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Manipulating Crystal Growth and Secondary Phase PbI_(2)to Enable Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells with Natural Additives

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Nano-Micro Letters 2024年第9期16卷 432-448页

作者： Yirong Wang Yaohui Cheng Chunchun Yin Jinming Zhang Jingxuan You Jizheng Wang Jinfeng Wang Jun Zhang Institute of Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100190People’s Republic of China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049People’s Republic of China Nanjing University Nanjing 210023People’s Republic of China Wuhan Textile University Wuhan 430200People’s Republic of China

In perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the inherent defects of perovskite film and the random distribution of excess lead iodide(PbI_(2))prevent the improvement of efficiency and stability.Herein,natural cellulose is used as the raw material to design a series of cellulose derivatives for perovskite crystallization engineering.The cationic cellulose derivative C-Im-CN with cyano-imidazolium(Im-CN)cation and chloride anion prominently promotes the crystallization process,grain growth,and directional orientation of perovskite.Meanwhile,excess PbI_(2)is transferred to the surface of perovskite grains or formed plate-like crystallites in local domains.These effects result in suppressing defect formation,decreasing grain boundaries,enhancing carrier extraction,inhibiting non-radiative recombination,and dramatically prolonging carrier lifetimes.Thus,the PSCs exhibit a high power conversion efficiency of 24.71%.Moreover,C-Im-CN has multiple interaction sites and polymer skeleton,so the unencapsulated PSCs maintain above 91.3%of their initial efficiencies after 3000 h of continuous operation in a conventional air atmosphere and have good stability under high humidity conditions.The utilization of biopolymers with excellent structure-designability to manage the perovskite opens a state-of-the-art avenue for manufacturing and improving PSCs.

关键词： Perovskite Solar cells Defect passivation Biomass additives Crystal orientation

High-performance terahertz modulators induced by substrate field in Te-based all-2D heterojunctions

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第3期13卷 577-586页

作者： Pujing Zhang Qihang Liang Qingli Zhou Jinyu Chen Menglei Li Yuwang Deng Wanlin Liang Liangliang Zhang Qinghua Zhang Lin Gu Chen Ge Kui-juan Jin Cunlin Zhang Guozhen Yang Department of Physics Key Laboratory of Terahertz OptoelectronicsMinistry of Educationand Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Imaging Theory and TechnologyCapital Normal UniversityBeijing 100048China Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics Institute of PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Department of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced MaterialsTsinghua UniversityBeijing 100084China

High-performance active terahertz modulators as the indispensable core components are of great importance for the next generation communication technology.However,they currently suffer from the tradeoff between modulation depth and speed.Here,we introduce two-dimensional(2D)tellurium(Te)nanofilms with the unique structure as a new class of optically controlled terahertz modulators and demonstrate their integrated heterojunctions can successfully improve the device performances to the optimal and applicable levels among the existing all-2D broadband modulators.Further photoresponse measurements confirm the significant impact of the stacking order.We first clarify the direction of the substrate-induced electric field through first-principles calculations and uncover the unusual interaction mechanism in the photoexcited carrier dynamics associated with the charge transfer and interlayer exciton recombination.This advances the fundamental and applicative research of Te nanomaterials in high-performance terahertz optoelectronics.

关键词： performance field terahertz

Eco-friendly fractionation of natural straws:sustainable ultralong room-temperature phosphorescence and super anti-ultraviolet materials

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第7期67卷 2373-2381页

作者： Zhenghao Xia Jingxuan You Haojie An Yirong Wang Jinming Zhang Chunchun Yin Yaohui Cheng Kunfeng Jin Jun Zhang cas.Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics Institute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100190China School of Chemical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China HongDa Research Institute Co. Ltd.Beijing 100176China Key National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing 210023China

We demonstrate a new green solvent consisting of ionic liquid and polyol to achieve a selective fractionation of lignin from biomass.The lignin from corn straw is rich in syringyl unit and phenolic hydroxyl group,resulting in excellent room-temperature phosphorescence(RTP)performance,antioxidation property and long-term photostability.Flexible film,fiber,aerogel and coatings with an ultralong RTP lifetime of 0.654 s are obtained.The lignin from corn straw completely blocks UV light of290–400 nm at an extremely low usage due to many p-coumarate units.When the content is as low as 1.54 mg/g,which is two orders of magnitude lower than the previous reports,the corresponding sunscreen cream has a super-high sun protection factor(SPF)of 183.9.More importantly,the lignin self-assembles into nanospheres of 250–350 nm,preventing penetration into the skin.Such easily-available,abundant,low-cost,safe and natural lignin provides an innovative avenue for sustainable optical function materials.

关键词： lignin phosphorescence anti-ultraviolet biomass ionic liquids

Utilization of human excrement in pre-modern China,its theoretical interpretations and ecological significance

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Soil Ecology Letters 2024年第1期6卷 1-5页

作者： Xin-Hao Du Yuan-Ming Song Ji-An Cai Yong-Guan Zhu Institute for the History of Natural Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Institute for Cultural Heritage and History of Science&Technology University of Science and Technology BeijingBeijing 100083China Faculty of History Nankai UniversityTianjin 300350China Research Center for Eco Environmental Sciences Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100085China

The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.

关键词： excrement fertilizer theorization urban and rural ecology public health

Effects of Interaction between Axial and Radial Secondary Air and Reductive Intensity in Reduction Region on Combustion Characteristics and NO_(x) Emission of Coal Preheated by a Self-Preheating Burner

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Journal of Thermal Science 2024年第1期33卷 249-267页

作者： SU Kun DING Hongliang OUYANG Ziqu ZHANG Jinyang ZHU Shujun Institute of Engineering Thermophysics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China School of Energy and Power Engineering Jiangsu UniversityZhenjiang 212013China

The study focused on the effects of the interaction between axial and radial secondary air and the reductive intensity in reduction region on combustion characteristics and NO_(x) emission in a 30 kW preheating combustion system.The results revealed that the interaction and reductive intensity influenced the combustion in the down-fired combustor(DFC) and NO_(x) emission greatly.For the temperature distribution,the interaction caused the position of the main combustion region to shift down as R_(2-12)(ratio of axial secondary air flow to radial secondary air flow) decreased or λ_(2)(total secondary air ratio) increased,and there was the interplay between both of their effects.As R_(3-12)(ratio of first-staged tertiary air flow to second-staged tertiary air flow)increased,the decrease in the reductive intensity also caused the above phenomenon,and the peak temperature increased in this region.For the NO_(x) emission,the interaction affected the NO_(x) reduction adversely when λ_(2) or R_(2-12) was higher,and the range of this effect was larger,so that the NO_x emission increased obviously as they increased.The decrease in the reductive intensity caused the NO_(x) emission increased under the homogeneous reduction mechanism,while was unchanged at a high level under the heterogeneous reduction mechanism.For the combustion efficiency,the interaction improved the combustion efficiency as λ_(2) increased when R_(2-12) was lower,while reduced it as λ_(2) increased excessively when R_(2-12) was higher.The proper decrease in the reductive intensity caused the combustion efficiency increased obviously,while was hardly improved further when the intensity decreased excessively.In this study,the lowest NO_(x) emission was only 41.75 mg/m^(3) without sacrificing the combustion efficiency by optimizing the interaction and reductive intensity.

关键词： self-preheating interaction of axial and radial secondary air reductive intensity combustion characteristic NO_(x)emission

Effects of Hydrogen Charging Time and Pressure on the Hydrogen Embrittlement Susceptibility of X52 Pipeline Steel Material

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Acta Metallurgica Sinica(English Letters) 2024年第2期37卷 293-307页

作者： Hong-Jiang Wan Xiao-Qi Wu Hong-Liang Ming Jian-Qiu Wang En-Hou Han School of Materials Science and Engineering University of Science and Technology of ChinaShenyang110016China cas.Key Laboratory of Nuclear Materials and Safety Assessment Institute of Metal ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesShenyang110016China School of Materials Science and Engineering Northeastern UniversityShenyang110819China Institute of Corrosion Science and Technology Guangzhou510530China

The effects of hydrogen charging time and pressure on the hydrogen embrittlement(HE)susceptibility of X52 pipeline steel material are studied by slow strain rate tensile tests.The fracture morphologies of the specimens are observed by scanning electron microscopy.The HE susceptibility of the X52 pipeline steel material increases with an increase in both hydrogen charging time and hydrogen pressure.At a charging time of 96 h,the HE susceptibility index reaches 45.86%,approximately 3.6 times that at a charging time of 0 h.Similarly,a charging pressure of 4 MPa results in a HE susceptibility index of 31.61%,approximately 2.5 times higher than that at a charging pressure of 0.3 MPa.

关键词： Hydrogen embrittlement X52 pipeline steel material Tubular specimen Hydrogen charging time Hydrogen charging pressure

Remarkable Wear Resistance in a Complex Concentrated Alloy with Nanohierarchical Architecture and Composition Undulation

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Research 2024年第1期2023卷 403-416页

作者： Yushan Geng Wenyuan Chen Hui Tan Jun Cheng Shengyu Zhu Jun Yang Weimin Liu State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication Lanzhou Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhou 730000PR China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049PR China Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing Yantai 264000PR China

Sustained wear damages on the sliding surfaces of alloys are generally the culprit responsible for the failure of various mechanical systems.Inspired by high-entropy effects,here we deliberately deploy nanohierarchical architecture with composition undulation in a Ni50(AlNbTiV)_(50) complex concentrated alloy,which yields ultralow wear rate within the order of 10^(−7) to 10^(−6) mm^(3)/Nm between room temperature and 800℃.Such remarkable wear resistance heretofore represents one of the highest wear resistance reported for the bulk alloys or composites,and originates from the multi-type adaptive friction interface protection governed by intrinsically nano-coupled grains and nanoprecipitates.This cooperative heterostructure releases gradient frictional stress in stages upon wear at room temperature through the coexistence of multiple deformation pathways while activating a dense nanocrystalline glaze layer upon wear at 800℃ to minimize adhesive and oxidative wear.Our work uncovers a practical avenue for tailoring wear properties with multicomponent heterostructures over a wide temperature range.

关键词： wear alloys friction

Ionic liquid-trimetallic electrocatalytic system for C–O bond cleavage in lignin model compounds and lignin under ambient conditions

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Nano Research 2024年第4期17卷 2420-2428页

作者： Guangyong Liu Yumiao Lu JunFeng Lu Yanlei Wang Shijing Liang Hongyan He Lilong Jiang National Engineering Research Center of Chemical Fertilizer Catalyst Fuzhou UniversityFuzhou 350002China cas.Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex SystemsBeijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean ProcessInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China Longzihu New Energy Laboratory Zhengzhou Institute of Emerging Industrial TechnologyZhengzhou 450000China

Electrocatalytic depolymerization of lignin into value-added chemicals offers a promising technique to make biorefining sustainable.Herein,we report a robust trimetallic PdNiBi electrocatalyst for reductive C–O bond cleavage of different lignin model dimers and oxidized lignin under mild conditions.The reduction reaction proceeds with complete substrate conversion and excellent yields toward monomers of phenols(80%–99%)and acetophenones(75%–96%)in the presence of an ionic liquid electrolyte with operational stability.Systematic experimental investigations together with density functional theory(DFT)calculations reveal that the outstanding performance of the catalyst results from the synergistic effect of the metal elements,which facilitates the easier formation of a key Cαradical intermediate and the facile desorption of the as-formed products at the electrode.The results open up new opportunities for lignin valorization through the green electrocatalytic approach.

关键词： electrocatalytic depolymerization lignin Ionic liquids density functional theory(DFT)calculation

Modeling wave propagation across rock masses using an enriched 3D numerical manifold method

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Science China(Technological Sciences) 2024年第3期67卷 835-852页

作者： YANG YongTao LI JunFeng WU WenAn State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering Institute of Rock and Soil MechanicsChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430071China Key Laboratory of Urban Security and Disaster Engineering Ministry of EducationBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing 100124China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

The three-dimensional numerical manifold method(3DNMM) method is further enriched to simulate wave propagation across homogeneous/jointed rock masses. For the purpose of minimizing negative effects from artificial boundaries, a viscous nonreflecting boundary, which can effectively absorb the energy of a wave, is firstly adopted to enrich 3DNMM. Then, to simulate the elastic recovery property of an infinite problem domain, a viscoelastic boundary, which is developed from the viscous nonreflecting boundary, is further adopted to enrich 3DNMM. Finally, to eliminate the noise caused by scattered waves, a force input method which can input the incident wave correctly is incorporated into 3DNMM. Five typical numerical tests on P/S-wave propagation across jointed/homogeneous rock masses are conducted to validate the enriched 3DNMM. Numerical results indicate that wave propagation problems within homogeneous and jointed rock masses can be correctly and reliably modeled with the enriched 3DNMM.

关键词： 3D numerical manifold method viscous nonreflecting boundary rock masses force input method wave propagation