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The Orosirian(1800–2050 Ma)plate tectonic episode:Key for reconstructing the Proterozoic tectonic record

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第3期14卷 1-9页

作者： Robert J.stern Geosciences Dept. U Texas at DallasRichardsonTX 75083-0688United States

Eight lines of evidence indicate that the Orosirian Period in mid-Paleoproterozoic time was characterized by plate tectonics:ophiolites,low T/P metamorphism including eclogites,passive margin formation,tall mountains,paleomagnetic constraints,ore deposits,abundant S-type granites,and seismic images of paleo-subduction *** plate tectonic episode occurred about 1 billion years earlier than the present plate tectonic episode began in Neoproterozoic *** two plate tectonic episodes bracket the‘Boring Billion’,which may have been a protracted single lid tectonic episode that began when the supercontinent Nuna or Columbia *** of multiple lines of evidence for Orosirian plate tectonics demonstrates that Earth’s tectonic style can be reconstructed with some confidence back to at least Early Paleoproterozoic time,and thus the absence of compelling evidence for Mesoproterozoic plate tectonics is not obvious due to poor preservation.A tectono-magmatic lull2.3 Ga suggests an earlier episode of single lid *** for two episodes of plate tectonics and two episodes of single lid tectonics indicates that Earth switched between single lid and plate tectonics multiple times during the last 2.4 Ga.

关键词： Plate tectonics Single lid tectonics Urey ratio Paleoproterozoic

Focusing on the tetra-partite synapse in Parkinson’s disease research using human patient-derived neurons

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Neural Regeneration Research 2024年第5期19卷 979-981页

作者： Diogo Cordeiro Tchelet stern Shani stern University of Haifa Sagol Department of NeurobiologyHaifaIsrael

Parkinson’s disease(PD)was first described as a neurological disease by *** Parkinson in 1817 as a“shaking palsy”.Since that time,much more is known about the pathophysiology of PD yet the disease is still *** hallmark of the disease is often considered Lewy body neural inclusions in the substantia nigra pars compacta and other brain areas,although not all patients have these *** patients exhibit massive neuronal cell loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta,which is associated with the motor symptoms of tremor,bradykinesia,rigidity,and postural *** is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease with a prevalence of around 1%of individuals over the age of 60.

关键词： patients Alzheimer Focus

Is plate tectonics needed to evolve technological species on exoplanets?

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Geoscience Frontiers 2016年第4期7卷 573-580页

作者： Robert J.stern Geoscience Department University of Texas at Dallas

As we continue searching for exoplanets, we wonder if life and technological species capable of communicating with us exists on any of them. As geoscientists, we can also wonder how important is the presence or absence of plate tectonics for the evolution of technological species. This essay considers this question, focusing on tectonically active roclw （silicate） planets, like Earth, Venus, and Mars. The development of technological species on Earth provides key insights for understanding evolution on exoplanets, including the likely role that plate tectonics may play. An Earth-sized silicate planet is likely to experience several tectonic styles over its lifetime, as it cools and its lithosphere thickens, strengthens, and becomes denser. These include magma ocean, various styles of stagnant lid, and perhaps plate tectonics. Abundant liquid water favors both life and plate tectonics. Ocean is required for early evolution of diverse single-celled organisms, then colonies of cells which specialized further to form guts, ap- pendages, and sensory organisms up to the complexity of fish （central nervous system, appendages, eyes）. Large expanses of dry land also begin in the ocean, today produced above subduction zones in juvenile arcs and by their coalescence to form continents, although it is not clear that plate tectonics was required to create continental crust on Earth. Dry land of continents is required for further evolution of technological species, where modification of appendages for grasping and manipulating, and improve- ment of eyes and central nervous system could be perfected. These bioassets allowed intelligent crea- tures to examine the night sky and wonder, the beginning of abstract thinking, including religion and science. Technology arises from the exigencies of daily living such as tool-making, agriculture, clothing, and weapons, but the pace of innovation accelerates once it is allied with science. Finally, the importance of plate tectonics for devel

关键词： Plate tectonics Exoplanets Planetary science Intelligent life

A sharp interface approach for cavitation modeling using volume-of-fluid and ghost-fluid methods

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2017年第6期29卷 917-925页

作者： Thad Michael Jianming yang Frederick stern NSWC Carderock Division 9500 MaeArthur Blvd.West BethesdaMD 20817USA Fidesi Solutions LLC PO Box 734Iowa CityIA 52244USA IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering University of lowaIowa CityIA 52242USA

This paper describes a novel sharp interface approach for modeling the cavitation phenomena in incompressible viscous flows. A one-field formulation is adopted for the vapor-liquid two-phase flow and the interface is tracked using a volume of fluid（VOF） method. Phase change at the interface is modeled using a simplification of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Interface jump conditions in velocity and pressure field are treated using a level set based ghost fluid method. The level set function is constructed from the volume fraction function. A marching cubes method is used to compute the interface area at the interface grid cells. A parallel fast marching method is employed to propagate interface information into the field. A description of the equations and numerical methods is presented. Results for a cavitating hydrofoil are compared with experimental data.

关键词： Incompressible flow two-phase flow cavitation modeling sharp interface method ghost fluid method volume of fluidmethod level set method parallel fast marching method marching cubes method

Early Cretaceous subduction initiation beneath southern Tibet caused the northward flight of India

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Geoscience Frontiers 2020年第4期11卷 1123-1131页

作者： Haoyu Hu Robert J.stern Geosciences Department University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTX75083-0688USA

Collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates formed the ~2500 km long yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone and produced the Himalaya mountains and Tibetan *** we offer a new explanation for tectonic events leading to this collision:that the northward flight of India was caused by an Early Cretaceous episode of subduction initiation on the southern margin of *** data for ophiolites along the yarlung Zangbo Suture Zone show restricted ages between 120 Ma and 130 Ma,and their supra-subduction zone affinities are best explained by seafloor spreading in what became the forearc of a north-dipping subduction zone on the southern margin of *** subsequent evolution of this new subduction zone is revealed by integrating data for arcrelated igneous rocks of the Lhasa terrane and Xigaze forearc basin *** slab pull from this new subduction zone triggered the rifting of India from East Gondwana in Early Cretaceous time and pulled it northward to collide with Tibet in Early Paleogene time.

关键词： Cretaceous northward subduction

When and how did plate tectonics begin?Theoretical and empirical considerations

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第5期52卷 578-591页

作者： R. J. stern Geosciences Department University of Texas at Dallas Box 830688 Richardson TX 75083-0688 USA

板 tectonics 在对流传热的披风(岩流圈) 上是地球的热界面层(岩石圈) 的水平运动并且被岩石圈 inking 主要在 subduction 地区驾驶。板 tectonics 是组织的自我的一个突出的例子，远离平衡建筑群系统(SOFFECS ) ，由热界面层的否定快... 详细信息

板 tectonics 在对流传热的披风(岩流圈) 上是地球的热界面层(岩石圈) 的水平运动并且被岩石圈 inking 主要在 subduction 地区驾驶。板 tectonics 是组织的自我的一个突出的例子，远离平衡建筑群系统(SOFFECS ) ，由热界面层的否定快活开车并且由在弯曲岩石圈的驱散控制并且粘滞披风。板 tectonics 是一个不平常的方法让一个硅酸盐行星失去热，当它存在在上仅仅之一大在内部太阳系的五硅酸盐身体。构造活动和热损失的这个模式什么时候开始了，不被知道在地球上。所有硅酸盐行星可能经历了一个短命岩浆海洋阶段。在这团结的、停滞的盖行为是行星的热损失的普通模式以后，与内部，热被融化在更热的早地球中的火山作用和浅 *** 产生了的分层和“热点”正在失去一个不同岩石圈比今天，与更厚的海洋的外壳和更薄的披风岩石圈；如此的岩石圈将比花更长时间目前变得否定地快活，在早地球上建议那板 tectonics 偶发地发生了如果根本。板 tectonics 变得持续(现代风格) 当土足够地冷却了时，融化在散布山脉下面的那解压缩做了薄海洋的外壳，允许海洋的岩石圈在百万年中的一些十个以后变得否定地快活。板 tectonics 什么时候开始了的 Ultimatelythe 问题必须被从地质的记录检索的信息回答。标准因为板 tectonics 的操作包括 ophiolites，蓝片岩 andultra 高的压力变形的带， eclogites，被动边缘，变换差错，不同 cratons 的不同运动的 paleomagneticdemonstration，和在火的岩石中的诊断 geochemicaland 同位素示踪剂的存在。这个记录必须个别地被解释；我解释记录在锝? 从活跃太古代的 tectonics 和类似于板 tectonics 的 magmatismto 一些东西显示构造式样的前进 9 Ga 到有深 subduction 的持续、现代风格板 tectonics—并且强大的平板拉—在 Neoproterozoic 时间开始。

关键词：板块构造形成时间形成机制俯冲前寒武纪地球动力学岩浆作用

Rethinking the History and Theory of Jus Publicum Universal： The Formation of China as a ＂Semi-Civilized＂ Legal Subject

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Frontiers of History in China 2017年第2期12卷 181-261页

作者： Robert stern Department of History The University of Chicago Chicago IL 60637 USA

Much of the existing scholarship on the universalization of nineteenth-century international law has framed it in terms of the imperial West＇s domination of non-Western societies. This article complicates and qualifies this conventional state-centric narrative by investigating the juridical, capitalist production of China as a ＂semi-civilized＂ international legal subject. It examines the foundational modern Sino-British/Western commercial and extraterritorial treaties, as well as the treatises of a new professional class of British international lawyers--James Lorimer （1818-90）, John Westlake （1828-1913）, William Edward Hall （1835-94）, T. E. Holland （1835-1926）, Thomas Lawrence （1849-1920）, and Lassa Oppenheim （1849-1920）. The juridical production of China as a ＂semi-civilized＂ legal subject throws into relief the dual capitalist nature and significance of the universalization of nineteenth-century international law. On the one hand, this ＂civilized＂ legal discourse underwrote a novel liberal conception of a universal international law （jus publicum universal） within which China was formally included as a quasi-legal subject. On the other hand, it also underwrote a particularistic, Euro-centric international law, which excluded China from its global domain and denied it basic sovereign rights. In this way also, ＂civilized＂ international law justified both formal equality in European- non-European treaty relations, as well as the real substantive inequality of these international exchanges of rights and obligations. Building on the critical theoretical work of Evgeny Pashukanis （1891-1937）, this article argues that a non-orthodox Marxist social theory of legal forms is best suited to explain the abstract, liberal universalism of nineteenth-century ＂civilized＂ international law and the contradictory forms of legal and jurisprudential discourse it made available and rendered normatively meaningful to international law practitioners. Through this Marxist theory, moreove

关键词： international law civilization legal subject capitalism liberal abstraction Pashukanis

Ophiolites:Identification and tectonic significance in space and time

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Geoscience Frontiers 2023年第6期14卷 380-385页

作者： Kent C.Condie Robert J.stern Department of Earth&Environmental Science New Mexico Institute of Mining and TechnologySocorroNM 87801USA Geosciences Department University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTX 75080USA

Ophiolites are fragments of oceanic lithosphere that are produced at spreading centers at ocean ridges,back arc basins,or forearcs during subduction initiation,and are key indicators of plate *** it is widely agreed that ophiolites are remnants of oceanic crust and associated depleted mantle preserved in orogens,the recognition of ophiolites and their tectonic significance is still a topic of discussion and *** propose that ophiolites can be recognized in the geologic record by some combination of genetically related pillow basalt,layered gabbro,sheeted dykes,podiform chromite,harzburgite or/and *** igneous rocks have either ocean-ridge basalt or immature oceanic arc basalt chemical *** a scoring system of 1–11 for ophiolite confidence level,scores of8 are considered confident,6–8 probable,andy *** ophiolites with scores6 arestern China at 2550 Ma,and the oldest well documented sheeted dykes occur in the Jormua and Purtuniq ophiolites at 2000–1950 *** do not become geographically widespread until after 900 Ma,and most ophiolites of all ages formed in a forearc(subduction initiation)tectonic *** ophiolite production requires plate tectonics,subduction must have begun at least locally by 2700 Ma but did not become widespread until after 2000 *** abundance of ophiolites after 900 Ma may reflect better preservation of subduction-related ophiolites,or to an increasing global network of interconnected *** frequency peaks in the geologic record partially reflect geographic regions where ophiolites have been extensively studied rather than monitoring the production rate of ophiolites,but the scarcity of>900 Ma ophiolites is probably real.

关键词： Ophiolite Plate tectonics Subduction initiation Forearc Ocean ridge Tectonic setting Supercontinent

URANS simulations for a free-running container ship:Part 2. Added power

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Journal of Hydrodynamics 2021年第3期33卷 448-467页

作者： Dong-Hwan Kim yugo Sanada Hamid Sadat-Hosseini Frederick stern IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering The University of IowaIowa CityUSA Costal Development and Ocean Energy Research Center Korea Institute of Ocean Science and TechnologyBusanKorea Mechanical Engineering University of North TexasDentonUSA

Part 2 reports the validation,local force and local flow study results for the free-running added power simulations whose conditions are the same as the self-propulsion test except for the increased propeller rotational speed and the presence of *** targeting the same mean Froude number in the wave condition,the propeller requires the increased propeller rotational speed for the operation at the low advance ratio due to the added *** test is performed at five different wavelengths in head waves and four different headings in the oblique *** the validation study,the time series of the validation variables is decomposed with discrete Fourier transform to extract the harmonic *** variables are global parameters,including motions,propeller thrust,and torque coefficients,added power variables,and self-propulsion factors which show reasonable agreement against the experiment results and produces a similar error from the self-propulsion *** local force study shows that the added resistance mostly appears at the bow due to the bow plunging during the short head wave and resonance *** contributions of the gravitational force and the buoyant force are found to increase as the stern motion exceeds the bow motion during the long head wave *** oscillation of the propeller performances shows correlation with the first harmonic amplitude of the propeller ***,pitch,and roll decay tests are performed prior to the main test to assess the natural frequencies of the *** as Part 1,a discretized propeller is used.

关键词： Added power unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes(URANS) KRISO Container Ship(KCS) CFDShip-IOWA