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Population differentiation at a regional scale in spadefoot toads： contributions of distance and divergent selective environments

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Current Zoology 2016年第2期62卷 193-206页

作者： Amber M. RICE Michael A. MCQUILLAN Heidi A. SEEARS Joanna A. WARREN Department of Biological Sciences Lehigh University BethLehem PA 18015 USA

The causes of population differentiation can provide insight into the origins of early barriers to gene flow. Two key drivers of population differentiation are geographic distance and local adaptation to divergent selective environments. When reproductive isolation arises because some populations of a species are under selection to avoid hybridization while others are not, population differentiation and even speciation can result. Spadefoot toad populations Spea multiplicata that are sympatric with a congener have undergone reinforcement. This reinforcement has resulted not only in increased reproductive isolation from the congener, but also in the evolution of reproductive isolation from nearby and distant conspecific allopatric populations. We used multiple approaches to evaluate the contributions of geographic distance and divergent selective environments to population structure across this regional scale in S. multiplicata, based on genotypes from six nuclear microsatellite markers. We compared groups of populations varying in both geographic location and in the presence of a congener. Hierarchical F-statistics and results from cluster analyses and discriminant analyses of principal components all indicate that geographic distance is the stronger contributor to genetic differentiation among S. multiplicata populations at a regional scale. However, we found evidence that adaptation to divergent selective environments also contributes to population structure. Our findings highlight how variation in the balance of evolutionary forces acting across a species＇ range can lead to variation in the relative contributions of geographic distance and local adaptation to population differentiation across different spatial scales.

关键词： cascade reinforcement character displacement reproductive isolation spatial scale Spea multipficata speciation

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Controlling the Reconstruction of Ni/CeO_(2) Catalyst during Reduction for Enhanced CO Methanation

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Engineering 2022年第7期8卷 94-99页

作者： Xinyu Cao Tiancheng Pu Bar Mosevitzky Lis Israel E.Wachs Chong Peng Minghui Zhu Yongkang Hu State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering School of Chemical EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai 200237China Operando Molecular Spectroscopy and Catalysis Research Laboratory Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringLehigh UniversityBethlehemPA 18015USA Department of Instrument Science and Engineering School of Electronic InformationElectrical EngineeringShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityShanghai 200240China Dalian Research Institute of Petroleum and Petrochemicals SINOPECDalian 116045China

Reductive pretreatment is an important step for activating supported metal catalysts but has received little *** this study,reconstruction of the supported nickel catalyst was found to be sensitive to pretreatment *** contrast to the traditional activation procedure in hydrogen,activating the catalyst in syngas created supported Ni nanoparticles with a polycrystalline structure containing an abundance of grain *** unique post-activation catalyst structure offered enhanced CO adsorption and an improved CO methanation *** current strategy to tune the catalyst structure via manipulating the activation conditions can potentially guide the rational design of other supported metal catalysts.

关键词： Nickel–ceria catalyst Catalyst activation Crystallinity Methanation In situ spectroscopy

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