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Modernization of Medical Traditions:Indian and Chinese Approaches to Health and Well‑being

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Chinese Medicine and Culture 2018年第2期1卷 56-59页

作者： Ved Baruah University of Strathclyde UK and Shanghai UniversityChina

The provisioning of health and well-being for every human being on the planet calls for a rethink of conventional medical *** both the developed as well as developing world contexts,there is a growing need to rejuvenate alternative medical systems,but they have to be modernized to have cross-cultural appeal and *** paper explores the clash between Western medicine and Indian traditional medicine in 19th century colonial India which offers a historical precedent that could hold key lessons to the spread of traditional medicine across the *** paper argues that the British government used biomedicine as a political tool to dominate Indians and resistance from Indian practitioners of traditional systems of medicines(TSMs)was systematically put down through policy ***,it was the clash between the medical modalities that transformed Indian TSMs forever as systems such as Ayurveda(the science of life)and Yoga took on the challenge and modernized and continue to have global *** paper compares Indian and Chinese medical systems and argues that similarities in theory and practice in two different historical contexts,19th century India and modern-day China,enable us to understand the relevance of modernization practices in our contemporary world.

关键词： Ayurveda biomedicine colonial India ethnomedicine health and health-care medical traditions modernization social history of medicine

Investigation of unique hue setting changes with ageing

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Chinese Optics Letters 2011年第5期9卷 89-93页

作者： Chenyang Fu Kaida Xiao Dimosthenis Karatzas Sophie Wuerger University of Liverpool Liverpool UK Computer Vision Centre Barcelona Spain

Clromatic sensitivity along the protan, deutan, and tritan lines and the loci of the unique hues （red, green, yellow, blue） for a very large sample （n = 185） of colour-normal observers ranging from 18 to 75 years of age are assessed. Visual judgments are obtained under normal viewing conditions using colour patches on self-luminous display under controlled adaptation conditions. Trivector discrimination thresholds show an increase as a function of age along the protan, deutan, and tritan axes, with the largest increase present along the tritan line, less pronounced shifts in unique hue settings are also observed. Based on the chromatic （protan, deutan, tritan） thresholds and using scaled cone signals, we predict the unique hue changes with ageing. A dependency on age for unique red and unique yellow for predicted hue angle is found. We conclude that the chromatic sensitivity deteriorates significantly with age, whereas the appearance of unique hues is much less affected, remaining almost constant despite the known changes in the ocular media.

关键词： Cathode ray tubes Color Color vision Photometry Range finding Retina

Construction and expression of a Rev-dependent TNF-R1 expressing HIV-infected-cell injurious vectors

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Chinese Medical Journal 2005年第24期118卷 2063-2071页

作者： SHI Wei-min Dean Baylis Damian Purcell Paul U Cameron Department of Dermatology and Venereology Tongji HospitalTongji University Shanghai 200065 China Department of Microbiology and Immunology University ofMelbourne Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia

Background Rev is necessary for exporting unspliced and incompletely spliced intron containing HIV mRNAs and for HIV replication. The aim of this study is to develop a kind of selective suicide construct that can specifically and directly induce HIV infected cells into apoptosis based on the high affinity of Rev and Rev response element （RRE）. Methods Molecular-cloning technique was used to synthesis Rev dependent TNF-R1 expression construct pDM128-TNF-R1 （pT128） that contains RRE and TNFR1 gene. Restriction digestion, Polymerase Chain Reaction （PCR） and DNA sequencing were processed and the exactness and correctness of the inserted TNF-R1 gene in pT128 were confirmed repeatedly. The expression of pT128 co-transfected with different combination of other plasmids by calcium phosphate-DNA co-precipitation in Helas and by gene gun transfection in keratinocytes was further tested by flow-cytometry and cell counted under microscope. Results The new plasmid specifically expressed TNF-R1 in Helas when co-transfected with pRev but did not when without pRev. Indirect expression of TNF-R1 from pT128 was slower than the direct expression of that from Hu p60 TNFR1 in pDC302 （pT60） , but all those pT60 or pT128 transfected cells showed apoptosis at last while TNF-R1 was sufficiently expressed. Other kinds of Rev expression construct such as pAD8 and a chimeric HIV vaccine also can switched on the selective expression of pT128. Not only Rev-dependent expression in Helas, pT128 also normally expressed its TNF-R1 in keratinocytes. Co-transfected with prey or pAD8 that expressed Rev, pT128 expressed TNF-R1 and induced apoptosis of green fluorescent keratinocytes in skin explant. The number of green fluorescent keratinocytes co-transfected by pT128 plus prey or pAD8 was gradually outnumbered by that co-transfected by pT128 only. The difference was more significant after culturing for 72 hours. Conclusions Rev dependent pT128 is able to selectively induce apoptosis of HIV-infect

关键词： human immunodeficiency virus tumor necrosis factor receptor apoptosis vaccine

Signal integration in the （m）TORC1 growth pathway

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Frontiers in Biology 2018年第4期13卷 237-262页

作者： Kailash Ramlaul Christopher H. S. Aylett Section of Structural Biology Department of Medicine Imperial College London SW7 2AZ UK

BACKGROUND： The protein kinase Target Of Rapamycin （TOR） is a nexus for the regulation of eukaryotic cell growth. TOR assembles into one of two distinct signalling complexes, TOR complex 1 （TORC1） and TORC2 （mTORC1/2 in mammals）, with a set of largely non-overlapping protein partners. （m）TORC 1 activation occurs in response to a series of stimuli relevant to cell growth, including nutrient availability, growth factor signals and stress, and regulates much of the cell＇s biosynthetic activity, from proteins to lipids, and recycling through autophagy, mTORC1 regulation is of great therapeutic significance, since in humans many of these signalling complexes, alongside subunits of mTORC1 itself, are implicated in a wide variety of pathophysiologies, including multiple types of cancer, neurological disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and metabolic disorders including diabetes. METHODOLOGY： Recent years have seen numerous structures determined of （m）TOR, which have provided mechanistic insight into （m）TORC 1 activation in particular, however the integration of cellular signals occurs upstream of the kinase and remains incompletely understood. Here we have collected and analysed in detail as many as possible of the molecular and structural studies which have shed light on （m）TORC 1 repression, activation and signal integration. CONCLUSIONS： A molecular understanding of this signal integration pathway is required to understand how （m）TORC1 activation is reconciled with the many diverse and contradictory stimuli affecting cell growth. We discuss the current level of molecular understanding of the upstream components of the （m）TORC1 signalling pathway, recent progress on this key biochemical frontier, and the future studies necessary to establish a mechanistic understanding of this master-switch for eukaryotic cell growth.

关键词： mTORC 1 nutrient sensing GATOR complex TSC complex Rag GTPases Rheb

Hepatitis B virus(HBV)and hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)in sub-Saharan Africa:no room for complacency

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Hepatoma Research 2022年第1期8卷 207-211页

作者： Philippa C.Matthews Anna Kramvis The Francis Crick Institute Midland RoadLondon NW14ATUK Division of Infection and Immunity University College LondonLondon WC1E 6BTUK Department of Infectious Diseases University College London NHS Foundation TrustLondon NW12PGUK Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit School of Clinical MedicineFaculty of Health SciencesUniversity of the WitwatersrandJohannesburg 2050South Africa

The increasing incidence and mortality of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)driven by hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a global public health concern[1].Despite World Health Organization(WHO)targets for the elimination of hepatitis as a public health problem by 2030,death attributable to viral hepatitis has continued to rise over the past decade[2],in contrast to the reduction seen in the comparable threats of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV),tuberculosis(TB)and malaria.

关键词： hepatocellular mortality (HBV)

Trick or treat?Does cancer fool Schwann cells by mimicking axons to promote metastasis into nerves?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第8期18卷 1727-1727页

作者： Peter Arthur-Farraj John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK

The Schwann cell reaction to nerve injury,termed the repair program,is crucial to successful nerve *** the last decade,substantial advances have been made in elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms in Schwann cells that lead to functional nerve ***,the field has identified situations,such as aging and chronic denervation where these mechanisms go awry,paving the way for the development of therapeutic interventions(Arthur-Farraj and Coleman,2021;Cattin and Lloyd,2016;Jessen and Mirsky,2019).A recent article by Deborde et al.(2022)has demonstrated that unfortunately there is a downside to Schwann cells having such an efficient regeneration-promoting program;the promotion of tumor invasion of peripheral nerves.

关键词： nerves invasion metastasis

Dysfunction of Wnt signaling and synaptic ：lisassembly in neurodegenerative diseases

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2014年第1期8卷 75-80页

作者： Silvia A. Purro Soledad Galli Patricia C. Salinas Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology Queen Square London WClN 3BG UK Department of Cell and Developmental Biology University College London London WCIE 6BT UK

The molecular mechanisms that regulate synapse formation have been well documented. However, little is known about the factors that modulate synaptic stability. Synapse loss is an early and invariant feature of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease. Notably, in AD the extent of synapse loss correlates with the severity of the disease. Hence, understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie synaptic maintenance is crucial to reveal potential targets that will allow the development of therapies to protect synapses. Wnts play a central role in the formation and function of neuronal circuits. Moreover, Wnt signaling components are expressed in the adult brain suggesting their role in synaptic maintenance in the adult. Indeed, blockade of Wnts with the Wnt antagonist Dickkopf-1 (Dkk1) causes synapse disassembly in mature hippocampal cells. Dkk1 is elevated in brain biopsies from AD patients and animal models. Consistent with these findings, Amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers induce the rapid expression of Dkk1. Importantly, Dkk1 neutralizing antibodies protect synapses against Aβ toxicity, indicating that Dkk1 is required for Aβ-mediated synapse loss. In this review, we discuss the role of Wnt signaling in synapse maintenance in the adult brain, particularly in relation to synaptic loss in neurodegenerative diseases.

关键词：神经退行性疾病突触形成 Wnt 信号功能障碍分子机制抗体保护帕金森氏病

The SARD variety of multi-fractality of ventricular epicardial mapping during ischemia

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2006年第7期51卷 809-814页

作者： CHEN Ying Martyn P. Nash NING Xinbao WANG Yelin David J. Paterson WANG Jun State Key Laboratory of Modern Acoustics Institute for Biomedical Electronical Engineering Nanjing University Nanjing 210093 China Engineering Science and Bioengineering Institute University of Auckland Private Bag 92019 NZ Laboratory of Physiology University of Oxford Parks Road Oxford OX13PT UK

We have analyzed cardiac ische- mia-reperfusion in an animal model using epicardial electropotential mapping. We investigated the rela- tionship between ischemia and variability of multi- fractality in epicardial electrograms. We present a new parameter called the singularity spectrum area reference dispersion (SARD) that clearly demon- strates the change in multifractility with the extent of myocardiaischemia. By contrasting the 3D ventricular epicardial SARD map with the activation map, we conclude that myocardial ischemia significantly in- fluences the variety of multifractality of ventricular epicardium electrograms and the SARD parameter is useful in correlating multifractality of epicardial elec- trograms with location of ischemia closely.

关键词：局部缺血 SARD 非线性基因定位室性心外膜

Default polyfunctional T helper 1 response to ample signal 1 alone

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2021年第7期18卷 1809-1822页

作者： Luca Danelli Georgina Cornish Julia Merkenschlager George Kassiotis Present address:Laboratory of Molecular Immunology The Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNY10065USA Department of Medicine Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonW21PGUK Retroviral Immunology The Francis Crick Institute1 Midland RoadLondonNW11ATUK

CD4^(+)T cells integrate well-defined signals from the T-cell receptor(TCR)(signal 1)and a host of costimulatory molecules(signal 2)to initiate clonal expansion and differentiation into diverse functional T helper(Th)***,our ability to guide the expansion of context-appropriate Th subsets by deploying these signals in vaccination remains *** cell-based vaccines,we selectively amplified signal 1 by exclusive presentation of an optimized peptide:MHC II(pMHC II)complex in the absence of classic *** to expectations,amplified signal 1 alone was strongly immunogenic and selectively expanded highaffinity TCR clonotypes,despite delivering intense TCR *** contrast to natural infection or standard vaccines,amplified signal 1,presented by a variety of professional and nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells(APCs),induced exclusively polyfunctional Th1 effector and memory cells,which protected against retroviral infection and tumor challenge,and expanded tumor-reactive CD4^(+)T cells otherwise rendered unresponsive in tumor-bearing ***,our findings uncover a default Th1 response to ample signal 1 and offer a means to selectively prime such protective responses by vaccination.

关键词： CD4 T cell priming T helper differentiation peptide-MHC II complex