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Plant Nitrogen Metabolism: Balancing Resilience to Nutritional Stress andAbiotic Challenges

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2024年第3期93卷 581-609页

作者： Muhammad Farhan Manda Sathish Rafia Kiran Aroosa Mushtaq Alaa Baazeem Ammarah Hasnain Fahad Hakim Syed Atif Hasan Naqvi Mustansar Mubeen yasir iftikhar Aqleem Abbas Muhammad Zeeshan Hassan Mahmoud Moustafa Department of Plant Pathology Faculty of Agricultural Sciences&TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule(CIEAM) Vicerrectoría de Investigación y PostgradoUniversidad Católica del MauleTalca3460000Chile College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering China Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina Department of Biology College of ScienceTaif UniversityP.O.Box 11099Taif21944Saudi Arabia Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Biological SciencesLahore University of Biological and Applied SciencesLahorePakistan Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Food Technology Karakorum International UniversityGilgitPakistan Department of Biology Faculty of ScienceKing Khalid UniversityAbhaSaudi Arabia

Plant growth and resilience to abiotic stresses,such as soil salinity and drought,depend intricately on nitrogen metabolism.This review explores nitrogen’s regulatory role in plant responses to these challenges,unveiling a dynamic interplay between nitrogen availability and abiotic stress.In the context of soil salinity,a nuanced rela-tionship emerges,featuring both antagonistic and synergistic interactions between salinity and nitrogen levels.Salinity-induced chlorophyll depletion in plants can be alleviated by optimal nitrogen supplementation;however,excessive nitrogen can exacerbate salinity stress.We delve into the complexities of this interaction and its agri-cultural implications.Nitrogen,a vital element within essential plant structures like chloroplasts,elicits diverse responses based on its availability.This review comprehensively examines manifestations of nitrogen deﬁciency and toxicity across various crop types,including cereals,vegetables,legumes,and fruits.Furthermore,we explore the broader consequences of nitrogen products,such as N_(2)O,NO_(2),and ammonia,on human health.Understand-ing the intricate relationship between nitrogen and salinity,especially chloride accumulation in nitrate-fed plants and sodium buildup in ammonium-fed plants,is pivotal for optimizing crop nitrogen management.However,prudent nitrogen use is essential,as overapplication can exacerbate nitrogen-related issues.Nitrogen Use Efﬁ-ciency(NUE)is of paramount importance in addressing salinity challenges and enhancing sustainable crop productivity.Achieving this goal requires advancements in crop varieties with efﬁcient nitrogen utilization,pre-cise timing and placement of nitrogen fertilizer application,and thoughtful nitrogen source selection to mitigate losses,particularly urea-based fertilizer volatilization.This review article delves into the multifaceted world of plant nitrogen metabolism and its pivotal role in enabling plant resilience to nutritional stress and abiotic challenges.It offers insights into future directions

关键词： Synthetic nitrogen nitrogen signaling sustainable agriculture eutrophication ammonium nitrate

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Papaya Ring Spot Virus:An Understanding of a Severe Positive-Sense Single Stranded RNA Viral Disease and Its Management

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第10期91卷 2099-2110页

作者： Muhammad Umer Mustansar Mubeen yasir iftikhar Haider Ali Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye Rafia Asghar Mazhar Abbas Malik Abdul Rehman Ernesto A.Moya-Elizondo Yuejun He Institute for Forest Resources and Environment of Guizhou and Forestry College Research Centre of Forest EcologyGuizhou UniversityGuiyang550025China Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan College of Bioscience University of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Department of Plant Pathology PMAS University of Arid AgricultureRawalpindi43490Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management University of Karachi Karachi75270Pakistan Citrus Research Institute Sargodha40100Pakistan Department of Plant Production Faculty of AgronomyUniversidad de ConcepciónChillán3780000Chile

Viral diseases have been studied in-depth for reducing quality,yield,health and longevity of the fruit,to highlight the economic losses.Positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses are more devastating among all viruses that infect fruit trees.One of the best examples is papaya ringspot virus(PRSV).It belongs to the genus Potyvirus and it is limited to cause diseases on the family Chenopodiaceae,Cucurbitaceae and Caricaceae.This virus has a serious threat to the production of papaya,which is famous for its high nutritional and pharmaceutical values.The plant parts such as leaves,latex,seeds,fruits,bark,peel and roots may contain the biological compound that can be isolated and used in pharmaceutical industries as a disease control.Viral disease symptoms consist of vein clearing and yellowing of young leaves.Distinctive ring spot patterns with concentric rings and spots on fruit reduce its quality and taste.The virus has two major strains P and W.The former cause disease in papaya and cucurbits while the later one in papaya.Virion comprises 94.4%protein,including a 36 kDa coat protein which is a component responsible for a non-persistent transmission through aphids,and 5.5%nucleic acid.Cross protection,development of transgenic crops,exploring the resistant sources and induction of pathogen derived resistance have been recorded as effective management of PRSV.Along with these practices reduced aphid population through insecticides and plant extracts have been found ecofriendly approaches to minimize the disease incidence.Adoption of transgenic crops is a big challenge for the success of disease resistant papaya crops.The aim of this review is to understand the genomic nature of PRSV,detection methods and the different advanced control methods.This review article will be helpful in developing the best management strategies for controlling PRSV.

关键词： Papaya obligate parasite +ssRNA PRSV aphid genomic characterization and functions

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Antagonistic Potential of Bacterial Species against Fungal Plant Pathogens(FPP)and Their Role in Plant Growth Promotion(PGP):A Review

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2022年第9期91卷 1859-1877页

作者： Amjad Ali yasir iftikhar Mustansar Mubeen Haider Ali Muhammad Ahmad Zeshan Zohaib Asad Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye Malik Abdul Rehman Mazhar Abbas Muhammad Rafique Muhammad Usman Ghani Department of Plant Protection Sivas University of Science and TechnologySivas58140Turkey Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan College of Bioscience University of BirminghamBirminghamB152TTUK Department of Plant Pathology PMAS University of Arid AgricultureRawalpindi43490Pakistan Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan Citrus Research Institute Sargodha40100Pakistan Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management University of Karachi75270KarachiPakistan Pest warning&Quality Control of Pesticides SahiwalPunjab40210Pakistan Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences University of AgricultureFaisalabad38000Pakistan

Since the 19th century to date,the fungal pathogens have been involved in causing devastating diseases in plants.All types of fungal pathogens have been observed in important agricultural crops that lead to significant pre and postharvest losses.The application of synthetic fungicide against the fungal plant pathogens(FPP)is a traditional management practice but at the same time these fungicides kill other beneficial microbes,insects,animal,and humans and are harmful to environment.The antagonistic microorganism such as bacteria are being used as an alternate strategy to control the FPP.These antagonistic species are cost-effective and eco-friendly in nature.These biocontrol bacteria have a broad mechanism against fungal pathogens present in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the plant.The antagonistic bacteria have different strategies against the FPP,by producing siderophore,biofilm,volatile organic compounds(VOCs),through parasitism,antibiosis,competition for limited resources and induce systemic resistance(ISR)in the host plant by activating the immune systems.The commercial bio-products synthesized by the major bacterial species Pseudomonas syringae,Burkholderia cepacia,Streptomyces griseoviridis,Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are used to control Fusarium,Pythium,Rhizoctonia,Penicillium,Alternaria,and Geotrichum.The commercial bio-formulations of bacteria act as both antifungal and plant growth regulators.The Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria(PGPR)played a significant role in improving plant health by nitrogen-fixing,phosphorus solubilization,phytohormones production,minimizing soil metal contamination,and by ACC deaminase antifungal activities.Different articles are available on the specific antifungal activity of bacteria in plant diseases.Therefore,this review article has summarized the information on biocontrol activity of bacteria against the FPP and the role of PGPR in plant growth promotion.This review also provided a complete picture of scattered information regarding antifungal ac

关键词： Fungi plant pathogens synthetic fungicide antagonism bio-products PGPR

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Yellow Vein Mosaic Disease in Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.):An Overview on Causal Agent,Vector and Management

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2021年第6期90卷 1573-1587页

作者： Mustansar Mubeen yasir iftikhar Aqleem Abbas Mazhar Abbas Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye Ashara Sajid Faheema Bakhtawar Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China Department of Agriculture and Agribusiness Management University of KarachiKarachi75270Pakistan Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan

Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)belongs to the Malvaceae family and is one of the most essential and popular vegetables globally.It is rich in proteins,carbohydrates,and vitamins.Abiotic and biotic factors threaten okra productivity.Okra yellow vein mosaic disease(OYVMD)is the most destructive disease of okra.The causal agent,[i.e.,Okra yellow vein mosaic virus(OYVMV)]of this disease belongs to the family Geminiviridae and genus Begomovirus.OYVMV is a monopartite with additional ssDNA molecule.This virus has two components DNA-A for protein coding and DNA-B for symptoms induction.Whitefly transmits OYVMV in persistent manner.Characteristic symptoms of OYVMV infected okra plants are chlorosis,dwarfing,and yellowing of veins and fruits.High temperatures with moderate rainfall enhance the development of OYVMV disease and the whitefly population.However,high humidity with low temperature and rainfall has no significant role in developing the OYVMD and whitefly population.Moreover,the virus also affects the secondary metabolites in the infected okra plants.The virus can be managed through various strategies including the application of plant defense activators,the development of resistant varieties and by controlling its vector via pesticides and plant extracts.Various plant defense activators such as monopotassium phosphate(KH2PO),salicylic acid,benzoic acid,and citric acid enhance resistance in okra against OYMVD.In addition,the resistance to OYMVD can also be achieved by successfully incorporating high yielding but resistant cultivars of acceptable quality.In this review,we have discussed history,economic impact,symptomology,disease development under a natural environment,genetics and management of OYVMV.

关键词： Okra OYVMV symptoms vectors epidemiological factors management

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Overview of Strain Characterization in Relation to Serological and Molecular Detection of Citrus tristeza Closterovirus

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Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany 2021年第4期90卷 1063-1074页

作者： yasir iftikhar Mazhar Abbas Mustansar Mubeen Muhammad Zafar-ul-Hye Faheema Bakhtawar Sonum Bashir Ashara Sajid Muhammad Asif Shabbir Department of Plant Pathology College of AgricultureUniversity of SargodhaSargodha40100Pakistan Institute of Horticultural Sciences University of Agriculture FaisalabadFaisalabad38000Pakistan State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province College of Plant Science and TechnologyHuazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan430070China Department of Soil Science Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan60800Pakistan

Tristeza is a devastating viral disease in all the citrus growing countries throughout the world and has killed millions of citrus trees in severely affected orchards.The citrus species grafted on sour orange rootstock are affected by this disease.Predominantly,the sweet orange,grapefruit and lime trees grafted on sour orange exhibit severe symptoms like quick decline,vein clearing,pin holing,bark scaling and degeneration leading to variable symptoms.Symptomatic expression of Citrus tristeza virus(CTV)in different hosts has been attributed to virus isolates which are from severe to mild.Different serological and molecular assays have been deployed to differentiate the strains of CTV.Citrus tristeza virus is diversified towards its strains on the basis of biological,serological and molecular characterization.Phenotypic expression is due to genetic alteration and different molecular basis have now been adopted for strain differentiation.This review will give a brief idea about the different CTV isolates,their characterization based on nucleic acid and serological assays.Different methods along with salient features for strain characterization has also been reviewed.This review will also open the new aspects towards formulation of management strategies through different detection techniques.

关键词： Citrus tristeza virus symptomology detection serology isolates and host rang

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Zika virus,a pathway to new challenges

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第7期9卷 606-609页

作者： Zubia Jamil yasir Waheed Taimoor Zeb Durrani Fauji Foundation Hospital Foundation University Medical College Foundation University IslamabadDHA Phase I Liver Clinic Iftikhar Eye Hospital

The current Zika outbreak is largest of its kind with 1.4 million cases in Brazil alone.World Health Organization declared the current outbreak as the public health emergency of international concerns.The major route of Zika virus transmission is mosquito bites.Sexual transmission and monkey bites are also observed in few cases.There is dire need to evaluate the other routes of transmission like blood transfusion,lactation and contact with body fluids.Zika virus is infecting infants,not only causing microcephaly but also creating number of complications resulting in bad outcomes of pregnancy.In Brazil alone,4 000 cases of microcephaly have observed during the current outbreak.The incidence of Guillian-Barre(GB) syndrome is also observed during the current Zika virus outbreak.GB syndrome is acute medical condition leading the patients to death due to weakness of respiratory muscles or can cause the life time disability.There is no anti-viral drug or vaccine available for Zika virus.Zika infection can be prevented by using mosquito repellents,mosquito nets,cooling rooms by air conditions and wearing full sleeves or permethrin treated clothes.The current outbreak of Zika has not only affected the health care but also caused great economic loss.Estimated loss in Latin America and Caribbean is US$3.5 billion.United Nation's sustainable development goal 3.d stresses the strengthening of early warning,risk reduction and management of national and global health risks.The world will keep on facing new challenges in the form of Ebola or Zika;there is strong need to prepare ourselves for any disease outbreak.

关键词： Zika virus Public health emergency Microcephaly Guillian-Barre syndrome Mosquito bites

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