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Nitric Oxide Content in Wheat Leaves and Its Relation to Programmed Cell Death of Main Stem and Tillers Under Different Nitrogen Levels

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2013年第2期12卷 239-250页

作者： GUO Jun-xiang CHEN Er-ying YIN Yan-ping WANG Ping LI Yong CHEN Xiao-guang WU Guang-lei WANG Zhen-lin National Key Laboratory of Crop biology Agronomy College Shandong Agricultural University Xuzhou Sweetpotato Research Center/Sweetpotato Research Institute Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Nitric oxide （NO） is a key signaling molecule in different physiological processes of plants, including programmed cell death （PCD）. PCD of tillers plays an important role in surviving which are major components of grain yield. PCD was triggered in wheat leaves of main stem and tillers by NO content under different nitrogen treatments. In wheat, NO could be synthesized endogenously by nitrate reductase （NR）. As an inducible enzyme, NR activity was closely related to substrate concentration. Therefore, different nitrogen levels would change NR activity and NO production. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of NR activity, NO production, and the correlation between them on different tillers growth, development, senescence, and kernel protein content under different nitrogen levels. Field-experiments were conducted in 2009-2011 growing seasons, using two wheat cultivars with different spike-types. Results showed that for main stem and primary tillers, NR activity and NO content reached high level at heading stage, while for secondary tiller, the level of NR activity was low, but NO content was high in the present research. The NO synthesis depending on NR activity in wheat leaves was significant in the early growing stage, but the NO synthesis weakened with the progress of growing period. NO was related to the senescence of wheat leaves, but PCD was more sensitive to marked changes of NO content than NO content itself. N application had marked influence on the aging process of primary tiller, while had little influence on that of main stem and secondary tiller. Moreover, N fertilizer application could increase spike rate and protein content of primary tiller by N fertilizer application.

关键词： wheat nitric oxide programmed cell death tiller

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Physiological basis for the differences of productive capacity among tillers in winter wheat

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第10期14卷 1958-1970页

作者： XU Hai-cheng CAI Tie WANG Zhen-lin HE Ming-rong National Key Laboratory of Crop biology Ministry of Science and Technology/Agronomy College Shandong Agricultural University Institute of Water-Saving Agriculture in Arid Areas of China Agronomy College Northwest A&F University

The quality or structure of a wheat population is significantly affected by the compositions of tillers. Little has been known about the physiological basis for the differences of productive capacity among tillers. Two winter wheat cultivars, Shannong 15（SN15） and Shannong 8355（SN8355）, were used to investigate the differences of productive capacity among tillers and analyze the physiological mechanisms that determine the superior tiller group. Low-position tillers（early initiated tillers） had a higher yield per spike than high-position tillers（late initiated tillers） in both cultivars, which was due to their more grain number per spike, more fertile spikelet per spike, less sterile spikelet per spike and higher grain weight. According to cluster analysis, tillers of SN15 were classified into 2 groups： superior tiller group including main stem（0）, the first primary tiller（I） and the second primary tiller（II）; and inferior tiller group including the third primary tiller（III） and the first secondary tiller（I-p）. Tillers of SN8355 were classified into 3 groups： superior tiller group（0 and I）, intermediate tiller group（II and III） and inferior tiller group（I-p）. In comparison with other tiller groups, the superior tiller group had higher photosynthetic rate of flag leaves, higher antioxidant enzyme（SOD, POD and CAT） activities and lower levels of lipid peroxidation in leaves, higher grain filling rate in both superior and inferior grains during grain filling, higher single-stem biological yield and larger single-stem economic coefficient. Correlation analysis showed that yield per spike was positively and significantly correlated with the flag leaf photosynthetic rate, grain filling rate, the antioxidant enzyme activities and soluble protein content（except for SN15 at 5 days post-anthesis（DPA）） of flag leaf, the single-stem biological yield, and the single-stem economic coefficient. Remarkable negative correlation was also found between yield per spike and MDA content o

关键词： enzyme activities grain filling photosynthetic rate productive capacity tillers wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

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Charactering protein fraction concentrations as influenced by nitrogen application in low-glutelin rice cultivars

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2016年第3期15卷 537-544页

作者： LI Gang-hua CHEN Yi-lu DING Yan-feng GENG Chun-miao LI Quan LIU Zheng-hui WANG Shao-hua TANG She Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture/National Engineering and Technology Center for Information Agriculture/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University Nanjing 210095 P.R.China

To optimize both grain yield and quality of low-glutelin rice cultivars under N-fertilizer strategies, two-year field experiments involving three low-glutelin rice cultivars（W1240, W1721, W025） and an ordinary rice cultivar（H9405） with five N treatments were carried out to determine the effects of N application rate and genotype on protein fractions contents and Glutelin/Prolamin ratio（Glu/Pro）. The difference of protein fraction concentrations affected by N application rate existed in genotypes. Ordinary rice cultivar had a larger increase in glutlein concentration affected by N application rate than low-glutelin rice cultivars did. Glutelin in H9405 had a increase of 30.6 and 41.0% under the N4 treatment（360 kg N ha^（–1）） when compared with N0 treatment（no fertilizer N） in 2010 and 2011 respectively, while all the low-glutelin rice cultivars showed relatively smaller increases for two years. Variance analysis showed no significant effect of N application rate on glutelin in W1240 and W025 while the effects on albumin, globulin and prolamin were significant in low-glutelin rice. What＇s more, N treatment had no significant i nfluence on Glu/Pro ratios in low-glutelin rice cultivars while a significant increase in Glu/Pro ratio was observed in ordinary rice cultivar. So low-gultelin rice cultivars showed a different pattern from ordinary rice cultivars when influenced by N application rate.

关键词： low-glutelin rice nitrogen protein fractions Glu/Pro

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Allelopathy of decomposed maize straw products on three soilborn diseases of wheat and the analysis by GC-MS

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第1期14卷 88-97页

作者： QI Yong-zhi ZHEN Wen-chao LI Hai-yan College of Plant Protection Agricultural University of Hebei

In northern China, the soil-born diseases of wheat have been getting more and more serious under a new farming system that returns maize straw to the field. In order to investigate the allelopathy of the decomposed maize straw products on three soil-born diseases of wheat, culture dish and pot experiments were conducted and the compounds in the products were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS）. Culture dish experiments showed that the mycelial growth, sclerotia formation amount and total weight of Rhizoctonia cerealis were promoted at concentrations of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.12 g mL-1 and inhibited at concentration of 0.48 g mL-1 of the decomposed products. No significant effects were found of the product concentrations on average weight of the sclerotia. Mycelial growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis was promoted at almost all concentrations except the highest one. Mycelial growth and spore germination of bipolaris sorokiniana were significantly inhibited by all concentrations of the decomposed products, with enhanced inhibition effects along with the increased concentrations. The length, number and dry weight of roots together with the root superoxide dismutase activity were promoted by the lowest concentration （0.03 g mL-1）, with a synthetic effect index of 0.012, and inhibited by other concentrations. The ion leakage of roots was increased and the root peroxidase activity of roots was lowered by all the treatments. Pot experiments revealed that occurrence of the sharp eyespot was reduced by 0.03 and 0.06 g mL-1 of decomposed products after irrigation. However, the incidence rates and disease indexes were significantly increased by 0.12, 0.24 and 0.48 g mL-1 of decomposed products. The results indicated that incidence rates and disease indexes of the take-all were significantly promoted after being irrigated with the decomposed products, while occurrences of the common rot didn＇t change, significantly. GC-MS results showed that the compounds of the d

关键词： wheat soil-born disease maize straw decomposed products allelopathy GC-MS

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Ethylene and Spermidine in Wheat Grains in Relation to Starch Content and Granule Size Distribution Under Water Deficit

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2014年第10期13卷 2141-2153页

作者： YANG Wei-bing LI Yong YIN Yan-ping JIANG Wen-wen PENG Dian-liang CUI Zheng-yong YANG Dong-qing WANG Zhen-lin National Key Laboratory of Crop biology Ministry of Science and Technology/Agronomy CollegeShandong Agricultural University

Two wheat cultivars （Triticum aestivum L.） were used to evaluate the effects ofpost-anthesis severe water deficit （SD） on starch content and granule size distribution and their relations with ethylene and spermidine （Spd）. Comparison to the well-watered （WW） treatment, SD led to lower Spd and higher 1-aminocylopropane-l-carboxylic acid （ACC） concentrations and ethylene evolution rate （EER） in grains at the critical stage of forming starch granules. Application of Spd or aminoethoxyvinylglycine （AVG） significantly reduced ACC concentration and EER and increased Spd concentration, while ethephon or methylglyoxal-bis （MGbG） had an opposite impact. The volume and surface area distribution of starch granules showed a bimodal curve, while the number distribution exhibited a unimodal curve. SD caused a marked drop in grain weight, grain number and starch content, also led to a significant reduction in the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of b-type starch granules （〈10 Ixm）, with an increase in those of A-type starch granules （〉10 ~tm）. Application of Spd or AVG increased the proportion （both by volume and by surface area） of b-type starch granules under SD. Correlation analysis suggested that ethylene and Spd showed an antagonism relation in the formation of b-type granules. These results suggested that it would be good for the formation of b-type starch granules to have the physiological traits of higher Spd and lower ACC concentrations and ethylene emission under SD.

关键词： ethylene evolution rate 1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylic acid spermidine severe water deficit wheat (Triticumaestivum L.)

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Growth traits and nitrogen assimilation-associated physiological parameters of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) under low and high N conditions

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第7期14卷 1295-1308页

作者： ZHANG Fei-fei GAO Si ZHAO Yuan-yuan ZHAO Xiao-lei LIU Xiao-man XIAO Kai College of Agronomy Agricultural University of Hebei

In this study, 14 wheat cultivars with contrasting yield and N use efficiency （NUE） were used to investigate the agronomic and NUE-related traits, and the N assimilation-associated enzyme activities under low and high N conditions. Under deficient-N, the cultivars with high N uptake efficiency （UpE） and high N utilization efficiency （UtE） exhibited higher plant biomass, yields, and N contents than those with medium and low NUEs. The high UpE cultivars accumulated more N than other NUE type cultivars. Under sufficient-N, the tested cultivars showed similar patterns in biomass, yield, and N content to those under deficient-N, but the varietal variations in above traits were smaller. In addition, the high UpE cultivars displayed much more of root biomass and larger of root length, surface area, and volume than other NUE type cultivars, indicating that the root morphological traits under N deprivation are closely associated with the plant biomass through its improvement of the N acquisition. The high UtE cultivars showed higher activities of nitrate reductase （NR）, nitrite reductase （NIR）, and gluta- mine synthetase （GS） at stages of seediling, heading and filling than other NUE type cultivars under both low and high N conditions. Moreover, the high UpE and UtE cultivars also displayed higher photosynthetic rate under deficient-N than the medium and low NUE cultivars. Together, our results indicated that the tested wheat cultivars possess dramatically genetic variations in biomass, yield, and NUE. The root morphological traits and the N assimilation enzymatic acitivities play critical roles in regulating N accumulation and internal N translocation under the N-starvation stress, respectively. They can be used as morphological and biochemical references for evaluation of UpE and UtE in wheat.

关键词： wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) low and high N biomass yield nitrogen use efficiency root morphological traits,N assimilzation-associated enzyme photosynthetic rate

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Modified fertilization management of summer maize(Zea mays L.) in northern China improves grain yield and efficiency of nitrogen use

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Journal of Integrative Agriculture 2015年第8期14卷 1644-1657页

作者： CHENG Yi ZHAO Jie LIU Zhen-xiang HUO Zhi-jin LIU Peng DONG Shu-ting ZHANG Ji-wang ZHAO bin State Key Laboratory of Crop biology College of Agronomy Shandong Agricultural University

Improving the yield of maize grain per unit area is needed to meet the growing demand for it in China, where the availability of fertile land is very *** fertilization management and planting density are efficient methods for increasing crop *** experiments were designed to investigate the influence of modified fertilization management and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of the popular maize variety Zhengdan 958, in four treatments including local farmer＇s practice（FP）, high-yielding and high efficiency cultivation（HH）, super high-yielding cultivation（SH）, and the control（CK）.Trials were conducted in three locations of the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in northern *** with FP, SH was clearly able to promote N absorption and dry matter accumulation in post-anthesis, and achieve high yield and N use efficiency by increasing planting density and postponing the supplementary application of ***, with an increase in planting density, the demand of N increased along with grain *** to the input of too much N fertilizer, the efficiency of N use in SH was *** less total N, ameliorating cultivation and cropping management practices should be considered as priority strategies to augment production potential and finally achieve synchronization between high yield and high N efficiency in fertile ***, in situations where soil fertility is low, achieving high yield and high N use efficiency in maize will likely depend on increased planting density and appropriate application of supplementary fertilizers postpone to the grain-filling stage.

关键词： modified fertilization management summer maize yield nitrogen use efficiency

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Optimal yield-related attributes of irrigated rice for high yield potential based on path analysis and stability analysis

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The Crop Journal 2014年第4期2卷 235-243页

作者： Ganghua Li Jun Zhang Congdang Yang Yunpan Song Chengyan Zheng Shaohua Wang Zhenghui Liu Yanfeng Ding Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Information Agriculture National Engineering and Technology Center for Information/Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China Nanjing Agricultural University Institute of Food Crop of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences Institute of Crop Science Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Improvement of yield in rice(Oryza sativa L.) is vital for ensuring food security in China. both rice breeders and growers need an improved understanding of the relationship between yield and yield-related traits. New indica cultivars(53 in 2007 and 48 in 2008) were grown in Taoyuan,Yunnan province, to identify important components contributing to yield. Additionally, two standard indica rice cultivars with similar yield potentials, II You 107(a large-panicle type) and Xieyou 107(a heavy-panicle type), were planted in Taoyuan, Yunnan province and Nanjing,Jiangsu province, from 2006 to 2008 to evaluate the stability of yield and yield-related *** duration(GD), leaf area index(LAI), panicles per m2(PN), and spikelets per m2(SM) were significantly and positively correlated with grain yield(GY) over all years. Sequential path analysis identified PN and panicle weight(PW) as important first-order traits that influenced grain yield. All direct effects were significant, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. Yield potential varied greatly across locations but not across years. Plant height(PH), days from heading to maturity(HM), and grain weight(GW) were stable traits that showed little variation across sites or years, whereas GD(mainly the pre-heading period, PHP) and PN varied significantly across locations. To achieve a yield of 15 t ha-1, a cultivar should have a PH of 110–125 cm, a long GD with HM of approximately 40 days, a PN of 300–400 m-2, and a GW of 29–31 mg.

关键词： Irrigated rice Grain yield Yield-related attributes Sequential path analysis Stability analysis

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V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片设计与试验

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农业工程学报 2015年第1期31卷 28-33页

作者：贾洪雷姜鑫铭郭明卓刘晓亮王立春吉林大学生物与农业工程学院长春130022 吉林大学工程仿生教育部重点实验室长春130022 吉林省农业科学院长春130124

针对秸秆粉碎还田刀片工作过程中存在的刀片易磨损、粉碎效果不理想和稳定性差等问题,通过分析现有刀片的优缺点,设计了一种V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片,具有延长刀片的使用寿命、提高秸秆粉碎效果和作业效率等优点。通过分析拖拉机前进速度... 详细信息

针对秸秆粉碎还田刀片工作过程中存在的刀片易磨损、粉碎效果不理想和稳定性差等问题,通过分析现有刀片的优缺点,设计了一种V-L型秸秆粉碎还田刀片,具有延长刀片的使用寿命、提高秸秆粉碎效果和作业效率等优点。通过分析拖拉机前进速度、刀辊转速以及二者相互作用对秸秆粉碎率的影响,确定了刀片工作参数的最佳组合:拖拉机进速度为1 m/s,刀辊转速为1 400 r/min。通过2因素3水平正交试验,确定了刀片结构参数的最佳组合:刀片前倾角为10°,刃线与地面夹角为14°。对安装V-L型刀片的秸秆粉碎还田机整机作业效果进行了田间试验,结果表明各项指标均达到了国家相关标准的技术要求。该研究可为秸秆粉碎还田刀片设计提供参考。

关键词：农业机械秸秆耕作秸秆粉碎还田机刀片设计试验

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滑刀式开沟器设计与试验

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农业机械学报 2013年第2期44卷 38-42页

作者：顾耀权贾洪雷郭慧赵文罡赵新天吉林大学生物与农业工程学院长春130025 吉林省农业机械研究院长春130022 吉林大学工程仿生教育部重点实验室长春130025

针对滑刀式开沟器设计及制造随意性强、应用范围不够广泛的问题,设计了12种具有不同厚度和滑切角的滑刀式开沟器,并在实验室内通过土槽和压力机进行混合型正交试验,试验指标为牵引阻力和正压力。试验结果表明,滑切角是影响滑刀式开沟器... 详细信息

针对滑刀式开沟器设计及制造随意性强、应用范围不够广泛的问题,设计了12种具有不同厚度和滑切角的滑刀式开沟器,并在实验室内通过土槽和压力机进行混合型正交试验,试验指标为牵引阻力和正压力。试验结果表明,滑切角是影响滑刀式开沟器作业性能的主要因素,刃口曲线终点的滑切角θA在35°～55°范围内时开沟器具有较好的综合性能。

关键词：开沟器滑切角刃口曲线设计试验

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