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Pakistan’s experience with risk assessment training and implementation of concepts from the 4th edition of the WHO laboratory biosafety manual

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Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity 2021年第2期3卷 99-107页

作者： Samreen Sarwar Viji Vijayan Health Security Partners Lahore 54000Pakistan Department of Safety Health and Emergency Management Duke-NUS Medical School8 College RoadSingapore 169857Singapore

Introduction:The cyclical process of hazard identification,risk assessment,risk mitigation,and review is a key step in developing a biorisk management(BRM)*** paper describes how this process was initiated in two laboratories in Pakistan using a unique model of blended ***:A training needs analysis showed that the staff had very little knowledge of BRM systems.A workshop using a unique blended model was conducted in which virtual and in-presence learning occurred *** workshop aimed to train the participants by applying two key concepts from the World Health Organization Laboratory Biosafety Manual 4th edition:1)the cyclical process of risk assessment and 2)mapping the core biorisk and establishing heightened control measures in the laboratories of the participants based on the risk *** scenarios and examples used in the training were from the participants’laboratory work ***:Prior to this project,no risk assessment was conducted in these *** the workshop,a risk assessment was performed for six work *** addition,seven core requirements and three heightened control measures were mapped,a biorisk officer was appointed,and a biosafety committee was ***,a biorisk manual,a biological waste management plan,an occupational health center,and a system for audits and inspections are being *** and conclusion:BRM training is not a one-time effort;it has to be strengthened to ensure the development and implementation of a comprehensive and sustainable BRM *** must be applicable to local settings and incremental,in a way that participants are not overloaded with information.

关键词： Training Biosafety Risk assessment Standard operating procedures Biorisk

ADDING A GENDER PERSPECTIVE TO CHINA'S BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE AS AN INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS OBLIGATION

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Frontiers of Law in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2019年第4期14卷 445-477页

作者： LU Haina School of Law Catholic University of LeuvenLeuvenBelgiumAssociate ProfessorSchool of LawRenmin University of ChinaBeijingChinaSecretary-GeneralHuman Rights CenterRenmin University of ChinaBeijing 100872China

China's Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has a significant impact on the gender equality of receiving *** is noted that many BRI countries are facing challenges to realizing gender ***,China has not developed a gender-mainstreaming or rights-based approach to implement the ***,this paper argues that it is China's international human rights obligation to develop such an approach and the country should adopt a gender policy in its BRI to ensure that its overseas investments and aid programs respect and promote gender ***,this paper maps China's overseas investments and aid globally and particularly in BRI countries,and examines,in general,how the BRI may have an impact on gender equality both globally and in BRI ***,the paper reviews international standards on gender equality in transnational trade and foreign investment and aid projects in the context of international human rights'*** clarifies China's obligations to promote gender equality within the BRI framework under international ***,based on the aforementioned findings,this paper conducts a gap analysis on the gender policy followed by China's overseas investment and aid programs set within the context of international ***,the paper recommends some possible policy steps to ensure gender equality is mainstreamed in BRI projects of China.

关键词： gender equality Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) China's overseas investment foreign aid human rights

Exploring the cultural effects of gender on perceptions of cutaneous leishmaniasis:a systematic literature review

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Global Health Research and Policy 2022年第1期7卷 179-191页

作者： Brianne Wenning Helen Price Hasara Nuwangi Kelemework Tafere Reda Ben Walters Reem Ehsanullah Greice Viana Alina Andras Lisa Dikomitis Kent and Medway Medical School University of Kent and Canterbury Christ Church UniversityCanterbury CT27FSUK School of Life Sciences Keele UniversityNewcastle-under-LymeUK Department of Community Medicine Faculty of Medicine and Allied SciencesRajarata University of Sri LankaSaliyapuraSri Lanka College of Social Sciences and Languages Mekelle Uni-versityMekelleEthiopia Royal Stoke University Hospital Stoke-on-TrentUK School of Medicine RCSI BahrainBusaiteenBahrain State University of Rio de Janeiro(UERJ)and Institute of Collective Health Federal University of BahiaSalvadorBrazil School of Medicine Keele UniversityNewcastle-under-LymeUK

Background:More than one million people each year become infected by parasites that cause the disease cutaneous leishmaniasis(CL).This disease manifests as one or more skin lesions or ulcers that are slow to heal with variable response rates to drug *** far,little attention has been paid to how the cultural effects of gender shape perceptions and experiences of *** review aims to bring together and analyse existing studies which use qualitative data to explore these *** studies offered insights into our specific research ***:We conducted a systematic review of the literature pertaining to either CL or muco-cutaneous leishmaniasis(MCL)through EBSCO,EMBASE,Medline,Scopus and Web of Science *** meet inclusion criteria,articles had to be either qualitative or mixed-method with a qualitative *** also had to include a reflection on how the gender of participants impacted the findings and addressed the lived experiences of *** did not exclude articles based on the language they were published in or in which country the study took ***:From a total of 1589 potential articles,we found that thirteen met the inclusion *** articles were published in English,Spanish or Portuguese and reported on studies carried out in various countries in Africa,Asia and South *** using the principles of a meta-ethnography to analyse these studies,we generated several key *** found that health-seeking behaviours,treatment choices,stigma and the impact of scarring are shaped by gender in a variety of ***:Gender impacts on an individual’s experience of *** particular,women are more constricted in their health-seeking behaviours and experience more stigma both from the active lesions and from scarring than *** many contexts,however,men are more at risk of becoming infected by the parasite that causes CL and may turn to more harmful or aggressive *** recommend th

关键词： Cultural dimension of health Gender Qualitative research Stigma Health-seeking behaviour Neglected disease Health beliefs

A Note on Robust Stability Analysis of Fractional Order Interval Systems by Minimum Argument Vertex and Edge Polynomials

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IEEE/CAA Journal of Automatica Sinica 2016年第4期3卷 411-421页

作者： Baris Baykant Alagoz Department of Computer Engineering Inonu University

By using power mapping(s =v^m),stability analysis of fractional order polynomials was simplified to the stability analysis of expanded degree integer order polynomials in the first Riemann ***,more investigation is needed for revealing properties of power mapping and demonstration of conformity of Hurwitz stability under power mapping of fractional order characteristic *** of this study have two folds: Firstly,this paper demonstrates conservation of root argument and magnitude relations under power mapping of characteristic polynomials and thus substantiates validity of Hurwitz stability under power mapping of fractional order characteristic *** also ensures implications of edge theorem for fractional order interval ***,in control engineering point of view,numerical robust stability analysis approaches based on the consideration of minimum argument roots of edge and vertex polynomials are *** the computer-aided design of fractional order interval control systems,the minimum argument root principle is applied for a finite set of edge and vertex polynomials,which are sampled from parametric uncertainty *** illustrative examples are presented to discuss effectiveness of these approaches.

关键词： Fractional order systems robust stability edge theorem interval uncertainty

Decision-making in the practice of female genital mutilation or cutting in Sudan:a cross-sectional study

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Global Health Research and Policy 2019年第1期4卷 352-359页

作者： Majdi M.Sabahelzain Ahmed Gamal Eldin Suad Babiker Caroline W.Kabiru Muna Eltayeb Department of Public Health School of Health SciencesAhfad University for WomenP.O.Box 167OmdurmanSudan The Gender and Reproductive Rights Resource and Advocacy Centre(GRACe) Ahfad University for WomenOmdurmanSudan Regional Institute of Gender DiversityPeace and Rights(RGGDPR)Ahfad University for WomenOmdurmanSudan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology School of MedicineAhfad University for WomenOmdurmanSudan Population Council NairobiKenya Students Affairs Ahfad University for WomenOmdurmanSudan

Background:Female genital mutilation or cutting(FGM/C)is a form of violence against women and girls that is widely performed in about 30 countries in Africa,Middle East and *** Sudan,the prevalence of FGM/C among women aged 15-49 years was 87%in *** is known about household decision-making as it relates to FGM/*** study aimed to understand the key people involved in FGM/C-related decisions,and to assess predictors of households’decision to cut or not cut the youngest daughter and the reasons for these ***:We drew on household survey data collected as part of a larger cross-sectional,mixed methods study in *** analytical sample comprised of data from 403 households that both reported that they had discussion around whether to cut the youngest daughter aged 19 years or younger and arrived at a decision to either cut or leave her *** statistics summarizing the people involved in FGM/C-related decisions and the reasons for decisions are *** also present logistic regression analyses results summarizing predictors of households’decision to leave the youngest daughter ***:Household decision-making on FGM/C involved discussions among the nuclear and extended family,and non-family *** and fathers were found to be the key decision makers.A greater proportion of fathers were involved in instances where the final decision was to leave the daughter ***-six percent of households decided to leave the youngest daughter *** of residence,mothers’level of education and FGM/C status and exposure to FGM/C-related information or campaigns were associated with households’decision to leave the daughter *** concerns were the most commonly cited reason for deciding not to cut their daughters(57%),while custom or culture was the most commonly cited reason for households deciding to cut their daughter(52%).Conclusion:FGM/C-related decisions result from deliberations that involve many peopl

关键词： Female genital mutilation or cutting Decision-making Gender Sudan

Effectiveness and impact of the crossborder healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations: case study of the malaria control programs by health poverty action on the ChinaMyanmar border

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2016年第1期5卷 734-742页

作者： Jun Zhang Jia-Qiang Dong Jia-Ying Li Yue Zhang Yang-Hui Tian Xiao-Ying Sun Guang-Yun Zhang Qing-Pu Li Xiao-Yu Xu Tao Cai Health Poverty Action YunnanPeople’s Republic of China Pu’er Center for Disease Control and Prevention YunnanPeople’s Republic of China

Background:In the Yunnan province of China,18 counties in six prefectures border *** to its particular combination of geographic features,climate conditions,and cultural landscape,the area provides a suitable environment for the spread of insect-borne diseases such as *** five identified Myanmar Special Regions along the China-Myanmar border,economic development is lagging,people live in extreme poverty,and the healthcare system is *** with political and other reasons,this precludes malaria control work to be effectively carried out in Myanmar,resulting in a heavy burden of the *** population movements and favorable conditions for malaria transmission on the border fuel difficulties in controlling and eliminating the spread of the disease in the *** presentation:To reduce the prevalence of malaria in the China-Myanmar border area and improve healthcare services for local residents in this particular environment,Health Poverty Action(HPA)has provided malaria aid in the area since the beginning of 2006,as a sub-recipient of the China Global Fund Malaria *** this case study,we examined HPA’s activities as part of its malaria control programs in the area,analyzed and summarized the effectiveness and impact of the cross-border healthcare model as implemented by non-governmental organizations,and put forward suggestions for cross-border health aid models and for the prevention of malaria transmission in the Greater Mekong ***:HPA had carried out a great quantity of successful malaria control activities in border areas between China and Myanmar,strengthened the partnership and established the collaboration,coordination and cooperation channels among *** has laid good groundwork and developed its valuable model that could be highlighted and referenced.

关键词： Malaria Health poverty action Cross-border Non-governmental organization Yunnan China Myanmar

Improving the reaction mix of a Pichia pastoris cell-free system using a design of experiments approach to minimise experimental effort

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Synthetic and Systems Biotechnology 2020年第3期5卷 137-144页

作者： Alex J.Spice Rochelle Aw Daniel G.Bracewell Karen M.Polizzi Department of Chemical Engineering Imperial College LondonLondonUK Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology Imperial College LondonUK Department of Biochemical Engineering University College LondonLondonUK

A renaissance in cell-free protein synthesis(CFPS)is underway,enabled by the acceleration and adoption of synthetic biology *** has emerged as a powerful platform technology for synthetic gene network design,biosensing and on-demand *** primarily of bacterial origin,cell-free extracts derived from a variety of host organisms have been explored,aiming to capitalise on cellular diversity and the advantageous properties associated with those ***,cell-free extracts produced from eukaryotes are often overlooked due to their relatively low yields,despite the potential for improved protein folding and posttranslational *** we describe further development of a Pichia pastoris cell-free platform,a widely used expression host in both academia and the biopharmaceutical *** a minimised Design of Experiments(DOE)approach,we were able to increase the productivity of the system by improving the composition of the complex reaction *** was achieved in a minimal number of experimental runs,within the constraints of the design and without the need for liquid-handling *** doing so,we were able to estimate the main effects impacting productivity in the system and increased the protein synthesis of firefly luciferase and the biopharmaceutical HSA by 4.8-fold and 3.5-fold,*** study highlights the ***-based cell-free system as a highly productive eukaryotic platform and displays the value of minimised DOE designs.

关键词： Cell-free protein synthesis Pichia pastoris Synthetic biology Design of experiments(DOE)

The political economy of results-based financing:the experience of the health system in Zimbabwe

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Global Health Research and Policy 2019年第1期4卷 180-196页

作者： Sophie Witter Yotamu Chirwa Pamela Chandiwana Shungu Munyati Mildred Pepukai Maria Paola Bertone ReBUILD programme Queen Margaret UniversityEdinburgh EH216UUUK ReBUILD and Biomedical Research and Training Institute P O Box CY 1753HarareZimbabwe Biomedical Research and Training Institute P O Box CY 1753HarareZimbabwe

Background:Since 2000,results based financing(RBF)has proliferated in health sectors in Africa in particular,including in fragile and conflict affected settings(FCAS)and there is a growing but still contested literature about its relevance and *** examined are the political economy factors behind the adoption of the RBF policy,as well as the shifts in influence and resources which RBF may bring *** this article,we examine these two topics,focusing on Zimbabwe,which has rolled out RBF nationwide in the health system since 2011,with external ***:The study uses an adapted political economy framework,integrating data from 40 semi-structured interviews with local,national and international experts in 2018 and thematic analysis of 60 policy documents covering the decade between 2008 and ***:Our findings highlight the role of donors in initiating the RBF policy,but also how the Zimbabwe health system was able to adapt the model to suit its particular circumstances-seeking to maintain a systemic approach,and avoiding *** Zimbabwe was highly resource dependent after the political-economic crisis of the 2000s,it retained managerial and professional capacity,which distinguishes it from many other FCAS *** active adaptation has engendered national ownership over time,despite initial resistance to the RBF model and despite the complexity of RBF,which creates dependence on external technical *** was also aided by ideological retro-fitting into an earlier government performance management *** main beneficiaries of RBF were frontline providers,who gained small but critical additional resources,but subject to high degrees of control and ***:This study highlights resource-seeking motivations for adopting RBF in some low and middle income settings,especially fragile ones,but also the potential for local health system actors to shape and adapt RBF to suit their needs in some circ

关键词： Political economy analysis Results-based financing Zimbabwe Health financing reforms Fragile and crisis-affected settings

Exploring effort-reward imbalance and professional quality of life among health workers in Cape Town,South Africa:a mixed-methods study

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Global Health Research and Policy 2022年第1期7卷 524-539页

作者： N.Jensen C.Lund Z.Abrahams Department of Global Health and Social Medicine King’s College LondonLondonUK Health Service and Population Research Department Centre for Global Mental HealthInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing’s Global Health InstituteKing’s College LondonLondonUK Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Alan J Flisher Centre for Public Mental HealthUniversity of Cape TownCape TownSouth Africa

Background:In the context of a growing appreciation for the wellbeing of the health workforce as the foundation of high-quality,sustainable health systems,this paper presents findings from two complementary studies to explore occupational stress and professional quality of life among health workers that were conducted in preparation for a task-shifting intervention to improve antenatal mental health services in Cape ***:This mixed-methods,cross-sectional study was conducted in public sector Midwife Obstetric Units and associated Non-Profit Organisations in Cape ***-structured interviews and a quantitative survey were conducted among facility-and community-based professional and lay health *** survey included demographic as well as effort-reward imbalance(ERI)and professional quality of life(PROQOL)questionnaires to examine overall levels of work-related psychosocial stress and professional quality of life,as well as differences between lay and professional health *** data was analysed using a thematic content analysis *** data was analysed using STATA ***:Findings from 37 qualitative interviews highlighted the difficult working conditions and often limited reward and support structures experienced by health *** these findings,our quantitative survey of 165 professional and lay health workers revealed that most health workers experienced a mismatch between efforts spent and rewards gained at work(61.1%of professional and 70.2%of lay health workers;p=0.302).There were few statistically significant differences in ERI and PROQOL scores between professional and lay health *** Compassion Satisfaction was high for all health worker groups,lay health workers also showed elevated levels of burnout and compassion fatigue,with community-based health workers particularly ***:Findings of this study add to the existing evidence base on adverse working conditions faced b

关键词： South Africa Health workers Health system strengthening Task shifting Task sharing Community health workers PHC Effort-reward imbalance PROQOL Equity Common mental disorders