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Study of the response of 10B-doped MCP to wide-energy range neutrons from eV to MeV

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Nuclear science and Techniques 2024年第8期35卷 132-141页

作者： Qiang Li Li‑Jiao Wang Xiang‑Biao Qiu Jing‑wen Li wei Xu Tao Li Ze‑Bin Lin Chang‑Jun Ning Yong‑Hao Chen Rui‑Rui Fan Kang Sun Jing‑yu Tang Rong zhang Han‑Tao Jing Bo Mei Qi An Hao‑Fan Bai Jiang‑Bo Bai Jie {3. Ping Cao Qi‑Ping Chen Zhen Chen Zeng‑Qi Cui An‑Chuan Fan Chang‑Qing feng Fan‑Zhen feng Ke‑Qing Gao Min‑Hao Gu Chang‑Cai Han Zi‑Jie Han Guo‑Zhu He Yong‑Cheng He Yang Hong Yi‑wei Hu Han‑Xiong Huang wei‑Hua Jia Hao‑yu Jiang wei Jiang Zhi‑Jie Jiang Zheng‑Yao Jin Ling Kang Bo Li Chao Li Gong Li Jia‑wen Li xiao Li Yang Li Jie Liu Rong Liu Shu‑Bin Liu Guang‑yuan Luan Bin‑Bin Qi Jie Ren Zhi‑zhou Ren Xi‑Chao Ruan Zhao‑Hui Song Zhi‑Xin Tan Sheng‑Da Tang Peng‑Cheng Wang Zhao‑Hui Wang Zhong‑wei wen xiao‑Guang Wu Xuan Wu Li‑Kun Xie Yi‑wei Yang Han Yi Yong‑Ji yu Guo‑Hui zhang Lin‑Hao zhang Mo‑Han zhang Qi‑wei zhang Xian‑Peng zhang yu‑Liang zhang yue zhang Zhi‑Yong zhang Mao‑yuan Zhao Lu‑Ping zhou Zhi‑Hao zhou Ke‑Jun Zhu Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China Spallation Neutron Source science Center Dongguan 523803China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Dongguan Songshan Lake Future School Dongguan 523808China North Night Vision science&Technology(nanjing)Research Institute Co.Ltd. Nanjing 211106China Sino‑French Institute of Nuclear engineering.and Technology Sun Yat-sen UniversityZhuhai 519082China School of Nuclear science and Technology University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230027China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry China Academy of Engineering PhysicsMianyang 621900China Key Laboratory of Nuclear Data China Institute of Atomic EnergyBeijing 102413China USTC Archaeometry Lab University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology Xi’an 710024China university of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China

Neutron-sensitive microchannel plates(nMCPs)have applications in neutron detection,including energy spectrum measurements,neutron-induced cross sections,and neutron imaging.10B-doped MCPs(B-MCPs)have attracted significant attention owing to their potential for exhibiting a high neutron detection efficiency over a large neutron energy *** spatial and temporal resolutions are useful for neutron energy-resolved ***,their practical applications still face many technical *** this study,a B-MCP with 10 mol%10B was tested for its response to wide-energy neutrons from eV to MeV at the Back-n white neutron source at the china Spallation Neutron *** neutron detection efficiency was calibrated at 1 eV,which is approximately 3.0 times that of an ordinary MCP and indicates the success of 10 B *** factors that caused the reduction in the detection efficiency were simulated and *** neutron energy spectrum obtained using B-MCP was compared with that obtained by other measurement methods,and showed very good consistency for neutron energies below tens of *** response is more complicated at higher neutron energy,at which point the elastic and nonelastic reactions of all nuclides of B-MCP gradually become *** is beneficial for the detection of neutrons,as it compensates for the detection efficiency of B-MCP for high-energy neutrons.

关键词： Neutron radiation image 10B-doped MCP Neutron response Wide-energy range neutrons

10B-doped MCP detector developed for neutron resonance imaging at Back-n white neutron source

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Nuclear science and Techniques 2024年第8期35卷 58-68页

作者： Qiang Li Li‑Jiao Wang Jing‑yu Tang Xiang‑Biao Qiu Zhen Chen Mao‑yuan Zhao Chang‑Jun Ning Kai Pan wei Xu Tao Li Su‑Peng Lu Han Yi Rui‑Rui Fan Chang‑Qing feng Rong zhang {3.‑Yang Sun Qi An Hao‑Fan Bai Jiang‑Bo Bai Jie bao Ping Cao Qi‑Ping Chen Yong‑Hao Chen Zeng‑Qi Cui An‑Chuan Fan Fan‑Zhen feng Min‑Hao Gu Chang‑Cai Han Zi‑Jie Han Guo‑Zhu He Yong‑Cheng He Yang Hong Yi‑wei Hu Han‑Xiong Huang wei Jiang Zhi‑Jie Jiang Zheng‑Yao Jin Ling Kang Bo Li Gong Li {3. Li Yang Li Jie Liu Rong Liu Shu‑Bin Liu Yi‑Na Liu Guang‑yuan Luan Jie Ren Zhi‑zhou Ren Xi‑Chao Ruan Zhao‑Hui Song Kang Sun Zhi‑Xin Tan Sheng‑Da Tang Jin‑Cheng Wang Peng‑Cheng Wang Zhao‑Hui Wang Zhong‑wei wen {3.‑Guang Wu Xuan Wu Cong Xia Yong‑Ji yu Guo‑Hui zhang Hang‑Chang zhang Lin‑Hao zhang Qi‑wei zhang Xian‑Peng zhang yu‑Liang zhang yue zhang Zhi‑Yong zhang Zhi‑Hao zhou Ke‑Jun Zhu Chong Zou Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS)Beijing 100049China Spallation Neutron Source science Center Dongguan 523803China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics Institute of High Energy Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China Dongguan Songshan Lake Future School Dongguan 523808China School of Nuclear science and Technology University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230027China State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China North Night Vision science and Technology(nanjing)Research Institute Co.Ltd Nanjing 211106China department of Modern Physics University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Institute of Modern Physics Fudan UniversityShanghai 200433China Key Laboratory of Nuclear Data China Institute of Atomic EnergyBeijing 102413China china Academy of engineering.Physics Institute of Nuclear Physics and ChemistryMianyang 621900China USTC archaeometry lab University of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei 230026China Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology Xi’an 710024China university of Chinese Academy of sciences Beijing 100049China china Shipbuilding Trading Co. LtdBeijing 100044China

Neutron resonance imaging(NRI)has recently emerged as an appealing technique for neutron *** complexity surpasses that of conventional transmission imaging,as it requires a high demand for both a neutron source and ***,the progression of NRI technology has been sluggish since its inception in the 1980s,particularly considering the limited studies analyzing the neutron energy range above *** white neutron source(Back-n)at the china Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)provides favorable beam conditions for the development of the NRI technique over a wide neutron energy range from eV to ***-sensitive microchannel plates(MCP)have emerged as a cutting-edge tool in the field of neutron detection owing to their high temporal and spatial resolutions,high detection efficiency,and low *** this study,we report the development of a 10B-doped MCP detector,along with its associated electronics,data processing system,and NRI experiments at the *** heavy elements such as gold,silver,tungsten,and indium can be easily identified in the transmission images by their characteristic resonance peaks in the 1–100 eV energy range;the more difficult medium-weight elements such as iron,copper,and aluminum with resonance peaks in the 1–100 keV energy range can also be *** particular,results in the neutron energy range of dozens of keV(Aluminum)are reported here for the first time.

关键词： Neutron resonance imaging 10B doped MCP detector White neutron source Sample nuclide identification

Scheduling in a Meta Search Engine by Genetic Algorithm

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Wuhan university Journal of Natural sciences 2001年第Z1期6卷 541-546页

作者： zhang wei feng, Xu {3. wen, zhou xiao yu, Huang Hui department of computer science and engineering. Southeast university, nanjing 210096,{{13. State Key Laboratory of Software engineering. Wuhan university, Wuhan 43.072,{{13. department of computer science and {3. Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China

The meta search engines provide service to the users by dispensing the users' requests to the existing search engines. The existing search engines selected by meta search engine determine the searching quality. Because the performance of the existing search engines and the users' requests are changed dynamically, it is not favorable for the fixed search engines to optimize the holistic performance of the meta search engine. This paper applies the genetic algorithm (GA) to realize the scheduling strategy of agent manager in our meta search engine, GSE(general search engine), which can simulate the evolution process of living things more lively and more efficiently. By using GA, the combination of search engines can be optimized and hence the holistic performance of GSE can be improved dramatically.

关键词： WWW internet search engine meta search engine genetic algorithm agent

A Feedback-Based Web Search Engine

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A Feedback-Based Web Search Engine

The 2022 report of synergetic roadmap on carbon neutrality and clean air for china:Accelerating transition in key sectors

The First Conference on Web Information System and Applications

作者： zhang wei-feng, XU bao-wen, {3. xiao-yu department of computer science and engineering. nanjing university of Posts and telecommunications , nanjing 2.0003. jiangsu. china department of computer science and engineering. Southeast university. nanjing 210096, jiangsu. china jiangsu.Institute of Software Quality. nanjing 210096 jiangsu. china The State Key Laboratory of Software engineering. Wuhan university, Wuhan 13.072, Huhei, china

＜正＞ Web search engines are very useful information service tools in the Internet. The current web search engines produce search results relating to the search terms and the actual information collected by them. Since the selections of the search results cannot allcet the future ones, they may not cover most people’s interests, In this paper, feedback information produced by the users’ aceessing lists will be represented by the rough set and can reconstruct the query string and influence the search results. And thus the search engines can provide self-adaptability.

关键词： WWW srarch engine query reconstruction feedback

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Environmental science and Ecotechnology 2024年第3期19卷 4-18页

作者： yu Lei Zhicong Yin Xi Lu Qiang zhang Jicheng Gong Bofeng Cai Cilan Cai Qimin Chai Huopo Chen Renjie Chen Shi Chen wenhui Chen Jing Cheng Xiyuan Chi Hancheng Dai Xiangzhao feng Guannan Geng Jianlin Hu Shan Hu Cunrui Huang Tiantian Li wei Li xiaomei Li Jun Liu Xin Liu Zhu Liu Jinghui Ma yue Qin Dan Tong Xuhui Wang Xuying Wang Rui Wu Qingyang xiao Yang Xie xiaolong Xu Tao Xue Haipeng yu Da zhang Ning zhang Shaohui zhang Shaojun zhang Xian zhang Xin zhang Zengkai zhang Bo Zheng Yixuan Zheng Jian zhou Tong Zhu Jinnan Wang Kebin He Center of Air Quality Simulation and System Analysis Chinese Academy of Environmental PlanningBeijing100041China Center for Carbon Neutrality Chinese Academy of Environmental PlanningBeijing100041China Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing210044China State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control School of EnvironmentTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China Institute for Carbon Neutrality Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling Department of Earth System ScienceTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084China State Key Joint Laboratory for Environment Simulation and Pollution Control College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and Center for Environment and HealthPeking UniversityBeijing100871China National Center for Climate Change Strategy and International CooperationBeijing100035China Nansen-Zhu International Research Centre Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100029China School of Public Health Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education and Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment of the Ministry of HealthFudan UniversityShanghai200032China School of Economics and Management Beijing University of Chemical TechnologyBeijing100029China department of Earth System science University of CaliforniaIrvineCA92697USA National Meteorological Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing100081China College of Environmental sciences and engineering Peking UniversityBeijing100871China Policy Research Center for Environment and Economy Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of ChinaBeijing100029China jiangsu.Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring

china is now confronting the intertwined challenges of air pollution and climate *** the high synergies between air pollution abatement and climate change mitigation,the Chinese government is actively promoting synergetic control of these two *** Synergetic Roadmap project was launched in 2021 to track and analyze the progress of synergetic control in china by developing and monitoring key *** Synergetic Roadmap 2022 report is the first annual update,featuring 20 indicators across five aspects:synergetic governance system and practices,progress in structural transition,air pollution and associated weather-climate interactions,sources,sinks,and mitigation pathway of atmospheric composition,and health impacts and benefits of coordinated *** to the comprehensive review presented in the 2021 report,the Synergetic Roadmap 2022 report places particular emphasis on progress in 2021 with highlights on actions in key sectors and the relevant *** milestones include the proportion of non-fossil power generation capacity surpassing coal-fired capacity for the first time,a decline in the production of crude steel and cement after years of growth,and the surging penetration of electric ***,in 2022,china issued the first national policy that synergizes abatements of pollution and carbon emissions,marking a new era for china's pollution-carbon *** changes highlight china's efforts to reshape its energy,economic,and transportation structures to meet the demand for synergetic control and sustainable ***,the country has witnessed a slowdown in carbon emission growth,improved air quality,and increased health benefits in recent years.

关键词： Synergetic roadmap Carbon neutrality Clean air

Restructuring C Programs into C++ Programs

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Wuhan university Journal of Natural sciences 2001年第Z1期6卷 256-262页

作者： zhang Ying 1,zhou yu ming 1,Xu bao {3. 1,2 , Liu yuan 1 1.department of computer science and engineering. Southeast university, nanjing 210096, china 2.State Key Laboratory of Software engineering. Wuhan university, Wuhan 43.072, china department of computer science and {3. Southeast University Nanjing 210096 China

There exist a lot of legacy systems written in C language, which are difficult to understand, modify, maintain and reuse. How to improve the quality of these non object oriented systems has become an important issue in software engineering.area. A possible way is to transform these procedural systems into semantically equivalent object oriented systems implemented in C++ language, which provides object oriented features such as data abstraction, inheritance and polymorphism, makes software system more comprehensible, maintainable and reusable. A detailed discussion on polymorphism analysis, object discovery and possible inheritance relation extraction on C to C++ conversion problem is made, which is also suitable to the transformation on legacy systems implemented in other procedural languages to equivalent object oriented systems.

关键词： object extraction cohesion coupling inheritance

Artificial intelligence for geoscience:Progress,challenges,and perspectives

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The Innovation 2024年第5期5卷 136-160,135页

作者： Tianjie Zhao Sheng Wang Chaojun Ouyang Min Chen Chenying Liu Jin zhang Long yu Fei Wang Yong Xie Jun Li Fang Wang Sabine Grunwald Bryan MWong Fan zhang Zhen Qian Yongjun Xu Chengqing yu wei Han Tao Sun Zezhi Shao Tang{3. Qian Zhao Chen Jiangyuan Zeng Huai zhang Husi Letu Bing zhang Li Wang Lei Luo Chong Shi Hongjun Su Hongsheng zhang Shuai Yin Ni Huang wei Zhao Nan Li Chaolei Zheng Yang zhou Changping Huang Defeng feng Qingsong Xu Yan Wu Danfeng Hong Zhenyu Wang Yinyi Lin Tangtang zhang Prashant Kumar Antonio Plaza Jocelyn Chanussot Jia{{13. zhang Jiancheng Shi Lizhe Wang Aerospace Information Research Institute Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100094China School of computer science China University of GeosciencesWuhan 430078China State Key Laboratory of Mountain Hazards and engineering.Resilience Institute of Mountain Hazards and EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu 610299China Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment(Ministry of Education of PRC) Nanjing Normal UniversityNanjing 210023China Data science in Earth Observation Technical University of Munich80333 MunichGermany The National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention Yangtze Institute for Conservation and DevelopmentHohai UniversityNanjing 210098China Institute of Computing Technology Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100190China School of Geographical sciences Nanjing University of Information Science and TechnologyNanjing 210044China State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture Institute of Soil ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesNanjing 210008China Soil Water and Ecosystem Sciences DepartmentUniversity of FloridaPO Box 110290GainesvilleFLUSA Materials science engineering.Program Cooperating Faculty Member in the department of Chemistry and department of Physics Astronomy University of CaliforniaCaliforniaRiversideCA 92521USA Institute of Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System School of Earth and Space SciencesPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China Key Laboratory of Computational Geodynamics University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100049China International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals Beijing 100094China College of Geography and Remote Sensing Hohai UniversityNanjing 211100China department of Geography The University of Hong KongHong Kong 999077SARChina jiangsu.Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control Nanjing 210044China School of Environmental science and engineering Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Collaborative Inno

This paper explores the evolution of geoscientific inquiry,tracing the progression from traditional physics-based models to modern data-driven approaches facilitated by significant advancements in artificial intelligence(AI)and data collection *** models,which are grounded in physical and numerical frameworks,provide robust explanations by explicitly reconstructing underlying physical ***,their limitations in comprehensively capturing Earth’s complexities and uncertainties pose challenges in optimization and real-world *** contrast,contemporary data-driven models,particularly those utilizing machine learning(ML)and deep learning(DL),leverage extensive geoscience data to glean insights without requiring exhaustive theoretical *** techniques have shown promise in addressing Earth science-related ***,challenges such as data scarcity,computational demands,data privacy concerns,and the“black-box”nature of AI models hinder their seamless integration into *** integration of physics-based and data-driven methodologies into hybrid models presents an alternative *** models,which incorporate domain knowledge to guide AI methodologies,demonstrate enhanced efficiency and performance with reduced training data *** review provides a comprehensive overview of geoscientific research paradigms,emphasizing untapped opportunities at the intersection of advanced AI techniques and *** examines major methodologies,showcases advances in large-scale models,and discusses the challenges and prospects that will shape the future landscape of AI in *** paper outlines a dynamic field ripe with possibilities,poised to unlock new understandings of Earth’s complexities and further advance geoscience exploration.

关键词： Earth utilizing landscape

BP Network Based Users’Interest Model in Mining WWW Cache

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Wuhan university Journal of Natural sciences 2006年第1期11卷 243-247页

作者： zhang wei-feng XU bao-wen {3. xiao-fang CUI Zi-feng zhou xiao-yu department of computer science and Technology Nanjing University o[ Posts and Telecommunications Nanjing 210003 JiangsuChina jiangsu.Institute of Software Quality Nanjing 210096 JiangsuChina department of Cornputer Science and Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 210096 Jiangsu China

By analyzing the WWW Cache model, we bring forward a user-interest description method based on the fuzzy theory and user-interest inferential relations based on BP（baek propagation） neural network. By this method, the users＇ interest in the WWW cache can be described and the neural network of users＇ interest can be constructed by positive spread of interest and the negative spread of errors. This neural network can infer the users＇ interest. This model is not the simple extension of the simple interest model, but the round improvement of the model and its related algorithm.

关键词： WWW Internet Interest model neural network data mining

Two-dimensional materials for future information technology: status and prospects

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science china(Information sciences) 2024年第6期67卷 1-147页

作者： Hao QIU Zhihao yu Tiange ZHAO Qi zhang Mingsheng XU Peifeng LI Taotao LI wenzhong {3. Yang CHAI Shula CHEN Yiqi CHEN Hui-Ming CHENG Daoxin DAI Zengfeng DI Zhuo DONG Xidong DUAN yuhan feng yu FU Jingshu GUO Pengwen GUO yue HAO Jun HE xiao HE Jingyi HU weida HU Zehua HU Xinyue HUANG Ziyang HUANG Ali IMRAN Ziqiang KONG Jia LI Qian LI weisheng LI Lei LIAO Bilu LIU Can LIU Chunsen LIU Guanyu LIU Kaihui LIU Liwei LIU Sheng LIU yuan LIU Donglin LU Likuan MA feng MIAO Zhenhua NI Jing NING Anlian PAN Tian-Ling REN Haowen SHU Litao SUN yue SUN Quanyang TAO Zi-Ao TIAN Dong WANG Hao WANG Haomin WANG Jialong WANG Junyong WANG wenhui WANG Xingjun WANG Yeliang WANG yuwei WANG Zhenyu WANG Yao WE... School of Electronic science and engineering Nanjing University School of Integrated Circuits Interdisciplinary Research Center for Future Intelligent Chips (Chip-X)Nanjing University School of Integrated Circuit science and engineering Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences School of Physics and Key Lab of Quantum Materials and Devices of the Ministry of Education School of Electronic Science & EngineeringSoutheast University College of Integrated Circuits State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor MaterialsZhejiang University Suzhou Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chips and Systems School of MicroelectronicsFudan University Shaoxin Laboratory department of Applied Physics The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Key Laboratory for Micro-Nano Physics and Technology of Hunan Province College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University College of Integrated Circuits Zhejiang University Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Layered Materials for Value-Added ApplicationsTsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute & Institute of Materials ResearchTsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate SchoolTsinghua University State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation College of Optical Science and EngineeringInternational Research Center for Advanced PhotonicsZijingang CampusZhejiang University National Key Laboratory of Materials for Integrated Circuits Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information TechnologyChinese Academy of Sciences CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices & Key Laboratory of Nanodevices and Applications i-LabSuzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO)Chinese Academy of Sciences College of Chemistry and Chemical engineering Hunan University Key Laboratory of Quantum State Construction and Manipulation (Ministry of Education) Department of PhysicsRenmin University of China School

Over the past 70 years, the semiconductor industry has undergone transformative changes,largely driven by the miniaturization of devices and the integration of innovative structures and materials. Two-dimensional(2D) materials like transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs) and graphene are pivotal in overcoming the limitations of silicon-based technologies, offering innovative approaches in transistor design and functionality, enabling atomic-thin channel transistors and monolithic 3. integration. We review the important progress in the application of 2D materials in future information technology, focusing in particular on microelectronics and optoelectronics. We comprehensively summarize the key advancements across material production, characterization metrology, electronic devices, optoelectronic devices, and heterogeneous integration on silicon. A strategic roadmap and key challenges for the transition of 2D materials from basic research to industrial development are outlined. To facilitate such a transition, key technologies and tools dedicated to 2D materials must be developed to meet industrial standards, and the employment of AI in material growth, characterizations, and circuit design will be essential. It is time for academia to actively engage with industry to drive the next 10 years of 2D material research.

关键词： two-dimensional (2D) materials information technology production technology standardization of characterization microelectronic devices optoelectronic devices multi-functional integration