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Genetic variation amongst biotypes of Dactylopius tomentosus

Insect Science 2015年第3期22卷 360-374页

作者： Catherine W. Mathenge Markus Riegler G. Andrew C. Beattie Robert N. Spooner-Hart Paul Holford School of Science and Health University of Western Sydney (Hawkesbury Campus) Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment University of Western Sydney Locked Bag 1797 Penrith NSW 2751 Australia

The tomentose cochineal scale insect, Dactylopius tomentosus （Lamarck）（Hemiptera： Dactylopiidae）, is an important biological control agent against invasive species of Cylindropuntia （Caryophyllales： Cactaceae）. Recent studies have demonstrated that this scale is composed of host-affiliated biotypes with differential host specificity and fitness on particular host species. We investigated genetic variation and phylogenetic rela-tionships among D. tomentosus biotypes and provenances to examine the possibility that genetic diversity may be related to their host-use pattern, and whether their phylogenetic relationships would give insights into taxonomic relatedness of their host plants. Nucleotide sequence comparison was accomplished using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I （COI） gene. Sequences of individuals from the same host plant within a region were identical and characterized by a unique haplotype. Individuals belonging to the same biotype but from different regions had similar haplotypes. However, haplotypes were not shared between different biotypes. Phylogenetic analysis grouped the monophyletic D. tomentosus into 3 well-resolved clades of biotypes. The phylogenetic relationships and clustering of biotypes corresponded with known taxonomic relatedness of their hosts. Two biotypes, Fulgida and Mamillata, tested positive for Wolbachia （α-Proteobacteria）, a common endosymbiont of insects. The Wolbachia sequences were serendipitously detected by using insect-specific COI DNA barcoding primers and are most similar to Wolbachia Supergroup F strains. This study is the first molecular characterization of cochineal biotypes that, together with Wolbachia sequences, contribute to the better identification of the biotypes of cochineal insects and to the biological control of cacti using host-specific biotypes of the scale.

关键词： biotypes Cylindropuntia spp. Dactylopiidae Hemiptera tomentose cochineal scale Wolbachia spp.

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Spatial and temporal patterns of sarcoptic mange in wombats using the citizen science tool,WomSAT

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Integrative Zoology 2024年第3期19卷 387-399页

作者： Sujatha MAYADUNNAGE Hayley Jade STANNARD Peter WEST Julie M.OLD School of Science Western Sydney UniversityHawkesburyNSWAustralia School of Agricultural Environmental and Veterinary SciencesCharles Sturt UniversityWagga WaggaNSWAustralia Department of Primary Industries Orange Agricultural InstituteOrangeNSWAustralia

There is currently limited information regarding the levels of infection and distribution of sarcoptic mange in the wombat population throughout *** analyzed cases of sarcoptic mange in bare-nosed wombats reported into WomSAT,a website and mobile phone application where citizen scientists can upload sightings of wombats,burrows,and sarcoptic mange *** used Maxent software to predict locations and the environmental factors associated with sarcoptic mange occurrence in bare-nosed wombats.A total of 1379 sarcoptic mange-infected and 3043 non-sarcoptic mange-infected wombats were reported by 674 and 841 citizen scientists,*** all the wombats reported to WomSAT from 2015 to 2019,31.2%were infected with sarcoptic *** mange in bare-nosed wombats was reported in 502 suburbs across four *** South Wales had the highest number of sarcoptic mange cases reported to *** was no statistically significant seasonal variation of sarcoptic mange levels in bare-nosed *** model showed that Euclidean distance to urban areas was the highest contributing factor for sarcoptic mange *** distance to urban areas decreased,the suitability for sarcoptic mange *** precipitation was the next contributing factor in the model,with higher rainfall of 400–700 mm correlating to an increase in sarcoptic mange *** the data collected to date have provided the largest-scale contemporary distribution of sarcoptic mange in wombats,data should continue to be collected by citizen scientists as it is an easy and low-cost method of collecting data over large *** suggest targeting the identified hotspot areas and more site-specific studies for studying and mitigating sarcoptic mange in bare-nosed wombats.

关键词： bare-nosed wombats habitat suitability Maxent modeling

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Understanding Interactions Between Chinese Medicines and Pharmaceutical Drugs in Integrative Healthcare

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Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine 2015年第2期21卷 83-89页

作者：陈金泉 The National Institute of Complementary Medicine University of Western Sydney Faculty of Pharmacy The University of Sydney

In the 21st century, the public are more informed, mainly via the Internet, about health and medical products and have become more knowledgeable about matters relating to their health conditions and well-being in curing and preventing illnesses. They often self-medicate themselves with various health products and over-the-counter （OTC） medicines apart from prescribed pharmaceutical drugs （PD）. Some of those non-prescribed products may have doubtful quality control and contain harmful additives or unchecked ingredients; thus their usefulness is in doubt. The increasing popularity world-wide of using Chinese medicines （CM） and related OTC functional products has raised concerns over their concomitant use with PD and the consequential adverse effects. In most cases the alleged causes of adverse effects are linked with herbal sources, although the authorised information on the interactions between CM-PD is not plentiful in the literature. There is an urgent need for such a data base. The future professionals in health and medical care should be knowledgeable or aware of what their patients have been taking or given. In actual practice the patients may receive both treatments intentionally or unintentionally, with or without the awareness of the practitioner. In these situations a reliable database for interactions between CM-PD will be extremely useful for consultation when treatment problems appear or during emergency situations. Their combining of medications may be involved with possible outcomes of adverse reactions or beneficial effects. Such a database will be welcomed by both practitioners of herbal medicines and orthodox medicine practitioners in the emerging trend of integrative medicine. The author has been involved in various research projects of basic and clinical aspects in mainly CM among other herbal and PD. Examples will be given largely on those related to these disciplines as illustrations in this overview.

关键词： Chinese medicines and pharmaceutical drugs interactions adverse effects beneficial co-treatment,herb-drug interaction possible mechanisms future directions

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An evaluation of moving shadow detection techniques

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Computational Visual Media 2016年第3期2卷 195-217页

作者： Mosin Russell Ju Jia Zou Gu Fang School of Computing Engineering and MathematicsWestern Sydney University

Shadows of moving objects may cause serious problems in many computer vision applications,including object tracking and object recognition. In common object detection systems, due to having similar characteristics, shadows can be easily misclassified as either part of moving objects or independent moving objects. To deal with the problem of misclassifying shadows as foreground, various methods have been introduced. This paper addresses the main problematic situations associated with shadows and provides a comprehensive performance comparison on up-todate methods that have been proposed to tackle these problems. The evaluation is carried out using benchmark datasets that have been selected and modified to suit the purpose. This survey suggests the ways of selecting shadow detection methods under different scenarios.

关键词： moving shadow detection problematic situations shadow features shadow detection methods

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Hydrogen peroxide mediates pro-inflammatory cell-to-cell signaling: a new therapeutic target for inflammation?

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Neural Regeneration Research 2019年第8期14卷 1430-1437页

作者： Dhanushka Gunawardena Ritesh Raju Gerald Münch Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Western Sydney University

Nitric oxide is now universally recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule. Nitric oxide, produced in one cell, diffuses across the extracellular space and acts with targets in an adjoining cell. In this study, we present proof that hydrogen peroxide - like nitric oxide - acts as a true first (intercellular) messenger for a multitude of pro-inflammatory ligands. RAW 264.7 macrophages were activated with three different ligands, lipopolysaccharide, interferon-gamma or advanced glycation end products in the presence of increasing concentrations of (hydrogen peroxide scavenging) catalase. As inflammatory readouts, nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor were determined. We hypothesize that hydrogen peroxide travels between cells propagating the signal, then a certain percentage of the readout should be inhibited by catalase in a concentration- dependent manner. The experiment showed concentration-dependent inhib让ion of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-a production in response to all three ligands/ligand combinations (interferon-gamma, lipopolysaccharide, and chicken egg albumin-derived advanced glycation end product) in the presence of increasing concentration of catalase. For example, catalase inhibited 100% of nitric oxide and 40% of tumor necrosis factor-a production at its highest concentration. Our results suggest that hydrogen peroxide travels through cell membranes into the extracellular space and enters and activates ad;acent cells. Like rdtric oxide, we suggest that it is a ubiquitous first messenger, able to transmit cell-to-cell pro-inflammatory signals such as nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-a. In a therapeutic setting, our data suggest that compounds acting as hydrogen peroxide scavengers might not even need to enter the cell to act as anti-inflammatory drugs.

关键词： Inflammation glycation redox signaling cytokines anti-inflammatory drugs hydrogen peroxide membrane permeable lipopolysaccharide Interferon-gamma signaling

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Attributable risk and potential impact of interventions to reduce household air pollution associated with under-five mortality in South Asia

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Global Health Research and Policy 2018年第1期3卷 361-369页

作者： Sabrina Naz Andrew Page Kingsley Emwinyore Agho Translational Health Research Institute School of MedicineWestern Sydney UniversityBuilding 3Campbelltown CampusLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW 2571Australia School of Science and Health Western Sydney UniversityCampbelltown CampusLocked Bag 1797PenrithNSW 2571Australia

Background:Solid fuel use is the major source of household air pollution(HAP)and accounts for a substantial burden of morbidity and mortality in low and middle income *** evaluate and compare childhood mortality attributable to HAP in four South Asian ***:A series of Demographic and Health Survey(DHS)datasets for Bangladesh,India,Nepal and Pakistan were used for *** of relative risk and exposure prevalence relating to use of cooking fuel and under-five mortality were used to calculate population attributable fractions(PAFs)for each *** impact fractions(PIFs)were also calculated assessing theoretical scenarios based on published interventions aiming to reduce exposure ***:There are an increased risk of under-five mortality in those exposed to cooking fuel compared to those not exposed in the four South Asian countries(OR=1.30,95%CI=1.07-1.57,P=0.007).Combined PAF estimates for South Asia found that 66%(95%CI:43.1-81.5%)of the 13,290 estimated cases of under-five mortality was attributable to *** PIF estimates(assuming achievable reductions in HAP reported in intervention studies conducted in South Asia)indicates 47%of neonatal and 43%of under-five mortality cases associated with HAP could be avoidable in the four South Asian countries ***:Elimination of exposure to use of cooking fuel in the household targeting valuable intervention strategies(such as cooking in separate kitchen,improved cook stoves)could reduce substantially under-five mortality in South Asian countries.

关键词： Household air pollution Under-five mortality Cooking fuel Population attributable risk South Asia

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Millimetric devices for nerve stimulation:a promising path towards miniaturization

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第8期19卷 1702-1706页

作者： Ryan M.Dorrian Anna V.Leonard Antonio Lauto Spinal Cord Injury Research Group School of BiomedicineThe University of AdelaideAdelaideSAAustralia School of Science Western Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia

Nerve stimulation is a rapidly developing field,demonstrating positive outcomes across several *** potential benefits,current nerve stimulation devices are large,complicated,and are powered via implanted pulse *** facto rs necessitate invasive surgical implantation and limit potential *** nerve stimulation devices to millimetric sizes would make these interventions less invasive and facilitate broader therapeutic ***,device miniaturization presents a serious engineering *** review presents significant advancements from several groups that have overcome this challenge and developed millimetricsized nerve stimulation *** are based on antennas,mini-coils,magneto-electric and optoelectronic materials,or receive ultrasound *** highlight key design elements,findings from pilot studies,and present several considerations for future applications of these devices.

关键词： biomedical engineering deep brain stimulation electrical engineering electrical stimulation neuromodulation peripheral nerve stimulation

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A comparative study of Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix & Rhizoma raw material and granule products using chromatographic analysis and antioxidant activity

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences 2022年第3期9卷 311-320页

作者： Xian Zhou Valentina Razmovski-Naumovski Raynold Mendoza John Truong Kelvin Chan NICM Health Research Institute Western Sydney UniversityWestmead2145Australia South West sydney Clinical Campuses Faculty of Medicine&HealthUniversity of New South WalesSydneyNSW2170Australia School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Liverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolL33AFUK

Objective: Granules of herbal extracts are a popular medicinal preparation consumed in traditional Chinese medicine clinical practice. However, their quality and efficacy evaluation are lacking. This study aimed to compare the quality and anti-oxidant activity of Dan Shen(Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix & Rhizoma)granule extracts with their herbal ***: Chromatographic method was used to determine the content of 7 marker compounds in the water extracts of the herb compared to that of 12 granule extracts. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering(AHC) and principal component analysis(PCA) distinguished the herbal and granule extracts based on the content of the marker compounds. The antioxidant activities of herbal and granule extracts were evaluated by 2, 2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenz-thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS), organic chemical compound 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power(FRAP) ***: The herbal extracts group showed significantly higher contents of salvianolic acid B, sodium danshensu and cryptotanshinone compared with that of the granule group. This corresponded to significantly higher ABTS, DPPH and FRAP(P <.05) activities of the herbal extracts. The AHC and PCA analysis distinguished granule extracts from most herbal extracts predominantly by the content of salvianolic acid ***: The results confirm the need for the assessment of granule products so that healthcare practitioners and consumers are better informed of their quality and efficacy.

关键词： Dan Shen Granule Multivariate analysis Salvia miltiorrhiza Radix&rhizoma Ultra-performance liquid chromatography Antioxidant

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High nymphal host density and mortality negatively impact parasitoid complex during an insect herbivore outbreak

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Insect Science 2019年第2期26卷 351-365页

作者： Aidan A. G. Hall Scott N. Johnson James M. Cook Markus Riegler Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University NSW Australia

Insect herbivore outbreaks frequently occur and this may be due to factors that restrict top-down control by parasitoids, for example, host-parasitoid asynchrony, hyperparasitization, resource limitation and climate. Few studies have examined hostparasitoid density relationships during an in sect herbivore outbreak in a n atural ecosystem with diverse parasitoids. We studied parasitization patterns of Cardiaspina psyllids during an outbreak in a Eucalyptus woodland. First, we established the trophic roles of the parasitoids through a species-specific multiplex PCR approach on mummies from which parasitoids emerged. Then, we assessed host-parasitoid density relationships across three spatial scales (leaf, tree and site) over one yeas We detected four endoparasitoid species of the family Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera);two primary parasitoid and one heteronomous hyperparasitoid Psyllaephagus species (the latter with female development as a primary parasitoid and male development as a hyperparasitoid), and the hyperparasitoid Coccidoctonuspsyllae. Parasitoid development was host-synchronized, although synchrony between sites appeared constrained during winter (due to temperature differences). Parasitization was predominantly driven by one primary parasitoid species and was mostly inversely host-density dependent across the spatial scales. Hyperparasitization by C. psyllae was psyllid-density dependent at the site scale, however, this only impacted the rarer primary parasitoid. High larval parasitoid mortality due to density-dependent nymphal psyllid mortality (a consequence of resource limitation) compounded by a summer heat wave was incorporated in the assessment and resulted in density independence of host-parasitoid relationships. As such, high larval parasitoid mortality during insect herbivore outbreaks may contribute to the absence of host density-dependent parasitization during outbreak events.

关键词： density-dependent mortality insect outbreak psyllid synchronization temperature trophic interactions

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Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activities of ethanol extracts of selected traditional Chinese medicinal herbs

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2013年第9期6卷 673-681页

作者： Lin Zhang Anjaneya S.Ravipati Sundar R Koyyalamudi Sang Chul Jeong Narsimha Reddy John Bartlett Paul T.Smith Mercedes de la Cruz Maria Cndida Monteiro ngeles Melguizo Ester Jimnez Francisca Vicente School of Science and Health University of Western SydneyLocked Bag 1797Penrith South DCNSW 1797Australia Fundación MEDINA Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en AndalucíaParque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la SaludAvda.de Conocimiento 3E-18016 ArmillaGranadaSpain

Objective:To evaluate in ritro antimicrobial activities of selected 58 ethno-medicinal plant extracts with a view to assess their therapeutic ***:A total of 58 traditional Chinese medicinal plants were carefully selected based on the literature review and their traditional *** antimicrobial activities of ethanol extracts of these medicinal plants were tested against fungi(Aspergillus funigaius),yeast(Candida albicans),gram-negative(Acirelobacter haumannii and Pseudornnruis aeruginosa)and gram-positive bacteria(Staphglococcus aureus).The activities were tested at three different concentrations of 1.00,0.10 and 0.01 mg/*** data was analysed using Gene data Screener ***:The measured antimicrobial activities indicated that out of the 58 plant extracts,15 extracts showed anti-fungal activity and 23 extracts exhibited anti-bacterial *** plant extracts have exhibited both anti-bacterial and anti-fungal *** instance,Eucommia ulmoides,Pohgonum cuspidcrtum,Poria cocas and Uncaria rhineophylla showed activity against both bacterial and fungal strains,indicating their broad spectrum of ***:The results revealed that the ethanol extracts of 30 plants out of the selected 58 possess significant antimicrobial *** is interesting to note that the findings from the current study are consistent with the traditional use.A clear correlation has also been found between the antimicrobial activity and the flavonoid content of the plant extracts which is in agreement with the *** results presented here can be used to guide the selection of potential plant species for the isolation and structure elucidation of novel antimicrobial compounds in order to establish the structure-activity *** in turn is expected to lead the way to the discovery of novel antimicrobial agents for therapeutic use.

关键词： Anti-fungal activity Anti-bacterial activity Ethanol extract Chinese medicinal herb

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