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MULTISCALE MECHANICS OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICALLY INSPIRED MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES

Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 2010年第6期23卷 471-483页

作者： Markus J.Buehler Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Computational Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology Center for Materials Science and Engineering Massachusetts Institute of Technology

The world of natural materials and structures provides an abundance of applications in which mechanics is a critical issue for our understanding of functional material properties. In particular, the mechanical properties of biological materials and structures play an important role in virtually all physiological processes and at all scales, from the molecular and nanoscale to the macroscale, linking research fields as diverse as genetics to structural mechanics in an approach referred to as materiomics. Example cases that illustrate the importance of mechanics in biology include mechanical support provided by materials like bone, the facilitation of locomotion capabilities by muscle and tendon, or the protection against environmental impact by materials as the skin or armors. In this article we review recent progress and case studies, relevant for a variety of applications that range from medicine to civil engineering. We demonstrate the importance of fundamental mechanistic insight at multiple time- and length-scales to arrive at a systematic understanding of materials and structures in biology, in the context of both physiological and disease states and for the development of de novo biomaterials. Three particularly intriguing issues that will be discussed here include： First, the capacity of biological systems to turn weakness to strength through the utilization of multiple structural levels within the universality-diversity paradigm. Second, material breakdown in extreme and disease conditions. And third, we review an example where the hierarchical design paradigm found in natural protein materials has been applied in the development of a novel hiomaterial based on amyloid protein.

关键词： biological materials materiomics mechanics mechanical properties mutability,tunability deformation failure

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Broadband quantum-dot frequency-modulated comb laser

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Light(Science & Applications) 2023年第8期12卷 1696-1707页

作者： Bozhang Dong Mario Dumont Osama Terra Heming Wang Andrew Netherton John E Bowers Institute for Energy Efficiency University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCAUSA Primary Length and Laser Technology Lab National Institute of StandardsGizaEgypt

Frequency-modulated(FM)laser combs,which offer a quasi-continuous-wave output and a flat-topped optical spectrum,are emerging as a promising solution for wavelength-division multiplexing applications,precision metrology,and ultrafast optical *** generation of FM combs relies on spatial hole burning,group velocity dispersion,Kerr nonlinearity,and four-wave mixing(FWM).While FM combs have been widely observed in quantum cascade Fabry-Perot(FP)lasers,the requirement for a low-dispersion FP cavity can be a challenge in platforms where the waveguide dispersion is mainly determined by the *** we report a 60 GHz quantum-dot(QD)mode-locked laser in which both the amplitude-modulated(AM)and the FM comb can be generated *** high FWM efficiency of-5 dB allows the QD laser to generate FM comb *** also demonstrate that the Kerr nonlinearity can be practically engineered to improve the FM comb bandwidth without the need for GVD *** maximum 3-dB bandwidth that our QD platform can deliver is as large as 2.2 *** study gives novel insights into the improvement of FM combs and paves the way for small-footprint,electrically pumped,and energy-efficient frequency combs for silicon photonic integrated circuits(PICs).

关键词： laser waveguide pumped

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Spatio-temporal breather dynamics in microcomb soliton crystals

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第11期13卷 2620-2633页

作者： Futai Hu Abhinav Kumar Vinod Wenting Wang Hsiao-Hsuan Chin James F.McMillan Ziyu Zhan Yuan Meng Mali Gong Chee Wei Wong Fang Lu Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina

Solitons,the distinct balance between nonlinearity and dispersion,provide a route toward ultrafast electromagnetic pulse shaping,high-harmonic generation,real-time image processing,and RF photonic *** we uniquely explore and observe the spatio-temporal breather dynamics of optical soliton crystals in frequency microcombs,examining spatial breathers,chaos transitions,and dynamical deterministic switching–in nonlinear measurements and *** understand the breather solitons,we describe their dynamical routes and two example transitional maps of the ensemble spatial breathers,with and without chaos *** elucidate the physical mechanisms of the breather dynamics in the soliton crystal microcombs,in the interaction plane limit cycles and in the domain-wall understanding with parity symmetry breaking from third-order *** present maps of the accessible nonlinear regions,the breather frequency dependences on third-order dispersion and avoided-mode crossing strengths,and the transition between the collective breather spatio-temporal *** range of measurements matches well with our first-principles theory and nonlinear *** image these soliton ensembles and their breathers,we further constructed panoramic temporal imaging for simultaneous fast-and slow-axis two-dimensional mapping of the *** the phasedifferential sampling,we present two-dimensional evolution maps of soliton crystal breathers,including with defects,in both stable breathers and breathers with *** fundamental studies contribute to the understanding of nonlinear dynamics in soliton crystal complexes,their spatio-temporal dependences,and their stability-existence zones.

关键词： theory. soliton dynamics

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Light People:*** Hu,exploring the light

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Light(Science & Applications) 2024年第10期13卷 2002-2007页

作者： Tingting Sun Light Publishing Group Changchun Institute of OpticsFine Mechanics and PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesNo.3888 Dong Nanhu RoadChangchun 130033China

Editorial Professor Juejun Hu was admitted by Tsinghua University as top scorer in the science college entrance examination of Fujian *** graduating,he went to MIT to pursue further studies,where he continued to excel and became a faculty *** step of his journey has been marked by extraordinary achievements,setting a standard that few can ***,*** is recognized as a leading expert in integrated photonics and optical *** pioneering research has not only advanced the frontiers of academia but also made significant impacts on industrial *** this interview,we invite you to delve into ***'s research world,exploring his unique insights into technological innovation and how he uses the power of science to shape the future.

关键词： admitted frontier interview

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An experimental and theoretical investigation of a small,high aspect-ratio,free-piston,two-stroke engine

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Propulsion and Power Research 2020年第4期9卷 326-343页

作者： Chiluwata E.Lungu Mael Disseau Daniel C.Stubbs Jechiel Jagoda David E.Scarborough General Electric Company GreenvilleSouth Carolina29615USA Georgia Institute of Technology AtlantaGeorgia30332USA Truett McConnel University ClevelandGeorgia30528USA Auburn University AuburnAlabama36849USA

This paper presents a design for a novel,palm sized,high-aspect-ratio *** simplify fabrication and keep the device unobtrusive,a design incorporating a two-cycle engine having a flat,rectangular piston with spring return was *** experimental engine based on this concept producing a significant amount of useful work was *** results were encouraging,this geometry raised many issues to be investigated and resolved,including the effects of piston sealing,scavenging,heat losses,and combustion *** to the complex interplay between these effects,experimental investigation was time consuming and simple models were found to be ***,a more complex theoretical model accounting for these effects was developed and used to evaluate the sensitivity of engine performance to each of these *** predictions of this model were used to develop recommendations for improving the experimentally developed engine.

关键词： Micro-combustion Power generation Free-piston engine Internal combustion engine Palm power

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Interpretable deep learning for guided microstructure-property explorations in photovoltaics

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npj Computational Materials 2019年第1期5卷 302-312页

作者： Balaji Sesha Sarath Pokuri Sambuddha Ghosal Apurva Kokate Soumik Sarkar Baskar Ganapathysubramanian Department of Mechanical Engineering Iowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA Department of Computer Science Iowa State UniversityAmesIAUSA

The microstructure determines the photovoltaic performance of a thin film organic semiconductor *** relationship between microstructure and performance is usually highly non-linear and expensive to evaluate,thus making microstructure optimization ***,we show a data-driven approach for mapping the microstructure to photovoltaic performance using deep convolutional neural *** characterize this approach in terms of two critical metrics,its generalizability(has it learnt a reasonable map?),and its intepretability(can it produce meaningful microstructure characteristics that influence its prediction?).A surrogate model that exhibits these two features of generalizability and intepretability is particularly useful for subsequent design *** illustrate this by using the surrogate model for both manual exploration(that verifies known domain insight)as well as automated microstructure *** envision such approaches to be widely applicable to a wide variety of microstructure-sensitive design problems.

关键词： microstructure property meaningful

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RF/wireless-interconnect: The next wave of connectivity

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2011年第5期54卷 1026-1038页

作者： TAM SaiWang CHANG Mau-Chung Frank Electrical Engineering Department University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles CA 90095 USA

In the era of the nanometer CMOS technology, due to stringent system requirements in power, performance and other fundamental physical limitations (such as mechanical reliability, thermal constraints, overall system form factor, etc.), future VLSI systems are relying more on ultra-high data rates (up to 100 Gbps/pin or 20 Tbps aggregate), scalable, re-configurable, highly compact and reliable interconnect fabric. To overcome such challenges, we first explore the use of multiband RF/wireless-interconnects which can communicate simultaneously through multiple frequency bands with low power signal transmission, reconfigurable bandwidth and excellent mechanical flexibility and reliability. We then review recent advances in RF/wireless-interconnect in four different potential application domains, which include network-on-chips (NoCs), 3-dimensional integrated circuit (3DIC), advanced memory interface and ultra-high speed contactless connectors. Based on those developments, we further propose the future research direction on future inter- and intra-VLSI interconnect system through the comparison of performance and the proper communication range for all three types of interconnects, including communication data throughput, range and power consumption (pJ/bit) among the RF/wireless-interconnects, the optical interconnects and traditional parallel repeated bus.

关键词： RF-interconnect wireless RF-interconnect network-on-chips multi-band 3-dimensional integrated circuit advanced memory interface wireless contactless connector

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Band-structure-engineered high-gain LWIR photodetector based on a type-Ⅱ superlattice

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Light(Science & Applications) 2021年第2期10卷 140-146页

作者： Arash Dehzangi Jiakai Li Manijeh Razeghi Center for Quantum Devices Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonIL 60208USA

The LWIR and longer wavelength regions are of particular interest for new developments and new approaches to realizing long-wavelength infrared(LWIR)photodetectors with high detectivity and high *** photodetectors are highly desirable for applications such as infrared earth science and astronomy,remote sensing,optical communication,and thermal and medical ***,we report the design,growth,and characterization of a high-gain band-structure-engineered LWIR heterojunction phototransistor based on type-Ⅱ *** 1/e cut-off wavelength of the device is 8.0 *** 77 K,unity optical gain occurs at a 90 mV applied bias with a dark current density of 3.2×10^(-7)A/cm^(2).The optical gain of the device at 77 K saturates at a value of 276 at an applied bias of 220 *** saturation corresponds to a responsivity of 1284 A/W and a specific detectivity of 2.34×10^(13)cm Hz^(1/2)/W at a peak detection wavelength of~6.8 *** type-Ⅱ superlattice-based high-gain LWIR device shows the possibility of designing the high-performance gain-based LWIR photodetectors by implementing the band structure engineering approach.

关键词： heterojunction structure high

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Greedy nonlinear autoregression for multifidelity computer models at different scales

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Energy and AI 2020年第1期1卷 117-130页

作者： W.Xing M.Razi R.M.Kirby K.Sun A.A.Shah School of Energy and Power Engineering Chongqing University174 ShazhengjieShapingbaChongqing 400044China Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute University of Utah72 S Central Campus DriveRoom 3750 Salt Lake CityUT 84112United States

Although the popular multi-fidelity surrogate models,stochastic collocation and nonlinear autoregression have been applied successfully to multiple benchmark problems in different areas of science and engineering,they have certain *** propose a uniform Bayesian framework that connects these two methods allowing us to combine the strengths of *** this end,we introduce Greedy-NAR,a nonlinear Bayesian autoregressive model that can handle complex between-fidelity correlations and involves a sequential construction that allows for significant improvements in performance given a limited computational *** proposed enhanced nonlinear autoregressive method is applied to three benchmark problems that are typical of energy applications,namely molecular dynamics and computational fluid *** results indicate an increase in both prediction stability and accuracy when compared to those of the standard multi-fidelity autoregression *** results also reveal the advantages over the stochastic collocation approach in terms of accuracy and computational *** speaking,the proposed enhancement provides a straightforward and easily implemented approach for boosting the accuracy and efficiency of concatenated structure multi-fidelity simulation methods,e.g.,the nonlinear autoregressive model,with a negligible additional computational cost.

关键词： Multi-fidelity models Autoregressive Gaussian processes Deep Gaussian processes Surrogate models Molecular dynamics Computational fluid dynamics

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The future is frozen:cryogenic CMOS for high-performance computing

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Chip 2024年第1期3卷 43-54页

作者： R.Saligram A.Raychowdhury Suman Datta School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaUSA

Low temperature complementary metal oxide semiconductor(CMOS)or cryogenic CMOS is a promising avenue for the continuation of Moore’s law while serving the needs of high performance *** temperature as a control“knob”to steepen the subthreshold slope behavior of CMOS devices,the supply voltage of operation can be reduced with no impact on operating *** the optimal threshold voltage engineering,the device ON current can be further enhanced,translating to higher *** this article,the experimentally calibrated data was adopted to tune the threshold voltage and investigated the power performance area of cryogenic CMOS at device,circuit and system *** also presented results from measurement and analysis of functional memory chips fabricated in 28 nm bulk CMOS and 22 nm fully depleted silicon on insulator(FDSOI)operating at cryogenic ***,the challenges and opportunities in the further development and deployment of such systems were discussed.

关键词： Cryogenic CMOS Design technology co-optimization High performance computing Parameter variation Threshold voltage engineering Cryogenic Memories Interconnects

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