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Network Traffic Obfuscation System for IIoT-Cloud Control Systems

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 4911-4929页

作者： Yangjae Lee Sung Hoon Baek Jung Taek Seo Ki-Woong Park SysCore Lab. Sejong UniversitySeoul05006Korea Department of Computer System Engineering Jungwon UniversityChungcheongbuk-do28024Korea Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversityGyeonggi-do13120Korea

One of the latest technologies enabling remote control,operational efficiency upgrades,and real-time big-data monitoring in an industrial control system(ICS)is the IIoT-Cloud ICS,which integrates the Industrial Internet of Things(IIoT)and the cloud into the *** an ICS benefits from the application of IIoT and the cloud in terms of cost reduction,efficiency improvement,and real-time monitoring,the application of this technology to an ICS poses an unprecedented security risk by exposing its terminal devices to the outside *** adversary can collect information regarding senders,recipients,and prime-time slots through traffic analysis and use it as a linchpin for the next attack,posing a potential threat to the *** address this problem,we designed a network traffic obfuscation system(NTOS)for the IIoT-Cloud ICS,based on the requirements derived from the ICS characteristics and limitations of existing NTOS *** a strategy to solve this problem wherein a decrease in the traffic volume facilitates traffic analysis or reduces the packet transmission speed,we proposed an NTOS based on packet scrambling,wherein a packet is split into multiple pieces before transmission,thus obfuscating network *** minimize the ICS modification and downtime,the proposed NTOS was designed using an agentbased *** addition,for the ICS network traffic analyzer to operate normally in an environment wherein the NTOS is applied,a rule-based NTOS was adopted such that the actual traffic flow is known only to the device that is aware of the rule and is blocked for *** experimental results verified that the same time requested for response and level of difficulty of analysis were maintained by the application of an NTOS based on packet scrambling,even when the number of requests received by the server per second was *** network traffic analyzer of the ICS can capture the packet flow by using the pre-communicated NTOS *** addition,by designing an N

关键词： Cloud computing system moving-target defense container orchestration

Deobfuscating Mobile Malware for Identifying Concealed Behaviors

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第9期72卷 5909-5923页

作者： Dongho Lee Geochang Jeon Sunjun Lee Haehyun Cho Soongsil University Seoul06978Korea

The smart phone market is continuously increasing and there are more than 6 billion of smart phone users worldwide with the aid of the 5G *** them Android occupies 87%of the market ***,the widespread Android smartphones has drawn the attention of the attackers who implement and spread ***,currently the number of malware targeting Android mobile phones is ever ***,it is a critical task to find and detect malicious behaviors of malware in a timely ***,unfortunately,attackers use a variety of obfuscation techniques for malware to evade or delay *** an obfuscation technique such as the class encryption is applied to a malicious application,we cannot obtain any information through a static analysis regarding its malicious ***,we need to rely on the manual,dynamic analysis to find concealed malicious behaviors from obfuscated *** avoid malware spreading out in larger scale,we need an automated deobfuscation approach that accurately deobfuscates obfuscated malware so that we can reveal hidden malicious *** this study,we introduce widely-used obfuscation techniques and propose an effective deobfuscation method,named ARBDroid,for automatically deobfuscating the string encryption,class encryption,and API hiding *** evaluation results clearly demonstrate that our approach can deobfuscate obfuscated applications based on dynamic analysis results.

关键词： Android obfuscation deobfuscation android reversing

Unknown Attack Detection:Combining Relabeling and Hybrid Intrusion Detection

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第9期68卷 3289-3303页

作者： Gun-Yoon Shin Dong-Wook Kim Sang-Soo Kim Myung-Mook Han Department of Computer Engineering Gachon UniversitySungnam-si13120Korea agency for defense development Songpa Seoul05661Korea Department of Software Gachon UniversitySungnam-si13120Korea

Detection of unknown attacks like a zero-day attack is a research field that has long been ***,advances in Machine Learning(ML)and Artificial Intelligence(AI)have led to the emergence of many kinds of attack-generation tools developed using these technologies to evade detection *** detection and misuse detection are the most commonly used techniques for detecting intrusion by unknown *** anomaly detection is adequate for detecting unknown attacks,its disadvantage is the possibility of high false *** detection has low false alarms;its limitation is that it can detect only known *** overcome such limitations,many researchers have proposed a hybrid intrusion detection that integrates these two detection *** method can overcome the limitations of conventional methods and works better in detecting unknown ***,this method does not accurately classify attacks like similar to normal or known ***,we proposed a hybrid intrusion detection to detect unknown attacks similar to normal and known *** anomaly detection,the model was designed to perform normal detection using Fuzzy c-means(FCM)and identify attacks hidden in normal predicted data using *** misuse detection,the model was designed to detect previously known attacks using Classification and Regression Trees(CART)and apply Isolation Forest(iForest)to classify unknown attacks hidden in known *** an experiment result,the application of relabeling improved attack detection accuracy in anomaly detection by approximately 11%and enhanced the performance of unknown attack detection in misuse detection by approximately 10%.

关键词： Unknown attack hybrid intrusion detection fuzzy c-means relabeling CART iForest

Multilayer microhydraulic actuators with speed and force configurations

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Microsystems & Nanoengineering 2021年第2期7卷 97-106页

作者： Jakub Kedzierski Hero Chea Massachusetts Institute of Technology Lincoln Laboratory LexingtonMA02420USA

Electrostatic motors have traditionally required high voltage and provided low torque, leaving them with a vanishingly small portion of the motor application space. The lack of robust electrostatic motors is of particular concern in microsystems because inductive motors do not scale well to small dimensions. Often, microsystem designers have to choose from a host of imperfect actuation solutions, leading to high voltage requirements or low efficiency and thus straining the power budget of the entire system. In this work, we describe a scalable three-dimensional actuator technology that is based on the stacking of thin microhydraulic layers. This technology offers an actuation solution at 50 volts, with high force, high efficiency, fine stepping precision, layering, low abrasion, and resistance to pull-in instability. Actuator layers can also be stacked in different configurations trading off speed for force, and the actuator improves quadratically in power density when its internal dimensions are scaled-down.

关键词： configuration trading inductive

Discovering equations that govern experimental materials stability under environmental stress using scientific machine learning

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npj Computational Materials 2022年第1期8卷 679-686页

作者： Richa Ramesh Naik Armi Tiihonen Janak Thapa Clio Batali Zhe Liu Shijing Sun Tonio Buonassisi Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA02139USA

While machine learning(ML)in experimental research has demonstrated impressive predictive capabilities,extracting fungible knowledge representations from experimental data remains an elusive *** this manuscript,we use ML to infer the underlying differential equation(DE)from experimental data of degrading organic-inorganic methylammonium lead iodide(MAPI)perovskite thin films under environmental stressors(elevated temperature,humidity,and light).Using a sparse regression algorithm,we find that the underlying DE governing MAPI degradation across a broad temperature range of 35 to 85℃is described minimally by a second-order *** DE corresponds to the Verhulst logistic function,which describes reaction kinetics analogous to self-propagating *** examine the robustness of our conclusions to experimental variance and Gaussian noise and describe the experimental limits within which this methodology can be *** study highlights the promise and challenges associated with ML-aided scientific discovery by demonstrating its application in experimental chemical and materials systems.

关键词： stability analogous kinetics

Performance of Physical-Layer Network Coding in Asymmetric Two-Way Relay Channels

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China Communications 2013年第10期10卷 65-73页

作者：李博王钢 Peter H.J.Chong 杨洪娟 Yongliang GUAN 沙学军 Communication Research Center Harbin Institute of Technology Communication Research Center Harbin Institute of Technology School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nanyang Technological University

In this paper, we study the performance of physical-layer network coding in asymmetric two-way relay channels using four different cases having different poor channels:phase asymmetry, downlink asymmetry, uplink asymmetry and node asymmetry. The decision and mapping rule for symmetric and asymmetric cases are studied. The performance in terms of bit error rate for each case will be studied and analysed by computer simulation. Analytical and simulation results show that uplink asymmetry is the worst case;intra-phase asymmetry and unreliable uplink channels will more severely affect the performance degradation, which is caused by channel asymmetry.

关键词： physical-layer network coding two-way relay channels asymmetric channels bit error rate