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Human settlement and changes in the distribution of river systems in the Minqin Basin over the past 2000 years in Northwest China

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2017年第11期3卷 2-13页

作者： yaowen xie Qiang Bie Chansheng He School of Earth and Environmental Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina The Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems Ministry of Education(MOE)LanzhouChina Center for Dryland Water Resources Research and Watershed Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina

Introduction:Arid area is an important base for human settlement,however,long and drastic human activities have altered the drainage patterns in the arid watersheds significantly,causing serious ecological *** study,through a case study of the Minqin Basin,a microcosm of the artificial oases in the arid northwest China,used the multitypes of data to recover the spatial distribution of human settlement and drainage patterns during historical period and analyze the relationship between them over the past 2000 ***:Before the Han Dynasty(121 BC),the utilization of water resources in the Minqin Basin was in the primitive stage and the drainage pattern maintained the natural *** the Han(121 BC-220)to the Wei-Jin Dynasties(220-316),the utilization of water resources intensified unprecedentedly,but the natural shape of the river systems was still *** the following 1,000 years or so,the drainage pattern was in the state of“following its own course”due to the small human *** the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644),with the alteration of the main rivers,the water resource utilization increased obviously,but the human reclamations were mainly confined to the southern part of the *** the Qing Dynasty(1644-1911),the reclamation of the Liulin Lake area significantly changed the drainage patterns,resulted in the drastically northward expansion of human *** the foundation of the People’s Republic of China(PRC)in 1949,the artificial water system completely replaced the natural water system and intensified the ecological problems in the ***:The changes over the past 2000 years show the drastic impacts of human activities on the alterations of the drainage patterns and related ecological problems in the arid Northwest ***:Rehabilitation of such ecological impairments requires both ecological restoration projects and changes in human paradigm and behavior over multiple temporal and spatial scales.

关键词： Minqin Basin Chinese Dynasties human settlement utilization of water resources drainage pattern

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Risk Assessment of Secondary Geological Disasters Induced by the Yushu Earthquake

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Journal of Mountain Science 2012年第2期9卷 232-242页

作者： NIU Quanfu CHENG Weiming LIU Yong xie yaowen LAN Hengxing CAO Yanrong College of Earth and Environmental Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhou 730000China State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Gansu Provincial Electric Power Design Institute Lanzhou 730000China

The Yushu Ms 7.1 earthquake occurred on April 14,2010 in Qinghai Province,*** induced a mass of secondary geological disasters,such as collapses,landslides,and debris *** assessment maps are important for geological disaster prevention and mitigation,and also can serve as a guide for post-earthquake ***,a hazard assessment index system of secondary geological disasters in the earthquake region was built in this paper,which was based on detailed analysis of environmental and triggering factors closely related to geological disasters in the study *** technology was utilized to extract and analyze the assessment *** assessment maps of secondary geological disasters were obtained by spatial modeling and overlaying ***,an analysis of the vulnerability of hazard bearing bodies in the area was conducted,important information,such as, population density,percentage of arable land, industrial and agricultural outputs per unit area were regarded as assessment indices to evaluate socioeconomic ***,the risk level of secondary geological disasters of the area was obtained by the formula:Risk=Hazard×Vulnerability. Risk assessment maps were categorized into four levels,including"low","moderate","high"and"very high".These results show that some urban areas are at very high risk,including Jiegu,Chengwen,Xiaxiula and Sahuteng *** research can provide some references and suggestions to improve decisionmaking support for emergency relief and post- earthquake reconstruction in the study area.

关键词： Yushu Earthquake Secondary geological disasters (SGD) Hazard assessment Socio-economic vulnerability Risk assessment

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Effects of climate change and human activity on lake shrinkage in Gonghe Basin of northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the past 60 years

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Journal of Arid Land 2016年第4期8卷 479-491页

作者： WU Duo CHEN Fahu LI Kai xie yaowen ZHANG Jiawu ZHOU Aifeng College of Earth and Environmental Sciences MOE Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental SystemsLanzhou University

Changes in the status of freshwater resources are a topic of major global, regional and local concern. This is especially so in the arid and semi-arid regions of China, where shortage of water resources plays a crucial role in limiting sustainable socioeconomic development, as well as in sustaining natural ecosystems. Recent climate change, as well as the effects of localized human activity, such as the use of water for irrigation agriculture, may have significant effects on the status of the water resources in the region. Here, we report the results of a study of changes in the areas of lakes in Gonghe Basin, northeastern Tibetan Plateau of China, over the last 60 years. The data were acquired from optical satellite images and demonstrate that the total water area of lakes in Gonghe Basin decreased significantly from the 1950s to 1980s. The cause is ascribed mainly to human activity including exploitation of farmland, against a background of increasing population; in addition, climatic data for the region demonstrate a minor drying trend during this period as the temperature increased slightly. After the construction of several reservoirs, significant amounts of water were redistributed to promote irrigation agriculture and we conclude that this caused a significant shrinkage of the natural lakes. However, both the area of farmland and the population size remained approximately constant after 1990. We conclude that the variation of the total area of lakes during the second period was mainly controlled by climatic factors （precipitation and temperature）. As the regional temperature reached a new high, the area of some of the lakes decreased sharply before finally maintaining a relatively steady state. We emphasize that anthropogenic climate change and human activity have both significantly influenced the status of water resources in the arid and semi-arid regions of China.

关键词： Gonghe Basin lake shrinkage climate change human activity

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Understanding the attributes of the dual oasis effect in an arid region using remote sensing and observational data

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Ecosystem Health and Sustainability 2020年第1期6卷 682-694,681页

作者： Qiang Bie yaowen xie Xiaoyun Wang Baocheng Wei Lei He Hanming Duan Ju Wang School of Earth and Environment Science Lanzhou UniversityLanzhouChina Ministry of Education The Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental SystemsLanzhouChina

Investigating the attributes of the dual oasis effect and oasis–desert interactions is crucial for understanding the climatic and ecological effects of *** this study,oasis effect intensity(OEI)was used as an indicator to investigate the factors that contribute to the dual oasis *** oasis effect has two attributes:the surface oasis heating effect(OHE)occurred in winter,while the oasis cooling effect(OCE)occurred in the other three seasons,especially in *** the day,the OEI of the whole oasis was−12.8℃,−5.2℃,and−4.5℃ in summer,spring,and autumn,respectively,which indicated a strong OCE;and OEI was 0.5℃ in winter,which indicated a weaker *** arid regions,the OCE dominated most of the time,but the OHE occurred in winter and cannot be *** addition,through statistical analysis and energy balance analysis,high evapotranspiration of the oasis was the main factor leading to the occurrence of OCE in the summer,while low albedo to the occurrence of OHE in winter.

关键词： Dual oasis effect arid region evapotranspiration albedo

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Assessing the evolution of oases in arid regions by reconstructing their historic spatio-temporal distribution： a case study of the Heihe River Basin, China

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Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2017年第4期11卷 629-642页

作者： yaowen xie Guisheng WANG Xueqiang WANG Peilei FAN College of Earth and Environmental Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou 730000 China College of Surveying and Mapping Anhui University of Science and Technology Huainan 232001 China School of Planning Design & Construction and The Center for Global Change and Earth Observations Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA

Oasis evolution, one of the most obvious surface processes in arid regions, affects various aspects of the regional environment, such as hydrological processes, ecological conditions, and microclimates. In this paper, the historical spatio-temporal evolution of the cultivated oases in the Heihe River Basin, the second largest inland watershed in the northwest of China, was assessed using multidisciplinary methods and data from multiple sources, including historical literature, ancient sites, maps and remotely sensed images. The findings show that cultivated oases were first developed on a large scale during the Han Dynasty （121 BC-220） and then gradually decreased in extent from the Six Dynasties period （220-581） to the Sui- Tang period （581-907）, reaching a minimum in the Song- Yuan period （960-1368）. An abrupt revival occurred during the Ming Dynasty （1368-1644） and continued through the Qing Dynasty （1644-1911）, and during the period of the Republic of China （1912-1949）, oasis development reached its greatest peak of the entire historical period. The oasis areas during seven major historical periods, i.e., Hart, Six Dynasties, Sui-Tang, Song-Yuan, Ming, Qing, and Republic of China, are estimated to have been 1703 kma, 1115 km2, 629 km2, 614 km2, 964 km2, 1205 km2, and 1917 km2, respectively. The spatial distribution generally exhibited a continuous sprawl process, with the center of the oases moving gradually from the downstream region to the middle and even upstream regions. The oases along the main river remained stable during most periods, whereas those close to the terminal reaches were subject to frequent variations and even abandonment. Socio-economic factors were the main forces driving the evolution of cultivated oases in the area; among them, political and societal stability, national defense, agricultural policy, population, and technological progress were the most important.

关键词： Heihe River Basin cultivated oasis spatio-temporal process arid region driving factors landscape change

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个人信息保护制度“个人控制”模式的立法选择

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青海社会科学 2021年第4期 165-172页

作者：谢尧雯中国政法大学法与经济学研究院

个人信息具有识别个体、建立信息关系、存在一定经济价值从而可作为服务对价三项特征,“个人控制”亦因这三项特征呈现三种制度价值。“个人控制”的法律规范意涵因法律理念对这三项价值的不同侧重而呈现不同的表现。“个人控制”现已... 详细信息

个人信息具有识别个体、建立信息关系、存在一定经济价值从而可作为服务对价三项特征,“个人控制”亦因这三项特征呈现三种制度价值。“个人控制”的法律规范意涵因法律理念对这三项价值的不同侧重而呈现不同的表现。“个人控制”现已发展为三种立法模式:基于人格尊严保障、基于信息关系维系、基于市场交易秩序维系。这三种立法模式的选择,更多取决于不同法域不同的历史、文化与政治背景。《个人信息保护法》关于“个人控制”模式的选择,应当在评估不同模式与信息技术发展匹配性的基础上,以实现信息关系维系价值为核心目标。在施行规则设置中,以新兴信息技术发展的客观现实为基础,“个人控制”与“机构问责”并重,建立透明化、差异化与精细化的数据保护方案。

关键词：个人信息保护个人控制模式信息技术价值侧重

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黑河流域历史时期水资源利用空间格局重建

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地理研究 2014年第10期33卷 1977-1991页

作者：颉耀文汪桂生兰州大学资源环境学院兰州730000

黑河流域水资源开发利用的空间格局历史演变在中国西北干旱区具有典型性和代表性,对其进行复原并总结经验教训,对现代水资源开发具有宝贵的借鉴意义。利用历史文献、古今地图、遥感影像等资料,结合实地考察,在地理信息系统技术的支持下... 详细信息

黑河流域水资源开发利用的空间格局历史演变在中国西北干旱区具有典型性和代表性,对其进行复原并总结经验教训,对现代水资源开发具有宝贵的借鉴意义。利用历史文献、古今地图、遥感影像等资料,结合实地考察,在地理信息系统技术的支持下,对黑河流域历史时期水资源利用的空间格局进行重建,并分析其演变过程。结果表明:该区域大规模的农业水资源利用开始于汉代,其范围覆盖流域中下游沿河平原和三角洲的大部分地区。魏晋南北朝时期虽然总体上承袭了汉代的格局,但局部地区萎缩明显。隋唐时期,中游地区灌区规模较大,但随着唐中叶吐蕃的入侵而遭破坏。宋元时期,水资源开发利用仅在主要绿洲的核心区有所分布。明、清直至民国时期,中游地区渠系增加,密度增大,灌区出现沿河向上的溯源扩展和由近岸向两侧的外延扩展,一些地势较高的山前绿洲也被开垦,水资源利用强度持续增加、规模扩大,最终奠定了现代水资源开发利用的空间格局。但是,此时的下游却处于游牧状态,无大规模开发活动。可以发现,明代以前水资源开发利用波动频繁,兴废不定;而明代以来,中游灌区规模稳定扩大和下游萧条情况形成鲜明对比。水资源利用引起尾闾湖萎缩、土地盐渍化、沙漠化等生态问题逐渐显现。

关键词：黑河流域水资源利用空间格局历史重建

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论电子政务中的个人信息保护:美国经验与启示

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中国行政管理 2019年第2期 140-146页

作者：谢尧雯中国政法大学2011计划"司法文明协同创新中心"

为平衡电子政务中"信息效益"与"信息保护"二者间的价值张力,美国通过制定法律与行政备忘录,构建出一套庞杂但完备的规则体系,实现对政府信息行为的规范与公民信息权利的保障。数据生命周期的隐私保护机制、隐私风险评估体系、信息隐私... 详细信息

为平衡电子政务中"信息效益"与"信息保护"二者间的价值张力,美国通过制定法律与行政备忘录,构建出一套庞杂但完备的规则体系,实现对政府信息行为的规范与公民信息权利的保障。数据生命周期的隐私保护机制、隐私风险评估体系、信息隐私管理的专业化,构成美国电子政务中个人信息保护的核心规则。通过探究与总结美国经验,结合我国在电子政务发展中呈现的公民隐私保护隐患,我国应采取公私分立的信息保护立法模式,明确电子政务领域个人信息保护的基本规则。

关键词：电子政务信息效益个人信息保护立法模式

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乡镇尺度金塔绿洲时空格局变化

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生态学报 2013年第11期33卷 3470-3479页

作者：巩杰谢余初孙朋颉耀文兰州大学西部环境教育部重点实验室兰州730000 兰州大学资源环境学院兰州730000

基于遥感、GIS技术和1990、1999、2006和2009年4期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像等,利用绿洲变化幅度、动态度模型、绿洲变化趋势指数模型及绿洲化荒漠化转移矩阵,开展乡镇尺度上金塔绿洲时空变化及分异研究。结果表明:1990—2009年间,金塔... 详细信息

基于遥感、GIS技术和1990、1999、2006和2009年4期Landsat TM/ETM+遥感影像等,利用绿洲变化幅度、动态度模型、绿洲变化趋势指数模型及绿洲化荒漠化转移矩阵,开展乡镇尺度上金塔绿洲时空变化及分异研究。结果表明:1990—2009年间,金塔绿洲不断扩张,荒漠面积呈现减少趋势,绿洲净增长面积达199.49 km2。金塔绿洲整体处于非平衡状态,不同乡镇绿洲变化程度不同,乡镇绿洲规模变化强弱顺序为羊井子湾乡>场站机关辖区>东坝镇>三合乡>古城乡>金塔镇>中东镇>大庄子乡>西坝乡。金塔绿洲聚集度增加,景观破碎化程度减少,荒漠基质优势度降低。绿洲扩张区主要有羊井子湾乡、场站机关管辖区、东坝镇、金塔镇、古城乡和三合乡等。近20年来,金塔绿洲变化主要受人文与社会因素的影响,水资源的开发利用是绿洲扩张的前提条件,人口(含移民迁入)、经济发展、政策和科技进步是主要的驱动因素。

关键词：金塔绿洲时空格局动态变化乡镇尺度人类活动

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科技治理的伦理之维及其法治化路径

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学术月刊 2022年第8期54卷 91-104页

作者：赵鹏谢尧雯中国政法大学法治政府研究院北京100088 中国政法大学法与经济学研究院北京100088

科技治理关注重点经历了从“物理影响”到“价值影响”的转变,引发了科技治理的伦理转向。当下,科技伦理治理架构远未成熟,科技伦理治理的规范基础、科技伦理与法律的关系、法律介入伦理治理的方式等问题需要澄清。科技伦理治理发展的... 详细信息

科技治理关注重点经历了从“物理影响”到“价值影响”的转变,引发了科技治理的伦理转向。当下,科技伦理治理架构远未成熟,科技伦理治理的规范基础、科技伦理与法律的关系、法律介入伦理治理的方式等问题需要澄清。科技伦理治理发展的规范基础在于,随着“科学一技术一社会”关系的演变,法律不应简单化地将科技理解为中立性的工具,而需要正视其价值负载属性。新兴科技的发展需要法律适度介入,构建秩序化伦理反思程序,并基于反思形成具备一定约束力的行为指引,最终推动科技系统与社会系统的有序对话与连接。法治化的具体路径包括:形成制度化的伦理商谈体系,完善多层次行为规范体系,构建受国家规制的社会自我规制体制。

关键词：科技与社会价值负载伦理治理法治化

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