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The 3rd Global Summit of research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction:Expanding the Platform for Bridging Science and Policy Making

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第2期8卷 224-230页

作者： Andrew Collins Hirokazu Tatano Wilma James Chadia Wannous Kaoru Takara Virginia Murray Charles Scawthorn Jim Mori Sarah Aziz Khalid M.Mosalam Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler Irasema Alcántara-Ayala Elisabeth Krausmann Wei-Sen Li Ana Maria Cruz Subhajyoti Samaddar Tom De Groeve Yuichi Ono Kelvin Berryman Koji Suzuki Mark Ashley Parry Peter McGowran John G.Rees Department of Geography/Disaster and Development Network (DDN) Northumbria University Disaster Prevention research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Public Health England United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Scientific and Technical Advisory Group and Integrated research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) Scientific Committee Pacific Earthquake Engineering research Center (PEER) University of CaliforniaBerkeley Centre for Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention research Initiative (SEADPRI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Department of Civil and environmental Engineering Pacific Earthquake Engineering CenterUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Institute of Geography National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) APEC Emergency Preparedness Capacity Building Center (EPCC) International research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University natural Hazards Division GNS Science National research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) British Geological Survey and research councils UK

The Global Alliance of Disaster research Institutes held its 3rd Global Summit of research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction at the Disaster Prevention research Institute,Kyoto University,Japan,19–21 March,*** Global Alliance seeks to contribute to enhancing disaster risk reduction(DRR) and disaster resilience through the collaboration of research organizations around the *** summit aim was to expand the platform for bridging science and policy making by evaluating the evidence base needed to meet the expected outcomes and actions of the Sendai Framework for Disaster RiskReduction 2015–2030 and its Science and Technology *** summit reflected the international nature of collaborative research and action.A pre-conference questionnaire filled out by Global Alliance members identified323 research projects that are indicative of current *** were categorized to support seven parallel discussion sessions related to the Sendai Framework priorities for *** discussion sessions focused on research that aims to deepen the understanding of disaster *** cross-cutting sessions focused on research that is aimed at the priorities for action on governance,resilience,and *** summaries were presentedin plenary sessions in support of outcomes for widely enhancing the science and policy of DRR.

关键词： Disaster risk reduction research GADRI global summit Policy Science

Report on IAMAS Activity since 2015 and the IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA Scientific Assembly--Good Hope for Earth Sciences

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第4期35卷 371-375页

作者： John TURNER Teruyuki NAKAJIMA British Antarctic Survey High Cross Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ET United Kingdom Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency 2-1-1 Sengen Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8505 Japan

Three associations of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics （IUGG）--International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans （IAPSO）, International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences （IA- MAS） and International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy （IAGA）--held their joint Scientific Assembly over 27 August-1 September in Cape Town, South Africa. This was the first full IAMAS assembly to be held in Africa （Figs. 1 ＆ 2）.

关键词： MAS Good Hope for Earth Sciences Report on IAMAS Activity since 2015 and the IAPSO-IAMAS-IAGA Scientific Assembly

Eclogites and basement terrane tectonics in the northern arm of the Grenville orogen,NW Scotland

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第6期14卷 358-367页

作者： A.Bird M.Thirlwall R.A.Strachan I.L.Millar E.D.Dempsey K.Hardman School of environmental Sciences University of HullCottingham RoadHull HU67RXUnited Kingdom Department of Earth Sciences Royal Holloway University of LondonEghamSurrey TW200EXUnited Kingdom School of the environment Geography and GeosciencesUniversity of PortsmouthBurnaby RdPortsmouth PO13QLUnited Kingdom Geochronology and Tracers British Geological SurveyKeyworthNottinghamshire NG125GGUnited Kingdom

The presence of eclogites within continental crust is a key indicator of collisional *** within the Eastern Glenelg basement inlier of the Northern Highland Terrane(NHT)have been redated in order to provide more accurate constraints on the timing of collision within the northern arm of the Grenville *** eclogites yield dates of ca.1200 Ma which are interpreted to record the onset of continent–continent interaction,and the NHT as a whole is thought to represent the lower plate in successive 1200–1000 Ma collision *** Eastern Glenelg basement inlier is viewed as a fragment of the leading edge of the NHT continental basement that was partially subducted along a suture and then exhumed back up the subduction *** in ages of igneous protoliths and intrusive histories,and metamorphic events(this paper)between the NHT basement and the Laurentian foreland,suggests that they were separate crustal blocks until after ca.1600 *** therefore suggest that:(1)the NHT represents a fragment of Archean–Paleoproterozoic crust that was reworked within the ca.1.7–1.6 Ga Labradorian-Gothian belt,although whether it was derived from Laurentia or Baltica is uncertain,and(2)amalgamation of the NHT with the Laurentian foreland did not occur until the terminal stages of the Grenville collision at ca.1000 Ma.

关键词： Geochronology Eclogites Grenville Rodinia

The effect of total carbon on microscopic soil properties and implications for crop production

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Journal of Arid Land 2012年第3期4卷 251-259页

作者： Inma LEBRON Milton Earl MCGIFFEN Jr Donald Louis SUAREZ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Bangor Gwynedd LL57 2UW UK Department of Botany and Plant Science University of California Riverside CA 92521-0334 USA U.S. Salinity Laboratory Riverside CA 92521-0334 USA

Soil structure is a dynamic property affected by physical, chemical, and microbiological processes. Addition of organic matter to soils and the use of different management practices have been reported to impact soil structure and crop production. Moderation in soil temperature and increases in microbial activity and soil water retention are often suggested as reasons for the rise in crop yield when organic matter is added to the soil. Less is known about the direct effect of changes in soil structure on crop production. A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of summer cover crop and in-season management system on soil structure. The experiment was a nested design with summer cover crop as the main plot and management system as the subplot. Summer cover crop treatments included cowpea （Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.） incorporated into the soil in the fall （CI）, cowpea used as mulch in the fall （CM）, sudangrass （Sorghum vulgare） incorporated into the soil in the fall （S）, and dry fallow or bare ground （B）. Management systems were organic （ORG） and conventional （CNV） systems. Lettuce （Lactuca sativa L.） and cantaloupes （Cucumis melo L.） were cultivated in rotation in the plots for three consecutive years using the same cover crops and management systems for each plot. Disturbed and undisturbed soil cores were collected at the end of the third year and used for laboratory experiments to measure physical, chemical, and hy- draulic properties. Image analysis was used to quantify soil structure properties using a scanning electron micro- scope on thin sections prepared from the undisturbed soil cores. We found that total soil carbon was correlated with porosity, saturation percentage, and pore roughness. Pore roughness was correlated with crop production in gen- eral and with marketable production in particular. We found that the higher the complexity of the pore space, the more water retained in the soil, which may increase soil water residence and reduce plant

关键词： summer cover crop management systems soil structure properties total carbon

Assessment of ecosystem services of rice farms in eastern India

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Ecological Processes 2019年第1期8卷 435-450页

作者： A.K.Nayak Md Shahid A.D.Nayak B.Dhal K.C.Moharana B.Mondal R.Tripathi S.D.Mohapatra P.Bhattacharyya N.N.Jambhulkar A.K.Shukla Nuala Fitton Pete Smith H.Pathak ICAR-National Rice research Institute CuttackOdisha 753006India Indian Institute of Soil Sciences NabibaghBhopalMadhya PradeshIndia Institute of Biological&environmental Sciences University of Aberdeen23 St Machar DriveAberdeen AB243UUUK.

Background:Rice is a major cereal crop and staple food of eastern India,and most farmers depend solely on rice for their *** farming provides both tangible and non-tangible benefits to ecosystems which need to be maintained and *** benefits are provided through ecosystem services(ES)that include both marketable and ***:In this study,the rice farms in eastern India were valued by quantifying the economic value of the services under conventional method of rice cultivation and the gap of ecosystem services value and farm income per unit area were assessed.A stratified random sampling technique was used in this study for selection of agro-climatic zones,districts,blocks,gram panchayat,and study units(households).Soil sampling was also performed for assessing the regulating services(biocontrol of pests,carbon flow,soil erosion,nitrogen fixation),provisioning services(food and by-products),and supporting services(soil fertility,hydrological flow,nutrient cycling,and soil formation).Results:The results indicated that the total economic value of ecosystem services ranged from US$1238 to 1688 ha−1 year−*** marketed(primary production)and non-marketed ecosystem services values ranged from 66–89 to 11–34%of the total,*** of some of the ecosystem services such as cultural services,biodiversity,and gas regulation,which may play a significant role in total ecosystem services,has not been made due to non-availability of data and appropriate methodology for rice *** values of parameters can explain the variability in ecosystem services among the agro-climatic zones in eastern *** of locations based on variability of ecosystem services helps in identifying intervention points for sustaining and improving ecosystem services,while permitting sustainable agro-ecological *** highest total economic gap between ES value and farm income was found in the north central plateau zone(US$

关键词： Ecosystem services Rice farming Economic gap Payment for ecosystem services(PES)

A review of the New Geophysics:a new understanding of pre-fracturing deformation in the crack-critical crust with implications for hydrocarbon production

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Petroleum Science 2008年第1期5卷 1-12页

作者： Stuart Crampin Yuan Gao School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh UK Edinburgh Anisotropy Project British Geological Survey Edinburgh UK Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Beijing China

This paper reviews a new understanding of shear-wave splitting （seismic-birefringence） that is a fundamental revision of conventional fluid-rock deformation. It is a New Geophysics with implications for almost all solid-earth geosciences, including hydrocarbon exploration and production, and earthquake forecasting. Widespread observations of shear-wave splitting show that deformation in in situ rocks is controlled by stress-aligned fluid-saturated grain-boundary cracks and preferentially orientated pores and pore-throats pervasive in almost all igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in the Earth＇s crust. These fluid-saturated microcracks are the most compliant elements of the rock-mass and control rock deformation. The degree of splitting shows that the microcracks in almost all rocks are so closely spaced that they verge on fracture-criticality and failure by fracturing, and are critical systems with the “butterfly wing＇s” sensitivity of all critical systems. As a result of this crack-criticality, evolution of fluid-saturated stress-aligned microcracked rock under changing conditions can be modelled with anisotropic poroelasticity （APE）. Consequently, low-level deformation can be： monitored with shear-wave splitting; future behaviour calculated with APE; future behaviour predicted with APE, if the change in conditions can be quantified; and in principle, future behaviour controlled by feed-back. This paper reviews our current understanding of the New Geophysics of low-level pre-fracturing deformation.

关键词： Crack anisotropy New Geophysics pre-fracturing deformation seismic birefringence,shear-wave splitting

Quantitative Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Induction Inversion and Full-Waveform Inversion of Crosshole Ground Penetrating Radar Data

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第6期26卷 844-850页

作者： Jan van der Kruk Nils Gueting Anja Klotzsche Guowei He Sebastian Rudolph Christian von Hebel Xi Yang Lutz Weihermüller Achim Mester Harry Vereecken Agrosphere (IBG-3) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems (TerrSys) British Geological Survey Environmenal Science Centre Key Worth Electronic Systems (ZEA-2) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH

Due to the recent system developments for the electromagnetic characterization of the subsurface, fast and easy acquisition is made feasible due to the fast measurement speed, easy coupling with GPS systems, and the availability of multi-channel electromagnetic induction（EMI） and ground penetrating radar（GPR） systems. Moreover, the increasing computer power enables the use of accurate forward modeling programs in advanced inversion algorithms where no approximations are used and the full information content of the measured data can be exploited. Here, recent developments of large-scale quantitative EMI inversion and full-waveform GPR inversion are discussed that yield higher resolution of quantitative medium properties compared to conventional approaches. In both cases a detailed forward model is used in the inversion procedure that is based on Maxwell＇s equations. The multi-channel EMI data that have different sensing depths for the different source-receiver offset are calibrated using a short electrical resistivity tomography（ERT） calibration line which makes it possible to invert for electrical conductivity changes with depth over large areas. The crosshole GPR full-waveform inversion yields significant higher resolution of the permittivity and conductivity images compared to ray-based inversion results.

关键词： ground penetrating radar electromagnetic induction full-waveform inversion.

Individual consistency and sex differences in migration strategies of Scopoli＇s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea despite year differences

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Current Zoology 2014年第5期60卷 631-641页

作者： Martina S. MULLER Bruno MASSA Richard A. PHILLIPS Giacomo DELL Graduate School of environmental Studies Nagoya University Japan University of Palermo Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences Italy British Antarctic Survey Natural Environment Research Council Cambridge CB3 0ET UK Ornis italica Rome Italy

Recently-developed capabilities for tracking the movements of individual birds over the course of a year or longer has provided increasing evidence for consistent individual differences in migration schedules and destinations. This raises questions about the relative importance of individual consistency versus flexibility in the evolution of migration strategies, and has implications for the ability of populations to respond to climatic change. Using geolocators, we tracked the migrations of Scopoli＇s shearwaters Calonectris diomedea breeding in Linosa （Italy） across three years, and analysed timing and spatial aspects of their movements. Birds showed remarkable variation in their main wintering destination along the western coast of Africa. We found significant individual consistency in the total distance traveled, time spent in transit, and time that individuals spent in the win- tering areas. We found extensive sex differences in scheduling, duration, distances and destinations of migratory journeys. We also found sex differences in the degree of individual consistency in aspects of migration behaviour. Despite strong evidence for individual consistency, which indicates that migration journeys from the same bird tended to be more similar than those of dif- ferent birds, there remained substantial intra-individual variation between years. Indeed, we also found clear annual differences in departure dates, return dates, wintering period, the total distance traveled and re^rn routes from wintering grounds back to the colony. These findings show that this population flexibly shifts migration schedules as well as routes between years in response to direct or indirect effects of heterogeneity in the environment, while maintaining consistent individual migration strategies [Current Zoology 60 （5）： 631-641, 2014].

关键词： Avian migration GLS loggers Repeatability Individual strategies

Turbulent Variance Characteristics of Temperature and Humidity over a Non-uniform Land Surface for an Agricultural Ecosystem in China

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2006年第3期23卷 365-374页

作者：高志球卞林根谌志刚 Michael SPARROW 张佳华 Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Guangzhou Central Meteorological Observatory International CLIVAR Project Office

This paper describes the application of the variance method for flux estimation over a mixed agricultural region in China. Eddy covariance and flux variance measurements were conducted in a near-surface layer over a non-uniform land surface in the central plain of China from 7 June to 20 July 2002. During this period, the mean canopy height was about 0.50 m. The study site consisted of grass （10% of area）, beans （15%）, corn （15%） and rice （60%）. Under unstable conditions, the standard deviations of temperature and water vapor density （normalized by appropriate scaling parameters）, observed by a single instrument, followed the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The similarity constants for heat （CT） and water vapor （Cq） were 1.09 and 1.49, respectively. In comparison with direct measurements using eddy covariance techniques, the flux variance method, on average, underestimated sensible heat flux by 21% and latent heat flux by 24%, which may be attributed to the fact that the observed slight deviations （20% or 30% at most） of the similarity ＂constants＂ may be within the expected range of variation of a single instrument from the generally-valid relations.

关键词： turbulent fluxes eddy covariance flux variance non-uniform land surface