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Labechia carbonaria Smith 1932 in the Early Carboniferous of England;affinity,palaeogeographic position and implications for the geological history of stromatoporoid-type sponges

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2021年第1期10卷 1-18页

作者： Stephen Kershaw Consuelo Sendino Department of Life Sciences Brunel University LondonKingston LaneUxbridge UB83PHUK Department of Earth Sciences Natural History MuseumCromwell RoadLondon SW75BDUK

Stromatoporoid sponges were very abundant during the middle Palaeozoic Era and are thought to disappear at the end of the Devonian Period in the Hangenberg Crisis. However, there are records of organisms with stromatoporoid-type structure in Carboniferous strata, the subject of this study. The Viséan fossil Labechia carbonaria Smith 1932 has been discussed previously in literature and its affinity has not been confirmed. In this study, the type material of L. carbonaria collected from the middle part of the Frizington Limestone Formation(previously called Seventh Limestone), Holkerian Substage, stored in the Natural History Museum(London, UK) and British Geological Survey(Keyworth, UK) was re-examined. The Holkerian Substage, in which L. carbonaria was found, lies between ca 335–339 Ma, and the Frizington Limestone Formation ranges from topmost Arundian to upper Holkerian, so middle Frizington Limestone Formation is likely approximately 337 Ma. L. carbonaria comprises thick long pillars connected by thin curved cyst plates consistent with the structure of the stromatoporoid genus Labechia. However, a common opinion is that L. carbonaria fossils may be mistaken for fragments of rugose corals,but there are problems with assigning it to the Rugosa. In vertical section(VS) L. carbonaria could be mistaken for a transverse section(TS) of a Carboniferous rugose coral. However, in TS L. carbonaria shows the rounded cross sections of stromatoporoid pillars. If it was a coral, septal sheets of the VS of a coral should be seen. For a rugose affinity to still apply, a coral structure would have to be composed of free trabeculae, but these are not known after the middle of the Devonian Period;there are no corals of Early Carboniferous age with the structure of ***. Another interpretation, that L. carbonaria is a chaetetid, is discounted because it lacks calicles and is very different in structure from chaetetids. We conclude that L. carbonaria is a stromatoporoid. Becau

关键词： Stromatoporoids Holkerian Viséan Carboniferous Rugosa Labechia carbonaria Labechia conferta

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New Partnerships for Co-delivery of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2020年第5期11卷 680-685页

作者： Adrian Bucher Andrew Collins Ben Heaven Taylor David Pan Emma Visman James Norris Joel CGill John Rees Mark Felling Marta Tufet Bayona Sonia Cassidy Virginia Murray UK Collaborative on Development Research London NW12BEUK Disaster and Development Network(DDN) Department of Geography and Environmental SciencesNorthumbria UniversityNewcastle-upon-Tyne NE18STUK Evidence Aid AbingdonOxfordshire OX135DBUK Global Health Medical Research Council SwindonSwindon SN21FLUK Department of Geography King's College LondonLondon WC2B 4BGUK VNG Consulting Limited Kent TN248DHUK Ordnance Survey Southampton SO16 OASUK Global Geoscience British Geological SurveyKeyworth NG125GGUK Earth Hazards and Observatories British Geological SurveyNottingham NG123ENUK ALLFED LondonUK Global Disaster Risk Reduction Public Health EnglandLondon SE18UGUK

Partnerships have become a comer stone of contemporary research that recognizes working across disciplines and co-production with intended users as essential to enabling sustainable ***,research that addresses sustainable development challenges brings an urgent need to reflect on the ways that partnerships are supported,and for the disaster risk management and resilience communities,efforts to support realization of the wider 2030 Agenda for sustainable development bring particular *** November 2019,the UK Disasters Research Group(DRG)brought together a number of key stakeholders focused on disaster risk,resilience,and sustainability research relevant to Official DevelopmeAssistance to consider how fit for purpose existing partnership models are for the pace of change required to deliver the priorities of the wider 2030 *** were invited to discuss how research partnerships across three levels(individual and project-based;national and institutional;and international)could be improved based on elements that facilitate robust partnerships and learning from aspects that hinder *** the discussions,participanls emphasized the importance of effective communication mechanisms in building partnerships,co-designing projects,and establishing shared *** approaches to addressing equitable partnerships and funding more substantive timelines will be key to responding to the challenges of the 2030 Agenda.

关键词： 2030 Agenda for sustainable development Disaster risk reduction DRG Inter national development Partnerships Research fun ding

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Quantitative Multi-Layer Electromagnetic Induction Inversion and Full-Waveform Inversion of Crosshole Ground Penetrating Radar Data

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Journal of Earth Science 2015年第6期26卷 844-850页

作者： Jan van der Kruk Nils Gueting Anja Klotzsche Guowei He Sebastian Rudolph Christian von Hebel Xi Yang Lutz Weihermüller Achim Mester Harry Vereecken Agrosphere (IBG-3) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Centre for High-Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems (TerrSys) British Geological Survey Environmenal Science Centre Key Worth Electronic Systems (ZEA-2) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH

Due to the recent system developments for the electromagnetic characterization of the subsurface, fast and easy acquisition is made feasible due to the fast measurement speed, easy coupling with GPS systems, and the availability of multi-channel electromagnetic induction（EMI） and ground penetrating radar（GPR） systems. Moreover, the increasing computer power enables the use of accurate forward modeling programs in advanced inversion algorithms where no approximations are used and the full information content of the measured data can be exploited. Here, recent developments of large-scale quantitative EMI inversion and full-waveform GPR inversion are discussed that yield higher resolution of quantitative medium properties compared to conventional approaches. In both cases a detailed forward model is used in the inversion procedure that is based on Maxwell＇s equations. The multi-channel EMI data that have different sensing depths for the different source-receiver offset are calibrated using a short electrical resistivity tomography（ERT） calibration line which makes it possible to invert for electrical conductivity changes with depth over large areas. The crosshole GPR full-waveform inversion yields significant higher resolution of the permittivity and conductivity images compared to ray-based inversion results.

关键词： ground penetrating radar electromagnetic induction full-waveform inversion.

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Zircon U-Pb-Hf constraints from Gongga Shan granites on young crustal melting in eastern Tibet

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第3期10卷 885-894页

作者： Nick M.W.Roberts Michael P.Searle NERC Isotope Geosciences Laboratory British Geological Survey Environment Science Centre Department of Earth Sciences University of Oxford

The Gongga Shan batholith is a complex granitoid batholith on the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau with a long history of magmatism spanning from the Triassic to the Pliocene. Late Miocene-Pliocene units are the youngest exposed crustal melts within the entire Asian plate of the Tibetan ***, we present in-situ zircon Hf isotope constraints on their magmatic source, to aid the understanding of how these young melts were formed and how they were exhumed to the surface. Hf isotope signatures of Eocene to Pliocene zircon rims(ε_(Hf)(t)=-4 to +4), interpreted to have grown during localised crustal melting, are indicative of melting of a Neoproterozoic source region, equivalent to the nearby exposed Kangding Complex. Therefore, we suggest that Neoproterozoic crust underlies this region of the Songpan-Ganze terrane, and sourced the intrusive granites that form the Gongga Shan batholith. Localised young melting of Neoproterozoic lower or middle crust requires localised melt-fertile lithologies. We suggest that such melts may be equivalent to seismic and magnetotelluric low-velocity and high-conductivity zones or "bright spots" imaged across much of the Tibetan Plateau. The lack of widespread exposed melts this age is due either to the lack of melt-fertile rocks in the middle crust, the very low erosion level of the Tibetan plateau, or to a lack of mechanism for exhuming such melts. For Gongga Shan, where some melting is younger than nearby thermochronological ages of low temperature cooling, the exact process and timing of exhumation remains enigmatic, but their location away from the Xianshuihe fault precludes the fault acting as a conduit for the young melts. We suggest that underthrusting of dry granulites of the lower Indian crust(Archaean shield) this far northeast is a plausible mechanism to explain the uplift and exhumation of the eastern Tibetan Plateau.

关键词： Tibet Himalaya Hf isotopes Zircon Crustal melting

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Science and Technology Networks: A Helping Hand to Boost Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030?

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第1期8卷 100-105页

作者： Robert sakic Trogrlic Lydia Cumiskey Annisa Triyanti Melanie J.Duncan Nuha Eltinay Rick J.Hogeboom Mansi Jasuja Chinaporn Meechaiya Christina J.Pickering Virginia Murray School of Energy GeoscienceInfrastructure and SocietyHeriot-Watt University United Nations Major Group for Children and Youth Water Youth Network Flood Hazard Research Centre Middlesex UniversityThe BurroughsHendon Governance and Inclusive Development Department of GeographyPlanning and International DevelopmentUniversity of Amsterdam British Geological Survey(Natural Environment Research Council) Lyell Centre School of the Built Environment and Architecture London South Bank University Twente Water Centre University of Twente Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies Alumni International Network Royal Dutch Water Network(Koninklijk Nederlands Water netwerk) Asian Disaster Preparedness Center(ADPC) University of Ottawa Ottawa Public Health England United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction(UNISDR)Scientific and Technical Advisory Group(STAG)

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 underlines the importance of Science and Technology(S&T) and S&T networks for effective disaster risk reduction(DRR). The knowledge of existing S&T networks and their exact role in DRR,however, is limited. This opinion piece initiates a discussion on the role of S&T networks in the implementation of the Sendai Framework. The article highlights that current practice is oriented towards a narrative that emphasizes the potential of S&T for DRR and stresses a collaborative approach delivered through networks. But a true understanding of whether and how S&T networks can mobilize and enable S&T for DRR is missing. We call for a review of existing S&T networks for DRR and the development of good practice guidelines on S&T networks for DRR. This review should include knowledge on how to overcome common challenges and maximize the benefits, along with a framework for successful evaluation of such *** knowledge would provide much needed guidance for existing and emerging networks.

关键词： Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 Science and Technology(S&T) Networks Disaster risk reduction

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A review of the New Geophysics:a new understanding of pre-fracturing deformation in the crack-critical crust with implications for hydrocarbon production

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Petroleum Science 2008年第1期5卷 1-12页

作者： Stuart Crampin Yuan Gao School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh UK Edinburgh Anisotropy Project British Geological Survey Edinburgh UK Institute of Earthquake Science China Earthquake Administration Beijing China

This paper reviews a new understanding of shear-wave splitting （seismic-birefringence） that is a fundamental revision of conventional fluid-rock deformation. It is a New Geophysics with implications for almost all solid-earth geosciences, including hydrocarbon exploration and production, and earthquake forecasting. Widespread observations of shear-wave splitting show that deformation in in situ rocks is controlled by stress-aligned fluid-saturated grain-boundary cracks and preferentially orientated pores and pore-throats pervasive in almost all igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks in the Earth＇s crust. These fluid-saturated microcracks are the most compliant elements of the rock-mass and control rock deformation. The degree of splitting shows that the microcracks in almost all rocks are so closely spaced that they verge on fracture-criticality and failure by fracturing, and are critical systems with the “butterfly wing＇s” sensitivity of all critical systems. As a result of this crack-criticality, evolution of fluid-saturated stress-aligned microcracked rock under changing conditions can be modelled with anisotropic poroelasticity （APE）. Consequently, low-level deformation can be： monitored with shear-wave splitting; future behaviour calculated with APE; future behaviour predicted with APE, if the change in conditions can be quantified; and in principle, future behaviour controlled by feed-back. This paper reviews our current understanding of the New Geophysics of low-level pre-fracturing deformation.

关键词： Crack anisotropy New Geophysics pre-fracturing deformation seismic birefringence,shear-wave splitting

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Geological applications using geospatial standards-an example from OneGeology-Europe and GeoSciML

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2010年第S01期3卷 31-49页

作者： John Laxton Jean-Jacques Serrano Agnes Tellez-Arenas British Geological Survey Murchison HouseWest Main Rd.Edinburgh EH93LAUK BRGM 3 Avenue Claude-GuilleminBP 36009Orleans 45060France

The Geoscience Markup Language(GeoSciML)has been developed to enable the interchange of geoscience information,principally that portrayed on geological maps as well as boreholes.A GeoSciML testbed was developed both to test the implementation of the data model and its application in web *** OneGeology-Europe project aims to use the GeoSciML data model,and build on the experience of the GeoSciML testbed,in implementing a geoportal for a harmonised geological map of Europe at 1:1 million *** involves the integration of web services from 20 participating *** important objective of OneGeology-Europe is to contribute to Infrastructure for Spatial Information in the European Community(INSPIRE),both through the development of a geological data specification and the use of the INSPIRE technical *** and the OneGeology-Europe project are also steps towards incorporating geoscience data into a Digital *** the development of GeoSciML and the implementation of web services for GeoSciML and OneGeology-Europe,have followed a standards-based *** technical architecture comprises a geoportal providing access to a Catalogue Service for the Web for metadata describing both the data and services ***-Europe will provide bothWeb Map Services view andWeb Feature Services download services,which aim to be compliant with the INSPIRE implementing rules.

关键词： data exchange model web services spatial data standards INSPIRE digital earth geoinformatics geology

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Comparison of numbers of interneurons in three thalamic nuclei of normal and epileptic rats

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Neuroscience Bulletin 2014年第3期30卷 451-460页

作者： Safiye avdar Hüsniye Hacioglu Bay Sercan D.Yildiz Dilek Akakin Serap Sirvanci Filiz Onat Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Ko University Department of Anatomy School of Medicine Marmara University Department of Histology and Embryology School of Medicine Marmara University Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology School of Medicine Marmara University

The inhibitory sources in the thalamic nuclei are local interneurons and neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Studies of models of absence epilepsy have shown that the seizures are associated with an excess of inhibitory neurotransmission in the thalamus. In the present study, we used light- microscopic gamma-aminobutyric acid （GABA） immunocytochemistry to quantify the interneurons in the lateral geniculate （LGN）, ventral posteromedial （VPM）, and ventral posterolateral （VPL） thalamic nuclei, and compared the values from normal Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg （GAERS）. We found that in both Wistar rats and GAERS, the proportion of interneurons was significantly higher in the LGN than in the VPM and VPL. In the LGN of Wistar rats, 16.4% of the neurons were interneurons and in the GAERS, the value was 15.1%. In the VPM, the proportion of interneurons was 4.2% in Wistar and 14.9% in GAERS; in the VPL the values were 3.7% for Wistar and 11.1% for the GAERS. There was no significant difference between Wistar rats and the GAERS regarding the counts of interneurons in the LGN, whereas the VPM and VPL showed significantly higher counts in GAERS. Comparison of the mean areas of both relay cells and interneuronal profiles showed no significant differences between Wistar rats and GAERS. These findings show that in the VPL and the VPM there are relatively more GABAergic interneurons in GAERS than in Wistar rats. This may represent a compensatory response of the thalamocortical circuitry to the absence seizures or may be related to the production of absence seizures.

关键词： immunohistochemistry interneuron relay neuron thalamus GABA

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The 3rd Global Summit of Research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction:Expanding the Platform for Bridging Science and Policy Making

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2017年第2期8卷 224-230页

作者： Andrew Collins Hirokazu Tatano Wilma James Chadia Wannous Kaoru Takara Virginia Murray Charles Scawthorn Jim Mori Sarah Aziz Khalid M.Mosalam Stefan Hochrainer-Stigler Irasema Alcántara-Ayala Elisabeth Krausmann Wei-Sen Li Ana Maria Cruz Subhajyoti Samaddar Tom De Groeve Yuichi Ono Kelvin Berryman Koji Suzuki Mark Ashley Parry Peter McGowran John G.Rees Department of Geography/Disaster and Development Network (DDN) Northumbria University Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI) Kyoto University United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) Public Health England United Nations Office for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Scientific and Technical Advisory Group and Integrated Research on Disaster Risk (IRDR) Scientific Committee Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER) University of CaliforniaBerkeley Centre for Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Pacific Earthquake Engineering CenterUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) Institute of Geography National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) European Commission Joint Research Centre (JRC) APEC Emergency Preparedness Capacity Building Center (EPCC) International Research Institute of Disaster Science Tohoku University Natural Hazards Division GNS Science National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience (NIED) British Geological Survey and Research Councils UK

The Global Alliance of Disaster Research Institutes held its 3rd Global Summit of Research Institutes for Disaster Risk Reduction at the Disaster Prevention Research Institute,Kyoto University,Japan,19–21 March,*** Global Alliance seeks to contribute to enhancing disaster risk reduction(DRR) and disaster resilience through the collaboration of research organizations around the *** summit aim was to expand the platform for bridging science and policy making by evaluating the evidence base needed to meet the expected outcomes and actions of the Sendai Framework for Disaster RiskReduction 2015–2030 and its Science and Technology *** summit reflected the international nature of collaborative research and action.A pre-conference questionnaire filled out by Global Alliance members identified323 research projects that are indicative of current *** were categorized to support seven parallel discussion sessions related to the Sendai Framework priorities for *** discussion sessions focused on research that aims to deepen the understanding of disaster *** cross-cutting sessions focused on research that is aimed at the priorities for action on governance,resilience,and *** summaries were presentedin plenary sessions in support of outcomes for widely enhancing the science and policy of DRR.

关键词： Disaster risk reduction research GADRI global summit Policy Science

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Temporal and spatial distribution of microfractures in granites of different structures under triaxial compression and its significance in seismology

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Chinese Science Bulletin 1999年第14期44卷 1321-1325页

作者： Liqiang Liu Shengli Ma Jin Ma Xinglin Lei K. Kusunose O. Nishizawa L. Jouniaux China Seismol Bur Inst Geol Beijing 100029 Peoples R China Geol Survey Japan Tsukuba Ibaraki 305 Japan Ecole Normale Super Geol Lab F-75231 Paris France CNRS URA 1316 Paris France

The temporal and spatial distribution of microfracturing activity in two kinds of granite under triaxial compression has been studied by using a new acoustic emission system. For Inada granite, there is no clear clustering of acoustic emission events in time and space, thus it is difficult to exactly deduce the time and position of the major fracturing. While for Mayet granite,acoustic emission events are clustered in time and space, so the time and position of the major fracturing can be exactly predicted according to microfracturing process. Such a difference may result from the difference in deformation mode caused by different rock structures.

关键词： rock structure acoustic emission microfracturing temporal and spatial distribution seismicity.

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