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A review of reservoir damage during hydraulic fracturing of deep and ultra-deep reservoirs

Petroleum Science 2024年第1期21卷 384-409页

作者： Kun Zhang Xiong-Fei Liu Dao-Bing Wang Bo Zheng Tun-Hao Chen Qing Wang Hao Bai Er-Dong Yao Fu-Jian Zhou National Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China School of Mechanical Engineering Beijing Institute of Petrochemical TechnologyBeijing102617China Tuha Downhole Operation Company CNPC Xibu Drilling Engineering Company LimitedShanshan838200XinjiangChina

Deep and ultra-deep reservoirs have gradually become the primary focus of hydrocarbon exploration as a result of a series of significant discoveries in deep hydrocarbon exploration *** reservoirs present unique challenges due to their deep burial depth(4500-8882 m),low matrix permeability,complex crustal stress conditions,high temperature and pressure(HTHP,150-200℃,105-155 MPa),coupled with high salinity of formation ***,the costs associated with their exploitation and development are exceptionally *** deep and ultra-deep reservoirs,hydraulic fracturing is commonly used to achieve high and stable *** hydraulic fracturing,a substantial volume of fluid is injected into the ***,statistical analysis reveals that the flowback rate is typically less than 30%,leaving the majority of the fluid trapped within the ***,hydraulic fracturing in deep reservoirs not only enhances the reservoir permeability by creating artificial fractures but also damages reservoirs due to the fracturing fluids *** challenging“three-high”environment of a deep reservoir,characterized by high temperature,high pressure,and high salinity,exacerbates conventional forms of damage,including water sensitivity,retention of fracturing fluids,rock creep,and proppant *** addition,specific damage mechanisms come into play,such as fracturing fluid decomposition at elevated temperatures and proppant diagenetic reactions at HTHP ***,the foremost concern in deep oil and gas development lies in effectively assessing the damage inflicted on these reservoirs by hydraulic fracturing,comprehending the underlying mechanisms,and selecting appropriate ***'s noteworthy that the majority of existing studies on reservoir damage primarily focus on conventional reservoirs,with limited attention given to deep reservoirs and a lack of systematic *** light of this,our approach entails initially summarizin

关键词： Artificial fracture Deep and ultra-deep reservoir Fracture conductivity Fracturing fluid Hydraulic fracturing Reservoir damage

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Saturation Estimation with Complex Electrical Conductivity for Hydrate-Bearing Clayey Sediments:An Experimental Study

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第1期23卷 173-189页

作者： XING Lanchang ZHANG Shuli ZHANG Huanhuan WU Chenyutong WANG Bin LAO Liyun WEI Wei HAN Weifeng WEI Zhoutuo GE Xinmin DENG Shaogui College of Control Science and Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China School of Water Energy and EnvironmentCranfield UniversityCranfield MK430ALUnited Kingdom Department of Alternative Energy PetroChina Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration&DevelopmentLangfang 065007China School of Geosciences China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao 266580China Laboratory for Marine Mineral Resources Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdao 266071China

Clays have considerable influence on the electrical properties of hydrate-bearing *** is desirable to understand the electrical properties of hydrate-bearing clayey sediments and to build hydrate saturation(S_(h))models for reservoir evaluation and *** electrical properties of tetrahydrofuran-hydrate-bearing sediments with montmorillonite are characterized by complex conductivity at frequencies from 0.01 Hz to 1 *** effects of clay and Sh on the complex conductivity were analyzed.A decrease and increase in electrical conductance result from the clay-swelling-induced blockage and ion migration in the electrical double layer(EDL),*** quadrature conductivity increases with the clay content up to 10%because of the increased surface site density of counterions in *** the in-phase conductivity and quadrature conductivity decrease consistently with increasing Sh from 0.50 to *** sets of models for Sh evaluation were *** model based on the Simandoux equation outperforms Archie’s formula,with a root-mean-square error(E_(RMS))of 1.8%and 3.9%,respectively,highlighting the clay effects on the in-phase *** fre-quency effect correlations based on in-phase and quadrature conductivities exhibit inferior performance(E_(RMS)=11.6%and 13.2%,re-spectively)due to the challenge of choosing an appropriate pair of frequencies and intrinsic uncertainties from two *** second-order Cole-Cole formula can be used to fit the complex-conductivity *** pair of inverted Cole-Cole parameters,i.e.,characteristic time and chargeability,is employed to predict S_(h) with an E_(RMS) of 5.05%and 9.05%,respectively.

关键词： gas hydrate complex electrical conductivity hydrate-bearing clayey sediment hydrate saturation Simandoux equation frequency dispersion Cole-Cole formula

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Influence of matrix physical properties on flow characteristics in dual network model

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Petroleum Science 2023年第4期20卷 2244-2252页

作者： Chen-Chen Wang Yong-Fei Yang Deng-Lin Han Miao-Miao Su Rong-Rong Hu Cooperative innovation Center of Unconventional Oil and Gas Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina Laboratory of Reservoir Microstructure Evolution and Digital Characterization Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina School of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum(East China)Qingdao266580ShandongChina School of Geosciences Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina College of Resources and Environment Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina School of Petroleum Engineering Yangtze UniversityWuhan430100HubeiChina

The tight oil formation develops with microfractures and matrix pores,it is important to study the influence of matrix physical properties on flow *** first,the representative fracture and matrix samples are selected respectively in the dual media,the fracture and matrix digital rocks are constructed with micro-CT scanning at different resolutions,and the corresponding fracture and matrix pore networks are extracted,***,the modified integration method is proposed to build the dual network model containing both fracture and matrix pore-throat elements,while the geometric-topological structure equivalent matrix pores are generated to fill in the skeleton domain of fracture network,the constructed dual network could describe the geometric-topological structure characteristics of fracture and matrix pore-throat *** last,by adjusting the matrix pore density and the matrix filling domain factor,a series of dual network models are obtained to analyze the influence of matrix physical properties on flow characteristics in *** can be seen that the matrix system contributes more to the porosity of the dual media and less to the *** the decrease in matrix pore density,the porosity/permeability contributions of matrix system to dual media keep decreasing,but the decrease is not significant,the oil-water co-flow zone decreases and the irreducible water saturation increases,and the saturation interval dominated by the fluid flow in the fracture keeps *** the decrease in matrix filling domain factor,the porosity/permeability contributions of matrix system to dual media decreases,the oil-water co-flow zone increases and the irreducible water saturation decreases,and the saturation interval dominated by the fluid flow in the fracture keeps *** results can be used to explain the dual-media flow pattern under different matrix types and different fracture control volumes during tight oil production

关键词： Network integration Dual media Flow characteristics Matrix pore density Matrix filling domain

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Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

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Petroleum Science 2022年第3期19卷 1198-1210页

作者： Feng-Qi Tan Chun-Miao Ma Jian-Hua Qin Xian-Kun Li Wen-Tao Liu College of Earth and Planetary Sciences University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Key Laboratory Computational Geodynamics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China Xinjiang Oilfield Company PetroChinaKaramayXinjiang834000China

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP *** conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching *** experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow *** the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement ***,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water ***,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is ***,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial *** the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two *** the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are *** SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscos

关键词： Conglomerate reservoir Water flooding Surfactant-polymer flooding Residual oil type Influencing factor Enhanced oil recovery Computational model

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Quantitative investigation of multi-fracture morphology during TPDF through true tri-axial fracturing experiments and CT scanning

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Petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1700-1717页

作者： Ming-Hui Li Fu-Jian Zhou Jin-Jun Liu Li-Shan Yuan Guo-Peng Huang Bo Wang State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources and Prospecting China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China Unconventional Oil and Gas Research Institute China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102249China Institute of Photonics Leibniz Universitat HannoverHannover30167Germany Development Company PetroChina Xinjiang Oilfield CompanyKaramay834000XinjiangChina Petroleum College China University of Petroleum-BeijingKaramayXinjiang834000China

Due to the reservoir heterogeneity and the stress shadow effect, multiple hydraulic fractures within one fracturing segment cannot be initiated simultaneously and propagate evenly, which will cause a low effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF) is considered to be a potential uniform-stimulation method for creating multiple fractures simultaneously in the oilfield. However, the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF is not clear now. The purpose of this study is to quantitatively investigate the multi-fracture propagation morphology during TPDF through true tri-axial fracturing experiments and CT scanning. Critical parameters such as fracture spacing, number of perforation clusters, the viscosity of fracturing fluid, and the in-situ stress have been investigated. The fracture geometry before and after diversion have been quantitively analyzed based on the two-dimensional CT slices and three-dimensional reconstruction method. The main conclusions are as follows:(1) When injecting the high viscosity fluid or perforating at the location with low in-situ stress, multiple hydraulic fractures would simultaneously propagate. Otherwise, only one hydraulic fracture was created during the initial fracturing stage(IFS) for most tests.(2) The perforation cluster effectiveness(PCE) has increased from 26.62% during the IFS to 88.86% after using diverters.(3) The diverted fracture volume has no apparent correlation with the pressure peak and peak frequency during the diversion fracturing stage(DFS) but is positively correlated with water-work.(4) Four types of plugging behavior in shale could be controlled by adjusting the diverter recipe and diverter injection time, and the plugging behavior includes plugging the natural fracture in the wellbore, plugging the previous hydraulic fractures, plugging the fracture tip and plugging the bedding.

关键词： Hydraulic fracturing Temporary plugging and diverting fracturing(TPDF) Multiple fracture Tri-axial experiment CT scanning

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Key oil accumulation periods of ultra-deep fault-controlled oil reservoir in northern Tarim Basin, NW China

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Petroleum Exploration and Development 2022年第2期49卷 285-299页

作者： YANG Shuai WU Guanghui ZHU Yongfeng ZHANG Yintao ZHAO Xingxing LU Ziye ZHANG Baoshou School of Geoscience and Technology Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500China petrochina Key Laboratory of Carbonate Reservoir Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu 610500.China Tarim Oilfield Company PetroChinaKorla 841000China Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company PetroChinaChengdu 610051China

A giant fault-controlled oilfield has been found in the ultra-deep(greater than 6000 m) Ordovician carbonate strata in the northern Tarim Basin. It is of great significance for hydrocarbon accumulation study and oil exploitation to determine the key oil accumulation periods. Based on detailed petrographic analysis, fluid inclusion association(FIA) in calcite samples filling in fractures from 12 wells were analyzed, and key accumulation periods of the strike-slip fault-controlled oilfield was studied by combining oil generation periods of the source rocks, formation periods of the fault and traps, and the fluid inclusion data.(1) There are multiple types of FIA, among them, two types of oil inclusions, the type with yellow fluorescence from the depression area and the type with yellow-green fluorescence from the uplift area with different maturities indicate two oil charging stages.(2) The homogenization temperature of the brine inclusions in FIA is mostly affected by temperature rises, and the minimum temperature of brine inclusions symbiotic with oil inclusions is closer to the reservoir temperature during its forming period.(3) FIA with yellow fluorescence all have homogenization temperatures below 50 ℃, while the FIA with yellow-green fluorescence have homogenization temperatures of 70–90 ℃ tested, suggesting two oil accumulation stages in Middle-Late Caledonian and Late Hercynian.(4) The Middle-Late Ordovician is the key formation period of the strike-slip fault, fracture-cave reservoir and trap there.(5) The oil generation peak of the main source rock of the Lower Cambrian is in the Late Ordovician, and the oil accumulation stage is mainly the Late Ordovician in the depression area, but is mainly the Early Permian in the uplift area. The key oil accumulation period of the strike-slip fault-controlled reservoirs is the Late Caledonian, the depression area has preserved the primary oil reservoirs formed in the Caledonian, while the uplift area has secondary oil r

关键词： ultra-deep strata strike-slip fault-controlled oil reservoir accumulation period accumulation evolution fluid inclusion Fuman oilfield Tarim Basin

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Optimization of integrated geological-engineering design of volume fracturing with fan-shaped well pattern

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石油勘探与开发:英文版 2023年第4期50卷 971-978页

作者： TANG Jizhou WANG Xiaohua DU Xianfei MA Bing ZHANG Fengshou School of Ocean and Earth Science Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China College of Civil Engineering Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Key Laboratory of Geotechnical&Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Tongji UniversityShanghai 200092China Oil&Gas Technology Research Institute of petrochina Changqing Oilfield Company Xi’an 710021China

According to the variable toe-to-heel well spacing, combined with the dislocation theory, discrete lattice method, and finite-element-method(FEM) based fluid-solid coupling, an integrated geological-engineering method of volume fracturing for fan-shaped well pattern is proposed considering the geomechanical modeling, induced stress calculation, hydraulic fracturing simulation, and post-frac productivity evaluation. Besides, we propose the differential fracturing design for the conventional productivity-area and the potential production area for fan-shaped horizontal wells. After the fracturing of the conventional production area for H1 fan-shaped well platform, the research shows that the maximum reduction of the horizontal principal stress difference in the potential productivity-area is 0.2 MPa, which cannot cause the stress reversal, but this reduction is still conducive to the lateral propagation of hydraulic fractures. According to the optimized fracturing design, in zone-Ⅰ of the potential production area, only Well 2 is fractured, with a cluster spacing of 30 m and an injection rate of 12 m^(3)/min per stage;in zone-Ⅱ, Well 2 is fractured before Well 3, with a cluster spacing of 30 m and an injection rate of 12 m^(3)/min per stage. The swept area of the pore pressure drop in the potential production area is small, showing that the reservoir is not well developed. The hydraulic fracturing in the toe area can be improved by, for example, properly densifying the fractures and adjusting the fracture distribution, in order to enhance the swept volume and increase the reservoir utilization.

关键词： shale oil fan-shaped well pattern horizontal well geological model hydraulic fracturing productivity evaluation integrated geological-engineering design

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Modeling of kinetic characteristics of alkaline-surfactant-polymer-strengthened foams decay under ultrasonic standing wave

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Petroleum Science 2022年第4期19卷 1825-1839页

作者： Zhi-Hua Wang Xiao-Yu Liu Hong-Qi Zhang Yong Wang Yun-Fei Xu Bao-Liang Peng Yang Liu Key Laboratory for Enhanced Oil&Gas Recovery of the Ministry of Education Northeast Petroleum UniversityDaqingHeilongjiang163318China Oil Recovery Plant No.3 PetroChina Daqing Oilfield Company LimitedDaqingHeilongjiang163113China Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChinaBeijing100083China

Foaming issues are encountered at the stages in crude oil production, transportation, processing, especially in chemical flooding enhanced oil recovery(EOR) oilfields. These accumulated foams would cause a lot of trouble for downstream operation. The destruction of foams under ultrasonic has been increasingly paying attention in the background of green oilfield development. This study focuses on the decay kinetic characteristics of alkaline-surfactant-polymer-strengthened foams under the ultrasonic standing *** performance of the diverse foams was characterized. A decay kinetic model incorporating the energy correlation was developed and validated. The factors that affect the decay kinetic characteristics were discussed. The results indicated that the collapse rate and the collapse volume fraction decreased when the foam size decreased, the gas-liquid ratio decreased and the surface tension increased. Ultrasonic standing wave parameters have a significant impact on the decay behavior of the foam. Both the ultrasonic frequency and ultrasonic amplitude were increased by 50%, the collapse volume fraction of foams increased by about 1.25 times in the identical irradiation time. The relative deviation between the measured results and the model prediction was less than 10%. The potential collapse mechanism was also explained using the principle of energy correlation of foam surface. This study is not only beneficial to provide a robust and rigorous way to defoam of produced liquid in the alkaline/surfactant/polymer(ASP)flooding EOR process but also meaningful to well understand the decay process of oil-based foams.

关键词： Foaming performance Energy correlation model Decay kinetic Collapse mechanism ASP flooding Ultrasonic standing wave

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Analysis of tight oil accumulation conditions and prediction of sweet spots in Ordos Basin: A case study

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Energy Geoscience 2022年第4期3卷 417-426页

作者： Ying Tang Shihao Tan Ruifei Wang Hao Wang Chunming Xia Kaiyun Chen College of Petroleum Engineering Xi'an Shiyou UniversityXi'an710065China State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics Northwest UniversityXi'an710069China

Tight sandstone reservoirs are widely developed in the Mesozoic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,*** is a lack of understanding on the sedimentary setting,source-reservoir relationship and oil accumulation conditions in this *** this study,through the comprehensive analysis of the distri-bution of tight oil,we evaluated the properties and petrological features of reservoir,geochemical characteristics of source rocks,the source-reservoir relationship,as well as the trapping,preservation and accumulation conditions of tight oil in the Chang 7 Member,and predicted the sweet spots of tight oil in the study *** results show that the Chang 7 Member is a typical low-porosity and ultra-low permeability reservoir with great tightness,small pore throat and high capillary pressure,and must have been of near-source *** source rocks are mainly developed in the Chang 7_(3) submember,and the reservoirs mainly occur in the Chang 7_(1) and Chang 7_(2) submembers,forming a combination mode of“lower source rock and upper reservoir”.Sandbodies with good connectivity and fractures being well developed in local areas are the main hydrocarbon transport *** abnormal high pressure caused by hydrocarbon generation and pressurization is the main driving force of tight oil *** mode of hydrocarbon transportation is dominated by the vertical or lateral migration from under-lying source rocks or adjacent source rocks to reservoirs within a short *** the integrated evaluation of lithology,physical properties and oil saturation of reservoirs and geochemical character-istics of source rocks,we grouped the sweet spots of Chang 7 Member into three types:Type I,Type II and Type *** others,the Type I sweet spots are the best in terms of porosity,permeability and source rock thickness and hydrocarbon enrichment which should be the focus of oilfield *** study lays an important foundation for the economic and efficien

关键词： Tight oil Accumulation condition Sweet spot Chang 7 Member,Ordos Basin

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Statistical prediction of waterflooding performance by K-means clustering and empirical modeling

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Petroleum Science 2022年第3期19卷 1139-1152页

作者： Qin-Zhuo Liao Liang Xue Gang Lei Xu Liu Shu-Yu Sun Shirish Patil Department of Petroleum Engineering King Fahd University of Petroleum and MineralsDhahranSaudi Arabia Department of Petroleum Engineering China University of Petroleum-BeijingBeijing102240China Faculty of Engineering China University of GeosciencesWuhan430074HubeiChina Center for Integrative Petroleum Research King Fahd University of Petroleum and MineralsDhahranSaudi Arabia Department of Petroleum Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia

Statistical prediction is often required in reservoir simulation to quantify production uncertainty or assess potential *** existing uncertainty quantification procedures aim to decompose the input random field to independent random variables,and may suffer from the curse of dimensionality if the correlation scale is small compared to the domain *** this work,we develop and test a new approach,K-means clustering assisted empirical modeling,for efficiently estimating waterflooding performance for multiple geological *** method performs single-phase flow simulations in a large number of realizations,and uses K-means clustering to select only a few representatives,on which the two-phase flow simulations are *** empirical models are then adopted to describe the relation between the single-phase solutions and the two-phase solutions using these ***,the two-phase solutions in all realizations can be predicted using the empirical models *** method is applied to both 2D and 3D synthetic models and is shown to perform well in the P10,P50 and P90 of production rates,as well as the probability distributions as illustrated by cumulative density *** is able to capture the ensemble statistics of the Monte Carlo simulation results with a large number of realizations,and the computational cost is significantly reduced.

关键词： Waterflooding Statistical prediction K-means clustering Empirical modeling Uncertainty quantification

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