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Distribution of winter-spring snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with summer precipitationin Yangtze River

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Research in Cold and Arid Regions 2017年第1期9卷 20-28页

作者： ZhuoGa TaoChen LaBa PuBuCiRen BaSang Lhasa Branch of Chengdu Institute of Plateau Meteorology China Meteorological AdministrationLhasaTibet 850000China Tibet Climate Center LhasaTibet 850000China Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmospheric and Environmental science LhasaTibet 850000China

The distribution of winter-spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） and its relationship with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley （MLYRV） during 2003-2013 have been investigated with the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer （MODIS） Terra data （MOD10A2） and precipitation observations. Results show that snow cover percentage （SCP） remains approximately 20% in winter and spring then tails off to below 5% with warmer temperature and snow melt in summer. The lower and highest percentages present a declining tendency while the middle SCP exhibits an opposite variation. The maximum value appears from the middle of October to March and the minimum emerges from July to August. The annual and winter-spring SCPs present a decreasing tendency. Snow cover is mainly situated in the periphery of the plateau and mountainous regions, and less snow in the interior of the plateau, basin and valley areas in view of snow cover frequency （SCF） over the TP. Whatever annual or winter-spring snow cover, they all have remarkable declining tendency during 2003-2013, and annual snow cover presents a decreasing trend in the interior of the TP and increasing trend in the periphery of the TP. Hie multi-year averaged eight-day SCP is negatively related to mean precipitation in the MLYRV. Spring SCP is negatively related to summer precipitation while winter SCP is positively related to summer precipitation in most parts of the MLYRV. Hence, the influence of winter snow cover on precipitation is much more significant than that in spring on the basis of correlation analysis. The oscillation of SCF from southeast to northwest over the TP corresponds well to the beginning,development and cessation of the rain belt in eastern china.

关键词： winter-spring snow cover Tibetan Plateau relationship summer precipitation Yangtze River Valley MODIS Reprojection Tool

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Extreme precipitation events in East china and associated moisture transport pathways

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science china Earth sciences 2016年第9期59卷 1854-1872页

作者： ZHAO Yang XU XiangDe ZHAO TianLiang XU HongXiong MAO Fei SUN Han WANG YuHong State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Nanjing 210044 China Institute of Ecological Environment and Agricultural Meteorology Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Guangxi Institute of Meteorological Disaster Mitigation Nanning 530022 China

Interannual variation of summer precipitation in East china, and frequency of rainstorms during the monsoon season from 1961 to 2010, are analyzed in this study. It is found that the two variables show opposite trends on a decadal time scale: frequency of rainstorms increases significantly after the 1990 s, while summer precipitation in East china decreases during the same period. Analysis of the spatial distribution of summer rainstorm frequency from 1961 to 2010 indicates that it decreases from the southeast to the northwest at the east edge of the large-scale topography associated with the plateaus. Spatial distribution of rainstorms with daily rainfall greater than 50 mm is characterized by a "high in the southeast and low in the northwest" pattern, similar to the staircase distribution of the topography. However, the spatial distribution of variation in both summer precipitation and frequency of extreme rainstorms under global warming differs significantly from the three-step staircase topography. It is shown that moisture characteristics of summer precipitation and extreme rainstorms during the monsoon season in East china, including moisture transport pathways, moist flow pattern, and spatial structure of the merging area of moist flows, differ significantly. Areas of frequent rainstorms include the Yangtze River Valley and South china. Column-integrated moisture transport and its spatial structure could be summarized as a "merging" of three branches of intense moist flows from low and middle latitude oceans, and "convergence" of column-integrated moisture fluxes. The merging area for moist flow associated with rainstorms in the high frequency region is located slightly to the south of the monsoonal precipitation or non-rainstorm precipitation, with significantly strong moisture convergence. In addition, the summer moist flow pattern in East china has a great influence on the frequency of extreme rainstorms. Moisture flux vectors in the region of frequent rai

关键词： Frequency of rainstorms Moisture transport Synoptic circulation Extreme rainstorms Synchronized variations Vortex structure

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Analysis of long-term variations of fog and haze in china in recent 50 years and their relations with atmospheric humidity

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science china Earth sciences 2014年第1期57卷 36-46页

作者： DING YiHui LIU YanJu national Climate Center China Meteorological Administration

Our analysis of fog and haze observations from the surface weather stations in china in recent 50 years （from 196l to 2011） shows that the number of fog days has experienced two-stage variations, with an increasing trend before 1980 and a decreasing trend after 1990. Especially, an obvious decreasing trend after 1990 can be clearly seen, which is consistent with the decreas- ing trend of the surface relative humidity. However, the number of haze days has demonstrated an increasing trend. As such, the role of reduction of atmospheric relative humidity in the transition process from fog into haze has been further investigated. It is estimated that the mean relative humidity of haze days is about 69%, lower than previously estimated, which implies that it is more difficult for the haze particles to transform into fog drops. This is possibly one of the major environmental factors leading to the reduction of number of fog days. The threshold of the relative humidity for transition from fog into haze is about 82%, also lower than previously estimated. Thus, the reduction of the surface relative humidity in china mainly due to the in- crease of the surface temperature and the saturation specific humidity may exert an obvious impact on the environmental con- ditions for the formations of fog and haze. In addition, our investigation of the relationship between haze and visibility reveals that with the increase of haze days, the visibility has declined markedly. Since 1961, the mean visibility has dropped from 4-10 to 2-4 kin, about a half of the previous horizontal distance of visibility.

关键词： fog and haze visibility relative humidity transition from fog into haze

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Inter-decadal variations,causes and future projection of the Asian summer monsoon

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Engineering sciences 2014年第2期12卷 22-28页

作者： Ding Yihui Si Dong Sun Ying Liu Yanju Song Yafang national Climate Center China Meteorological Administration

The present paper presents a concise summary of our recent studies on the Asian summer monsoon,with highting decadal and inter- decadal scales. The studies on the long- term variations of the Asian summer monsoon and its impacts on the change in the summer precipitation in china are reviewed. Moreover,recent changes in the Asian summer monsoon and summer precipitation in East Asia(including Meiyu precipitation)are discussed. Finally,the future changes of the Asian summer monsoon are also pointed out in this paper.

关键词： inter-decadal variations Asian summer monsoon precipitation

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ROLE OF A WARM AND WET TRANSPORT CONVEYOR OF ASIAN SUMMER MONSOON IN A BEIJING HEAVY RAINSTORM ON JULY 21,2012

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Journal of Tropical Meteorology 2017年第3期23卷 302-313页

作者： LIU Yan-ju DING Yi-hui ZHANG Ying-xian SONG Ya-fang national Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China

A heavy rainstorm named Beijing "7.21"heavy rainstorm hit Beijing on 21 to 22 July 2012, which is recorded as the most severe rainstorm since 1951. The daily precipitation amount in many stations in Beijing has broken the history record. Based on the NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data and precipitation observation,the large-scale conditions which caused the "7.21"heavy rainstorm are investigated, with the emphasis on the relationship between it and an equatorial convergence zone, Asian summer monsoon as well as the tropical cyclone over the ocean from the Philippines to the South china Sea(SCS). The results indicated that a great deal of southerly warm and wet moisture carried by northward migrating Asian summer monsoon provided plenty of moisture supplying for the "7.21"heavy rainstorm. When the warm and wet moisture met with the strong cold temperature advection induced by cold troughs or vortexes, an obviously unstable stratification formed, thus leading to the occurrence of heavy precipitation. Without this kind of intense moisture transport, the rainstorm only relying on the role of the cold air from mid-and higher-latitudes could not reach the record-breaking intensity. Further research suggested that the northward movement of an Asian monsoonal warm and wet moisture transport conveyor(MWWTC) was closely related with the active phase of a 30-60 day intra-seasonal oscillation of the Asian summer monsoon. During this time, the monsoon surge triggered and maintained the northward movement of the MWWTC. In addition, compared with another heavy rainstorm named"63.8"heavy rainstorm, which occurred over the Huaihe River Basin in the mid-August 1963 and seriously affected North china, a similar MWWTC was also observed. It was just the intense interaction of the MWWTC with strong cold air from the north that caused this severe rainstorm.

关键词： Beijing "7.1" heavy rainstorm Asian summer monsoon warm and wet transport conveyor

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The 2016 Summer Floods in china and Associated Physical Mechanisms:A Comparison with 1998

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2017年第2期31卷 261-277页

作者： Yuan YUAN Hui GAO Weijing LI Yanju LIU Lijuan CHEN Bin ZHOU Yihui DING Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate CenterChina Meteorological Administration Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology

The characteristics of droughts and floods in china during the summers（May–August）of 2016 and 1998 were compared in great detail,together with the associated atmospheric circulations and external-forcing *** results are obtained.（1）The precipitation was mostly above normal in china in summer 2016,with two main rainfall belts located in the Yangtze River valley（YRV）and North *** with 1998,a similar rainfall belt was located over the YRV,with precipitation 100%and more above ***,the seasonal processes of Meiyu were different.A typical＂Secondary Meiyu＂occurred in 1998,whereas dry conditions dominated the YRV in2016.（2）During May–July 2016,the Ural high was weaker than normal,but it was stronger than normal in *** difference resulted from fairly different distributions of sea surface temperature anomalies（SSTAs）over the North Atlantic Ocean during the preceding winter and spring of the two years.（3）Nonetheless,tropical and subtropical circulation systems were much more similar in May–July of 2016 and *** circulation systems in both years were characterized by a stronger than normal and more westward-extending western Pacific subtropical high（WPSH）,a weaker than normal East Asian summer monsoon（EASM）,and anomalous convergence of moisture flux in the mid and lower reaches of the *** similar circulation anomalies were attributed to the similar tropical SSTA pattern in the preceding seasons,i.e.,the super El Ni？o and strong warming in the tropical Indian Ocean.（4）Significant differences in the circulation pattern were observed in August between the two *** WPSH broke up in August 2016,with its western part being combined with the continental high and persistently dominating eastern *** EASM suddenly became stronger,and dry conditions prevailed in the *** the contrary,the EASM was weaker in August 1998 and the＂Secondary Meiyu＂took place in the *** Madden–Julian Oscillation（MJO）was extremely active in Aug

关键词： summer precipitation flooding Yangtze River valley super El Ni?o SST anomaly tropical Indian Ocean snow cover over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau Madden–Julian Oscillation

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Water Vapor Transport around the Tibetan Plateau and Its Effect on Summer Rainfall over the Yangtze River Valley

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2016年第4期30卷 472-482页

作者：李驰钦左群杰徐祥德高守亭 Key Laboratory of Cloud-Precipitation Physics and Severe Storms Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029 University of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049 State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Chinese Academy of Meteorological SciencesBeijing 100081

The water vapor transport around the Tibetan Plateau（TP） and its effect on the rainfall in the Yangtze River valley（YRV） in summer are investigated by decomposing the moisture transport into rotational and divergent *** on the ERA-Interim and PREC/L（Precipitation Reconstruction over Land） data from 1985 to 2014,the vertically integrated features of the two components are *** results show that the divergent part dominates the western TP while the rotational part dominates the rest of the TP,implying that moisture may be mostly locally gathered in the western TP but could be advected to/from elsewhere over the rest of the *** divergent and rotational moisture fluxes exhibit great temporal variability along the southern periphery of the TP,showing sensitivity of water vapor to the steep topography *** analysis reveals that it is over the southeastern corner of the TP and to its south that a significant correlation between rotational zonal moisture transport and summer rainfall in the YRV appears,suggesting that the southeastern corner of the TP may serve as a moisture transport bridge between the South Asian（Indian） monsoon and the East Asian *** composite analysis indicates that anomalous eastward（westward） zonal water vapor transport from the South Asian monsoon via the southeastern corner of the TP favors more（less） precipitation in the YRV in summer.

关键词： moisture transport Tibetan Plateau rotational component divergent component Yangtze River valley rainfall

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Study on daily surface evapotranspiration with SEBS in Tibet Autonomous Region

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Journal of Geographical sciences 2014年第1期24卷 113-128页

作者： ZHUO Ga LA Ba PUBU Ciren LUO Bu Tibet Institute of Plateau Atmospheric and Environmental science Lhasa 850000 China

The estimation of surface evapotranspiration （ET） with satellite dataset is one of the main subjects in the understanding of climate change, disaster monitoring and the circulation of water vapor and energy in Tibet Autonomous Region （TAR）. This research selects satellite images on January 11, April 6, July 31 and October 19 in 2010 as the representative of winter, spring, summer and autumn respectively, estimates the distribution of daily surface ET based on the surface energy balance system （SEBS） along with potential evapotranspiration （PET） and ET derived from Penman-Monteith （P-M） method. The results are obtained as follows. （1） The seasonal distribution of ET and PET basically decreases from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR. Although ET and PET have similar spatial distributions, there are still some differences to estimate the extreme values especially the maximum value in the middle and southeastern parts of TAR. No matter what kind of methods we adopted, the maximum value of ET and PET always appears in summer, followed by autumn or spring while that in winter is the smallest. （2） In order to better understand the accuracy of SEBS model in the estimation of ET, we compared the ET from SEBS and the ET obtained from P-M method. Results show that the ET from SEBS could estimates the variation trend of actual ET, but it slightly underestimates or overestimates the value of ET as a whole, especially for those areas with thick forest. （3） The spatial distribution of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） exhibits a decreasing trend from the southeast part to the northwest part of TAR which displays remarkable consistency of distributions between ET and vegetation index. ET is well positively related to NDVI, minimum, mean, maximum air temperature and sunshine duration in different seasons while negatively related to precipitation, relative humidity and wind speed in summer.

关键词： TAR SEBS P-M method ET PET estimation approach

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A Numerical Simulation of the Impact of Tropical Western Pacific SST Anomalies on the Decadal Shift of the Meiyu Belt

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Acta meteorologica Sinica 2012年第4期26卷 467-475页

作者：司东丁一汇 national Climate Center

The sea surface temperature （SST） of the tropical western Pacific Ocean （TWPO） showed a pronounced warming in the late 1990s. Using numerical experiments of a regional climate model （RegCM）, we analyzed the impact of this warming on rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley of china during the Meiyu period （June July）. The model results revealed that the observed decadal changes in Meiyu rainfall since the late 1990s can be reproduced by a control experiment forced by the observed SST. Additionally, the sensitivity experiments suggested that the warming trend in the TWPO played a substantial role in the northward shift of the Meiyu belt in the late 1990s.

关键词： decadal shift Meiyu belt SST regional climate model numerical experiment

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From MONEX to the Global Monsoon:A Review of Monsoon System Research

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2015年第1期32卷 10-31页

作者： DING Yihui LIU Yanju SONG Yafang ZHANG Jin national Climate Center China Meteorological Administration

Substantial progress has been made over the past three decades since the Monsoon Experiments（MONEX） of 1978–79. Here, we review these achievements by highlighting four breakthroughs in monsoon research：（1） The identification of the coupled ocean–land–atmosphere nature of the monsoon in the process of the annual cycle of solar heating;（2） new understanding of the changes in the driving forces of monsoon systems, with anthropogenic factors（climate effects of increased greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions） playing an important role in the regulation of monsoons;（3） detection of the interdecadal- and centennial-scale variability of monsoon systems, and its attribution to the combined impact of global warming and natural（especially oceanic） effects; and（4） the emerging concept of the global monsoon and its long-term variation under the impact of global climate change. All the observational and model-derived evidence demonstrates that the monsoon system, as an important component of the global climate system, has already changed and will continue to change in the future. This picture of an evolving monsoon system poses great challenges for near-term prediction and long-term projection.

关键词： monsoon coupled system anthropogenic activity global monsoon

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