

关键词： mesoporous carbon nanocomposite copolymerization seawater uranium adsorption

Coupling physics in machine learning to predict properties of high-temperatures alloys

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npj Computational Materials 2020年第1期6卷 477-483页

作者： Jian Peng Yukinori Yamamoto Jeffrey A.Hawk Edgar Lara-Curzio Dongwon Shin Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA Materials Performance Division National Energy Technology LaboratoryAlbanyOR 97321-2198USA

High-temperature alloy design requires a concurrent consideration of multiple mechanisms at different length *** propose a workflow that couples highly relevant physics into machine learning(ML)to predict properties of complex high-temperature alloys with an example of the 9–12 wt% Cr steels yield *** have incorporated synthetic alloy features that capture microstructure and phase transformations into the *** high impact features that affect yield strength of 9Cr from correlation analysis agree well with the generally accepted strengthening mechanism.

关键词： alloys alloy strength

Atomic-scale mechanisms of void strengthening in tungsten

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Tungsten 2021年第1期3卷 65-71页

作者： Yuri N.Osetsky Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA

Neutron and heavy-ion irradiation of tungsten produces nanometer-size vacancy voids,gas-filled bubbles and dislocation *** defect features can a ect mechanical properties and the impact can be quite significant because of their high *** the basic mechanisms of mechanical properties degradation is necessary for predicting radiation e *** can be made using discrete dislocation dynamics or/and finite element approaches which,however,need local interaction mechanisms as *** knowledge can be provided only by atomic-scale *** paper reports the results of an extensive atomic-scale modeling study of the interactions between moving edge dislocations and voids in *** main focus is on the e ects of the void size and ambient *** resolved shear stress was calculated for voids up to 9 nm in *** results are compared with the theoretical approach and with those obtained earlier for voids in body centered cubic(bcc)*** important role of the void surface has been revealed.

关键词： Tungsten Neutron irradiation Voids Radiation-induced hardening Dislocations Dispersed barrier hardening

Tunable chemical complexity to control atomic diffusion in alloys

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npj Computational Materials 2020年第1期6卷 1360-1367页

作者： Yuri Osetsky Alexander V.Barashev Laurent K.Béland Zhongwen Yao Keyvan Ferasat Yanwen Zhang Materials Science and Technology Division Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak RidgeTN 37831USA department of Nuclear Engineering and Radiological Sciences University of MichiganAnn ArborMI 48109USA department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Queen’s UniversityKingstonON K7L 3N6Canada department of Materials Science and Engineering University of TennesseeKnoxvilleTN 37996USA

In this paper we report a new fundamental understanding of chemically-biased diffusion in Ni–Fe random alloys that is tuned/controlled by the intrinsic quantifiable chemical *** of radiation-tolerant alloys has been a long-standing *** we show how intrinsic chemical complexity can be utilized to guide the atomic diffusion and suppress radiation *** influence of chemical complexity is shown by the example of interstitial atom(IA)diffusion that is the most important defect in radiation *** useμs-scale molecular dynamics to reveal sluggish diffusion and percolation of IAs in concentrated Ni–Fe *** develop a mean field diffusion model to take into account the effect of migrating defect energy properties on diffusion percolation,which is verified by a new kinetic Monte Carlo approach addressing detailed *** demonstrate that the local variations in the ground state energy of IA configurations in alloys,reflecting the chemical difference between alloying components,drives the percolation effects for atomic ***,chemically-biased and sluggish diffusion are phenomena that are directly related to the chemical complexity intrinsically to multicomponent alloys.

关键词： alloys alloying diffusion