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Disinfection Byproducts and Their Precursors in Drinking Water Sources:Origins,Influencing Factors,and Environmental Insights

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Engineering 2024年第5期36卷 36-50页

作者： Rong Xiao Yang Deng Zuxin Xu Wenhai Chu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Montclair State UniversityMontclairNJ 07043USA

Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public ***,current analysis approaches are not ideal,as they tend to be laborious,time-consuming,or technically *** byproducts(DBPs)are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection *** DBP precursors have various origins(e.g.,natural,domestic,industrial,and agricultural sources),and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive,we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution *** providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors,as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors,this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water *** practice,the DBPs(i.e.,their concentration and speciation)originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential tests—in which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditions—can be considered as alternative *** jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g.,dissolved organic carbon,dissolved organic nitrogen,fluorescence,and molecular weight distribution)and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g.,certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products),DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.

关键词： Disinfection byproducts Disinfection byproduct precursors Drinking water sources Contamination indicator Natural factors Human factors

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Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2023年第4期126卷 378-386页

作者： Di Zhang Shengkun Dong Li Chen Rong Xiao Wenhai Chu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security Shanghai 200092China Southern Laboratory of Ocean Science and Engineering Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Water Security in Southern China of Guangdong Higher Education InstituteSun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou 510275China

Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water,as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in *** this study,the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g.,trihalomethanes,haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g.,haloacetonitriles,haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were *** concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source *** cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also *** and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer *** the first time,buccal and aural exposure were considered,and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9%of total risk).The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10^(-6)of lifetime exposure risk recommended by United States Environmental Protection Agency,and the competitive adult swimmers experienced the highest cancer risk (7.82×10^(-5)).These findings provide important information and perspectives for future efforts to lower the health risks associated with exposure to DBPs in swimming pool water.

关键词： Health risk assessment Swimming pool water Disinfection byproducts Multiple exposure pathway

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Evaluation of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated disinfection by-products

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Journal of Environmental Sciences 2022年第7期34卷 71-79页

作者： Shunke Ding Menglin Wu Rong Xiao Chao Fang Qi Wang Bin Xu Wenhai Chu State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and EngineeringTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment Ministry of EducationTongji UniversityShanghai 200092China School of Life and Environmental Science Wenzhou UniversityZhejiang 325035China

Disinfection by-products(DBPs), formed from the reactions of disinfectants with natural organic matter and halides in drinking water, were considered to be cytotoxic and genotoxic, and might trigger various cancers. The relatively low concentration of DBPs in finished water(low μg/L or even ng/L levels) and the interference from water matrix inhibited in situ determination of DBPs. Moreover, the further formation and degradation of DBPs by disinfectants during the holding time(several hours to several days) from sample collection to analysis could adversely affect the determination of DBPs. To obtain accurate, precise and reliable data of DBP occurrence and formation, robust and reliable sample preservation is indispensable. However, the commonly used quenching agents(e.g., sodium sulfite, sodium thiosulfate, and ascorbic acid) for sample preservation can decompose reactive DBPs by reductive dehalogenation. This study evaluated the performance of N-acetylcysteine(NAC) and glutathione(GSH) as quenching agents for the analysis of halogenated DBPs by investigating the stoichiometry of the disinfectant-quenching agent reaction, the formation of DBPs during chlor(am)ination of NAC or GSH, and the effects of NAC or GSH on the stability of 18 individual DBPs and total organic halogen(TOX). Based on the results of this study, NAC and GSH were considered to be ideal quenching agents for the analysis of most DBPs and TOX, except halonitromethanes.

关键词： Disinfection by-products Total organic halogen Quenching agents N-acetylcysteine Glutathione

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水源中的消毒副产物及其前体物——来源、影响因素和环境启示（英文）

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Engineering 2024年第5期 36-50页

作者：肖融邓扬徐祖信楚文海 State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse College of Environmental Science and Engineering Tongji University Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of the Yangtze River Water Environment Tongji University Department of Earth and Environmental Studies Montclair State University

Tracing the contamination origins in water sources and identifying the impacts of natural and human processes are essential for ecological safety and public health. However, current analysis approaches are not ideal, as they tend to be laborious, time-consuming, or technically difficult. Disinfection byproducts(DBPs) are a family of well-known secondary pollutants formed by the reactions of chemical disinfectants with DBP precursors during water disinfection treatment. Since DBP precursors have various origins(e.g., natural, domestic, industrial, and agricultural sources), and since the formation of DBPs from different precursors in the presence of specific disinfectants is distinctive, we argue that DBPs and DBP precursors can serve as alternative indicators to assess the contamination in water sources and identify pollution origins. After providing a retrospective of the origins of DBPs and DBP precursors, as well as the specific formation patterns of DBPs from different precursors, this article presents an overview of the impacts of various natural and anthropogenic factors on DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources. In practice, the DBPs(i.e., their concentration and speciation) originally present in source water and the DBP precursors determined using DBP formation potential testsDin which water samples are dosed with a stoichiometric excess of specific disinfectants in order to maximize DBP formation under certain reaction conditionsDcan be considered as alternative metrics. When jointly used with other water quality parameters(e.g., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, fluorescence, and molecular weight distribution) and specific contaminants of emerging concern(e.g., certain pharmaceuticals and personal care products), DBPs and DBP precursors in drinking water sources can provide a more comprehensive picture of water pollution for better managing water resources and ensuring human health.

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