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Journal of Zhejiang University Science 2003年第4期4卷 463-468页

作者：谢关林 SOADAlgam SWINGSJ. MEWT.W. IstituteofBiotechnology ZhefiangUniversityHangzhou310029China LabofMicrobiology UniversityofGentGemBelgium EntomologyandPlantPathologyDivision InternationalRiceResearchInstituteManilaPhilippines

With the use of a seed washing technique, more than 4000 Gram negative bacteria were isolated by two improved isolation methods from 446 batches of 1 kg rice seed samples obtained from 22 provinces in the Philippines. They were initially characterized on the basis of colony morphology and results of biochemical and pathogenicity tests. Six hundred and fifty two strains were further identified by Biolog, from which 133 were selected for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis together with 80 standard reference!strains. Sixteen species or types of Pseudomonas and 17 genera of non pseudomonads were identified, more than one third of which have not been recorded in rice. The most predominant species observed were P. putida and P. fulva. About 17% of the strains of Pseudomonas and 2% of the non pseudomonads were antagonistic to one or more fungal or bacterial pathogens of rice. Rice seed is an important source of biological control agents.

关键词： Rice seed Non pathogenic bacteria Antagonistic bacteria Pseudomonas

development of Magnesium-Dominant Soils Under Irrigated Agriculture in Southern Kazakhstan

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Pedosphere 2009年第3期19卷 331-343页

作者： A. KARIMOV M. QADIR A. NOBLE F. VYSHPOLSKY K. ANZELM International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Central Asia Regional Office Tashkent 700000 (Uzbekistan) International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) Aleppo 5466 (Syria) International Water Management Institute (IWMI) Colombo 2075 (Sri Lanka) International Water Management Institute (IWMI) c/o WorldFish Center Penang 11960 (Malaysia) Water Conservation Laboratory The Kazakh Research Institute of Water Management Ministry of Agriculture Taraz480022 (Kazakhstan) Southern Kazakhstan Hydrogeology and Land Reclamation Expedition Shymkent (Kazakhstan)

Irrational irrigation practices in the Arys Turkestan Canal command area in the southern part of Kazakhstan have led to the formation of soils with poor physical and chemical properties. To study whether irrigation and leaching practices and/or groundwater rise have contributed to the accumulation of Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex of these soils, historical changes in soil and groundwater quality were used as source data and the Visual MINTEQ model was applied to analyze the chemical composition of water and soils in the study area. The imposed irrigation regime and the leaching of light sierosem soils led to the dissolution and subsequent leaching of inherent gypsum and organic matter from the soil profile. Further, the domination of bicarbonate in the irrigation water promoted weathering of the carbonate minerals present as calcite. The higher concentrations of Mg2+ in comparison to Ca2+ in the irrigation water resulted in the replacement of Na+ by Mg2+ on the cation exchange complex. In the lower part of the command area, shallow groundwater has contributed to the accumulation of Na+ and to a large extent of Mg2+ on the cation exchange sites.

关键词： exchangeable magnesium high-magnesium soil and water Kazakhstan land degradation

Factors affecting electric vehicle acceptance,energy demand and CO_(2)emissions in Pakistan

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Green Energy and Intelligent Transportation 2023年第3期2卷 3-15页

作者： Muhammad Huzaifa Butt Jai Govind Singh Department of Energy Environment and Climate ChangeSchool of Environment and Resources DevelopmentAsian Institute of TechnologyThailand

This work aims to investigate the factors accelerating electric vehicle(EV)acceptance at the consumer end in Pakistan and analyzes the implications for policymakers for a fast-track EV *** study further in-vestigates the high EV penetration scenario resulting from the technology acceptance model(TAM's 80%EV)and its impact on energy demand and CO_(2)*** study design used a quantitative analysis method with the survey as an instrument for data collection regarding EV *** model under investigation was adapted from the famous Technology-Acceptance Models(TAMs)and modified with other significant predictors evidenced in the *** and stepwise regression were performed with a multicollinearity check for model hypothesis *** of six predictors,only four factors were significant in accelerating the EV *** policies were found to be highly significant,followed by environmental concern,facilitating conditions and perceived ease of *** research then used exponential smoothing forecasts for transport demand and developed an EV penetration scenario based on modified TAM *** results highlight the significant in-crease in transport demand and the opportunity for Pakistan to limit passenger transport emissions to 36.6 MT instead of 61.6 MT by 2040.

关键词： Pakistan electric vehicle adoption Technology acceptance model Electric vehicle adoption Public acceptance Pakistan transport energy demand Pakistan transport emissions

Comparison of Manual and Automatic Methods for Measurement of Methane Emission from Rice Paddy Fields

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 1998年第4期15卷 139-149页

作者：郑循华王明星王跃思沈壬兴李晶 Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing Fraunhofer Institute of Atmospheric Environmental Research Garmisch Germany Wuxian Institute for Agriculture Sciences Suzhou P. R. China

S The methane emission flux from rice paddies was simultaneously measured with automatic and manual methods in the suburban of Suzhou. Both methods were based on the static chamber/GC-FID techniques. Detail analysis of the experimental results indicates: a) The data of methane emission measured with the automatic method is reliable. b) About 11 or 19 o′clock of local time is recommended as the optimum sampling time for the manual spot measurement of methane emission from rice paddies. The methane emission fluxes measured by manual sampling at local time other than the optimum time have to be corrected. The correction coefficient may be determined by automatic and continuous measurement. c) In order to get a more accurate result, an empirical correction factor, such as 18%, is recommended to correct the seasonally total amount of measured methane emission by enlarging the automatically measured data or reducing the manually measured ones.

关键词： Methane emission Automatic method Manual method Rice paddy

Effects of China＇s Structural Change on the Exports of East asian Economies

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China & World Economy 2017年第3期25卷 1-30页

作者： Hyun-Hoon Lee Donghyun Park Kwanho Shin Professor International Trade and Business Kangwon National UniversityKorea Principal Economist Economic Research and Regional Cooperation Department Asian Development Bank. Professor Economics Department Korea University

The Chinese economy is slowing down and is in the midst of a structural transJormattonfrom export-led and investment-led growth to domestic demand-led and consumption-ledgrowth. While there are widespread concerns among China＇s trading partners about theeffect of the slowdown in China＇s growth on their exports, China＇s structural changes arealso likely to have a significant impact：for example, China will import fewer machinesand more cosmetics. The central objective of the present paper is to empirically examinethe effect of China＇s structural transformation on the exports of East asian economies,which have close trade linkages with China. We find that economies that have failed toincrease the share of consumption goods in their exports to China have suffered largerdeclines in their quantities of exports to China. In addition, economies that have sufferedlosses in their shares of China＇s parts and components imports have faced reductions intheir shares in China ＂s total imports.

关键词： China, East Asia, export, global value chain, structural change

Rangelands of Central Asia:challenges and opportunities

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第1期8卷 93-108页

作者： Alisher MIRZABAEV Mohamed AHMED Jutta WERNER John PENDER Mounir LOUHAICHI Center for development Research University of Bonn Monitoring African Food and Agricultural Policies Agricultural Development Economics Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Diversification and Sustainable Intensification of Production Systems Program International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas Farm and Rural Household Well-being Branch Economic Research Service United States Department of Agriculture

Rangelands of Central Asia (referring to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan in this study), the largest contiguous area of grazed land in the world, serve as an important source of livelihood for pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in this region. They also play an important role in absorbing CO2 as a global carbon sink. However, unsustainable management of rangelands has led to their degradation hugely by downgrading their potential agro-ecological, environmental and socio-economical roles. This paper reviewed the rangeland degradation in Central Asia, a topic which so far has received only scant coverage in the international scientific literature. It also provided examples of successful experiences and outlined possible options that land managers can adopt to enhance the sustainable management of these vast degraded rangelands. The experiences and lessons described in this paper may also be relevant for other degraded rangeland areas, especially in the developing countries. The causes of rangeland degradation within the Central asian region are numerous, complex and inter-related. Therefore, while addressing the factors associated with improper rangeland management may shed some light on the causes of rangeland degradation, the scope of this paper would not be all-encompassing for the major causes of degradation. There is a need to develop and widely apply the viable and locally accepted and adapted packages of technical, institutional and policy options for sustainable rangeland management. Incentivizing the collective action of small-scale pastoralists who group together to facilitate access to remote pastures can reduce the degree of overgrazing within community pastures, such as those near the settlements. We also found that migratory grazing through pooling of resources among small-scale pastoralists can increase household income. After their independence, most Central asian countries adopted various rangeland tenure

关键词： rangeland degradation flock mobility overgrazing sustainable rangeland management drylands land tenure

Long Term Salinity Stress Reveals Variety Specific Differences in Root Oxidative Stress Response

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Rice science 2012年第1期19卷 36-43页

作者： Prasad SENADHEERA Shamala TIRIMANNE Frans J M MAATHUIS Department of Botany the Open University of Sri LankaNugegodaSri Lanka Department of Plant Sciences University of ColomboColomboSri Lanka Biology Department Area 9University of YorkYorkYO10 5DDUK

Salinity stress induces oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species （ROS）： superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide （H2O2） and hydroxyl radicals. Activities of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system and related growth parameters were studied in the roots of the salt tolerant rice variety FL478 and the sensitive variety IR29 in response to long term stress （12 d）induced by 50 mmol/L NaCI. The comparative study showed that FL478 maintained higher relative growth rate and lower Na＋/K＋ in the roots than IR29 due to a higher membrane stability index that effectively exclude Na＋. Lower TBARS （thiobarbituric acid reactive substance） content in FL478 roots indicated that its membrane was relatively unaffected by ROS despite high H2O2 content recorded under the salinity stress. Relatively higher superoxide dismutase activity along with a parallel increase in transcript level of superoxide dismutase （Os07g46990） in FL478 indicated that this protein might make a vital contribution to salt stress tolerance. Although the content of ascorbic acid remained unchanged in FL478, the activity of ascorbic peroxidases （APOXs） was reduced comparably in the both varieties. Transcriptomic data showed that a larger number of peroxidase genes were upregulated in FL478 compared to IR29 and several of which might provide engineering targets to improve rice salt tolerance.

关键词： root membrane stability salinity stress transcriptome superoxide dismutate ascorbic peroxidase rice

Mechanisms for flowering plants to benefit arthropod natural enemies of insect pests： Prospects for enhanced use in agriculture

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Insect Science 2014年第1期21卷 1-12页

作者： Zhong-Xian Lu Ping-Yang Zhu Geoff M. Gurr Xu-Song Zheng Donna M. Y. Read Kong-Luen Heong Ya-Jun Yang Hong-Xing Xu State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Hangzhou China EH Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation Charles Stuff University Orange NSW Australia College of Chemistry and Life Science Zhejiang Normal University Jinhua Zhejiang Province China and Crop and Environmental Sciences Division International Rice Research Institute Los Banos Metro Manila Philippines

Reduction of noncrop habitats, intensive use of pesticides and high levels of disturbance associated with intensive crop production simplify the farming landscape and bring about a sharp decline of biodiversity. This, in turn, weakens the biological control ecosystem service provided by arthropod natural enemies. Strategic use of flowering plants to enhance plant biodiversity in a well-targeted manner can provide natural enemies with food sources and shelter to improve biological control and reduce dependence on chemical pesticides. This article reviews the nutritional value of various types of plant-derived food for natural enemies, possible adverse effects on pest management, and the practical application of flowering plants in orchards, vegetables and field crops, agricultural systems where most research has taken place. Prospects for more effective use of flowering plants to maximize biological control of insect pests in agroecosystem are good but depend up on selection of optimal plant species based on information on the ecological mechanisms by which natural enemies are selectively favored over pest species.

关键词： conservation biological control ecological engineering habitat nectar,nutrition pollen shelter

development of an integrated modeling system for improved multi-objective reservoir operation

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2010年第1期4卷 47-55页

作者： Lei WANG Cho Thanda NYUNT Toshio KOIKE Oliver SAAVEDRA Lan Chau NGUYEN Tran van SAP Department of Civil Engineering the University of TokyoJapan National Hydro-Meteorological Service Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentVietnam

Reservoir is an efficient way for flood control and improving all sectors related to water resources in the integrated water resources ***,multiobjective reservoir plays a significant role in the development of a country’s economy especially in developing *** multi-objective reservoirs have conflicts and disputes in flood control and water use,which makes the operator a great challenge in the decision of reservoir *** improved multi-objective reservoir operation,an integrated modeling system has been developed by incorporating a global optimization system(SCE-UA)into a distributed biosphere hydrological model(WEB-DHM)coupled with the reservoir routing *** new integrated modeling system has been tested in the Da River subbasin of the Red River and showed the capability of reproducing observed reservoir inflows and optimizing the multi-objective reservoir ***,the WEB-DHM was calibrated for the inflows to the Hoa Binh Reservoir in the Da ***,the WEB-DHM coupled with the reservoir routing module was tested by simulating the reservoir water level,when using the observed dam outflows as the reservoir ***,the new integrated modeling system was evaluated by optimizing the operation rule of the Hoa Binh Reservoir from 1 June to 28 July 2006,which covered the annual largest flood *** using the optimal rule for the reservoir operation,the annual largest flood peak at downstream control point(Ben Ngoc station)was successfully reduced(by about 2.4 m for water level and 2500 m^(3)·s^(-1) for discharge);while after the simulation periods,the reservoir water level was increased by about 20 m that could supply future water use.

关键词： distributed biosphere hydrological model(WEB-DHM) optimization multi-objective reservoir the Red River basin

Do the Recent Labor Market Changes Negatively Affect Schooling?

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China & World Economy 2013年第2期21卷 38-55页

作者： Yang Du Institute of Population and Labor Economics Chinese Academy of Social Sciences

The Chinese labor market has transitioned from a dual labor market to a neoclassical labor market. With wages increasing for skilled workers, the impact on schooling must be considered by policy-makers. Taking advantage of national representative data for 2005 and 2010, the present paper examines the hypothesis that increasing opportunity costs reduce children＇s schooling. The empirical result is of particular relevance to poor areas, where people tend to have high discount rates and place more value on real time income. Although the total public investment in education has been increasing, our findings suggest that targeting relevant regions and compensating opportunity costs will improve the efficiency of education investments.

关键词： human capital labor market changes schooling decision