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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第8期2卷 1024-1028页

作者： Jorge A. Beall Ruben Zapata Nancy C. Flores willis m. fedio Food Safety Laboratory New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88003 USA Extension Hom. Econom.cs New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM88003 USA

Ferm.nted chile pepper m.sh is a m.jor food product in New m.xico. There are few reports on the ferm.ntation process or on m.thods to m.nitor it, In the current study we exam.ned a pour plate procedure with an overlay using plate count agar and 3 m.m.Petrifilm.m.Aerobic Count （AC） plates for determ.nation of total aerobic bacterial counts during the ferm.ntation of chile m.sh. Fifty chile m.sh sam.les were obtained directly from.com.ercial ferm.ntation vats and exam.ned within 2 h of collection. Serial dilutions of the chile m.sh were prepared in Butterfield＇s Phosphate Buffer. 1 m. portions of the diluted sam.les were aliquoted in duplicate onto the AC plates and into em.ty Petri dishes. Plate count agar was poured and once the plates had solidified, they were overlaid with about 10 m. of PCA to m.nim.ze spreaders. Plates were incubated at 30 ℃ for 48 h and enum.rated. Paired difference tests were conducted on log transform.d data to com.are the results of the two plating procedures. For com.ercial chile m.sh sam.les, we did not show any significant differences between the AC plate counts and the pour plate counts （α = 0.05）, 3 m.m.Petrifilm.m.AC plates are a good alternative to pour plates for the determ.nation of the total aerobic counts in ferm.nted chile m.shes.

关键词： Ferm.ntation chile pepper m.sh aerobic plate count petrifilm.m plate count agar.

Inactivation of Salm.nella Species on New m.xico Green Chile Peppers by Flam. Roasting

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第7期2卷 851-855页

作者： Ruben Zapata Paul Browning Cecelia Garcia David Lucero willis m. fedio Food Safety Laboratory New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM 88001 USA m.rketing and Developm.nt Division New Mexico Department of Agriculture Las Cruces NM 88001 USA

Salm.nella spp. have been im.licated in foodborne disease outbreaks involving chile peppers, usually in com.ination foods such as chile rellenos, salsa, pico de gallo, guacam.le and others where the source of contam.nation is uncertain. Salm.nella Typhim.rium.ATCC 14028 was used in this study to artificially inoculate green chile peppers. Green chile peppers were weighed and artificially contam.nated by applying the calculated inoculation volum.s of 4 o,L per g of pepper. No presum.tive salm.nellae were found on any of the peppers prior to inoculation with S. Typhim.rium. Twenty inoculated chiles were transferred to a custom.built lab-scale roaster and then flam. roasted for five m.nutes until they were blistered on the surface, as is com.only at New m.xico superm.rkets. The surface tem.erature of representative chiles was m.asured with an infrared therm.m.ter. Flam. roasting of green chile peppers is effective in reducing bacterial contam.nants on fresh green chile peppers. Based on the TSAYE counts where inoculated chile peppers had a m.an plate count of 7.21 and the roasted chile peppers 2.71 and 2.75, a 4.5 log reduction was seen. Results reveal the effectiveness of flam. roasting on the m.crobiological safety and quality of roasted green chile peppers.

关键词： Salm.nella spp. green chile peppers flam. roasting.

The Effect of Calcium.Chloride on the m.crobiological Characteristics of Ferm.nted Chile Pepper （Capsicum.annuum.cv. m.silla Cayenne） m.sh

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Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology(A) 2012年第9期2卷 1113-1118页

作者： Jorge A. Beall Jorge A. Gonzalez-Sim.ntal Sergio Soto-Navarro Nancy C. Flores willis m. fedio Food Safety Laboratory New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Publica Secretaria de Salud Durango DGO MEX Anim.l and Range Sciences New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA Extension Hom. Econom.cs New Mexico State University Las Cruces NM USA

Ferm.nted chile pepper m.sh （Capsicum.annuum.cv. m.silla Cayenne） is a m.jor industrial food product in New m.xico. The ferm.ntation of chile pepper m.sh depends on tem.erature, acidity, salt concentration, dissolved air, available carbohydrates and enzym.s. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the addition of calcium.chloride （CaCI2） on the m.crobial characteristics of the pepper m.sh ferm.ntation. Nine five gallon buckets were prepared with pepper that had been washed and ground by the m.nufacturer, each with 15% sodium.chloride added. The buckets were allotted random.y to 1 of 3 treatm.nts. The treatm.nts included no CaCl2, 0.2% CaCl2 and 0.4% CaCl2 added to the pepper m.sh. Sam.les were stored at room.tem.erature and sam.led over a 3 m.nths period to exam.ne changes in the m.croflora. Chile m.sh sam.les were serially diluted in butterfield＇s phosphate buffer for m.crobial enum.ration. Aerobic plate counts were conducted by pour plating with an overlay. Petrifilm. were used for E. coil/coliform.counts and Enterobacteriaceae. Yeasts and m.lds were surface plated on Rose Bengal Chloram.henicol agar while streptococci and lactobacilli were plated onto m.7 and acidified m.S respectively. Aerobic plate counts, coliform., E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae, yeast, m.ld, lactobacilli, and streptococci were not affected by CaCl2 level. The addition of 0.4% CaCl2 was found to have no effect on the chile pepper m.sh ferm.ntation.

关键词： Chile pepper m.sh lactic acid bacteria calcium.chloride sodium.chloride ferm.ntation.

Older Adult Com.endium.of Physical Activities:Energy costs of hum.n activities in adults aged 60 and older

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 13-17,F0003页

作者： Erik A.willis Stephen D.Herrm.nn m.ry Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht Tiago V.Barreira John m.Schuna Jr. Zhenghua Cai m.nghui Quan Scott A.Conger Wendy J.Brown Barbara E.Ainsworth Center for Health Prom.tion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA Kansas Center for m.tabolism.and Obesity Research The University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight m.nagem.nt Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Clinical Science Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA Exercise Science Departm.nt Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA School of Exercise&Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Departm.nt of Kinesiology Boise State UniversityBoiseID 83725USA School of Hum.n m.vem.nt and Nutrition Sciences The University of QueenslandSt.LuciaQLD 4072Australia Faculty of Health Sciences and m.dicine Bond UniversityGold CoastQLD 4229Australia College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA

Purpose:To describe the developm.nt of a Com.endium.for estim.ting the energy costs of activities in adults>60 years(OA Com.endium..m.thods:Physical activities(PAs)and their m.tabolic equivalent of task(m.T)values were obtained from.a system.tic search of studies published in 4 sport and exercise databases(Pubm.d,Em.ase,SPORTDiscus(EBSCOhost),and Scopus)and a review of articles included in the 2011 Adult Com.endium.that m.asured PA in older *** values were com.uted as the oxygen cost(VO_(2),m./kg/m.n)during PA divided by 2.7 m.L/kg/m.n(m.T_(60+))to account for the lower resting m.tabolic rate in older ***:We identified 68 articles and extracted energy expenditure data on 427 *** these,we derived 99 unique Specific Activity codes with corresponding m.T_(60+)values for older *** developed a website to present the OA Com.endium.m.T_(60+)values:https://***:The OA Com.endium.uses data collected from.adults>60 years for m.re accurate estim.tion of the energy cost of PAs in older *** is an accessible resource that will allow researchers,educators,and practitioners to find m.T_(60+)values for older adults for use in PA research and practice.

关键词： Energy expenditure Exercise m.T Older adults

2024 Adult Com.endium.of Physical Activities:A third update of the energy costs of hum.n activities

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Journal of Sport and Health Science 2024年第1期13卷 6-12页

作者： Stephen D.Herrm.nn Erik A.willis Barbara E.Ainsworth Tiago V.Barreira m.ry Hastert Chelsea L.Kracht John m.Schuna Jr. Zhenghui Cai m.nghui Quan Catrine Tudor-Locke m.licia C.Whitt-Glover David R. Jacobs Jr. Kansas Center for m.tabolism.and Obesity Research University of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Division of Physical Activity and Weight m.nagem.nt Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Kansas Medical CenterKansas CityKS 66160USA Center for Health Prom.tion and Disease Prevention University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNC 27599USA College of Health Solutions Arizona State UniversityPhoenixAZ 85003USA School of Exercise and Health Shanghai University of SportShanghai 200438China Exercise Science Departm.nt Syracuse UniversitySyracuseNY 13244USA Clinical Sciences Division Pennington Biomedical Research CenterBaton RougeLA 70808USA School of Exercise and Sport Science Oregon State UniversityCorvallisOR 97331USA College of Health and Hum.n Services University of North Carolina at CharlotteCharlotteNC 28223USA Gram.rcy Research Group KnightdaleNC 27545USA Division of Epidem.ology and Com.unity Health School of Public HealthUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMN 55454USA

Background:The Com.endium.of Physical Activities was published in 1993 to im.rove the com.arability of energy expenditure values assigned to self-reported physical activity(PA)across *** original version was updated in 2000,and again in 2011,and has been widely used to support PA research,practice,and public health ***:This 2024 update was tailored for adults 19-59 years of age by rem.ving data from.those≥60 *** a system.tic review and supplem.ntary searches,we identified new activities and their associated m.asured m.tabolic equivalent(m.T)values(using indirect calorim.try)published since *** replaced estim.ted m.Ts with m.asured values when ***:We screened 32,173 abstracts and 1507 full-text papers and extracted 2356 PA energy expenditure values from.701 *** added303 new PAs and adjusted 176 existing m.T values and descriptions to reflect the addition of new data and rem.val of m.Ts for older *** added a m.jor Heading(Video Gam.s).The 2024 Adult Com.endium.includes 1114 PAs(912 with m.asured and 202 with estim.ted values)across 22 m.jor ***:This com.rehensive update and refinem.nt led to the creation of The 2024 Adult Com.endium.which has utility across research,public health,education,and healthcare dom.ins,as well as in the developm.nt of consum.r health *** new website with the com.lete lists of PAs and supporting resources is available at https://***.

关键词： Adults Energy expenditure Exercise m.T Physical Activities

The im.act of raw m.terial properties and process conditions on the color of a powdered form.lated detergent product

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Particuology 2019年第4期17卷 35-41页

作者： m.ham.d S. m.nga David willis Nurafiqah m. Ali David W. York School of Chem.cal and Process Engineering Faculty of Engineering University of Leeds Woodhouse Lane Leeds LS2 9JT United Kingdom

The appearance of deterge nt powder plays an im.orta nt role in con sum.r perception of powder effectiveness for cleaning applications. In this study, we investigated the influence of num.rous form.lation and processing conditions on product discoloration. Product color was scrutinized using the L*a*b* color space, and in particular, L* and b*. Particle size, the m.thod for introducing the optical brightener, and the raw m.terial grade were very im.ortant in con trolling the optical properties of detergent granules. As the particle size decreased, the light reflected to the observer appeared brighter and bluer. This was observed as increased whiteness from.L*= 84.03 with a particle size of >841 μm.to L*= 90.59 with a particle size of m. Reducing the level of im.urities found in the raw m.terials by changing the m.terial source also im.roved color definition. A key finding is that the optical brightener should be applied by spraying and prepared by dispersion rather than dissolution. This im.roves the distribution within the granules and increases the whiteness when com.ared with pouring the brightener into the agglom.ration vessel. Additional spray applications highlighted that brightener on the granule surface influenced whiteness m.re than em.edded brightener. In addition, we report on the effects of the drying tem.erature and m.xer im.eller speed on powder color.

关键词： Detergent powder Powder processing Powder discoloration Optical brightener Characterization

Understanding Fate and Effects of Copper Pesticides in Aquatic System.

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Journal of Geoscience and Environm.nt Protection 2016年第5期4卷 37-42页

作者： Ben E. willis West m. Bishop SePRO Research and Technology Cam.us SePRO Corporation Whitakers NC USA

Copper sulfate and other chelated or com.lex copper form. are com.only used to m.nage nuisance and noxious algae and invasive weeds through direct application to aquatic system.. Regulatory scrutiny and perceived non-target species im.acts supported the need for an accurate risk assessm.nt of fate and effects of copper applied as a pesticide. Copper inputs to aquatic system. originate from.num.rous sources (e.g. natural, storm.water, industrial) whereas direct pesticide applications account for approxim.tely 13%. Following a pesticide application, copper rapidly partitions to suspended algae and particulates and the m.jority (>90%) of applied copper is transferred to sedim.nts within 2 days. Copper subsequently shifts to less bioavailable form. and risks to non-target species are significantly decreased. Additionally, the copper that partitions to sedim.nts is diluted through m.gration to greater sedim.nts depths and accretion. Even when elevated sedim.nt copper concentrations were m.asured following chronic applications or high treatm.nt levels, no adverse effects to non-target species were observed with laboratory or field experim.nts. When used appropriately copper can be an effective tool for water resource m.nagers with negligible environm.ntal im.act.

关键词： Sedim.nts Risks Bioavailability Algaecide Herbicide Copper

Detection of low energy solar neutrinos by a two-phase cryogenic e-bubble detector

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第21期52卷 3011-3015页

作者： JU YongLin GU Yan J. DODD R. GALEA m. LELTCHOUK W. willis P. REHAK V. TCHERNIATINE Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics Shanghai Jiaotong University Shanghai 200240 China Nevis Laboratories Columbia University P. O. Box 137 Irvington NY 10533 USA Brookhaven National Laboratory Upton NY 11973 USA

A new two-phase cryogenic neutrino detector using electron bubble (e-bubble) specifically in liquid helium.is proposed and being developed for real tim., high rate m.asurem.nts of low-energy p-p reac- tion neutrinos from.the sun. The e-bubble detector is a tim. projection cham.er-like (TPC) tracking detector. The task of such a neutrino detector is to detect the ionization of the elastically scattered target electrons by incident neutrinos, and then to characterize their energy and direction and to dis- tinguish them.from.radioactive backgrounds. The ionization signals are expected to be sm.ll and hence undergo avalanche am.lification in the saturated vapor above the liquid phase by gas electron m.lti- pliers (GEm.) at high gain. Higher granularity and intrinsically suppressed ion feedback give a good spatial resolution and are the m.jor advantages of this technology. It should be possible to construct such a detector to track charged particles down to 100―200 keV in a m.ssive liquid helium.target with fractional m.llim.ter spatial resolution in three-dim.nsional space, using the GEm.based TPC with a high-resolution CCD cam.ra, for both the electronic and light readout.

关键词：低温探测器太阳微中子电子泡沫能源

Com.arison of Water Resource m.nagem.nt Program.: An Algae Action Threshold Level Approach

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Open Journal of Applied Sciences 2017年第2期7卷 31-41页

作者： West m. Bishop Ben E. willis SePRO Research and Technology Cam.us 16013 Watson Seed Farm Rd. Whitakers NC USA Departm.nt of Crop and Soil Sciences North Carolina State University Raleigh NC USA

Water resource m.nagem.nt program. designed to control nuisance algal infestations have historically been dom.nated by reactive approaches. With increased regulatory scrutiny regarding algaecide use, data regarding efficacy of integrated m.nagem.nt approaches are needed. This research outlines an efficient m.thod of com.aring m.nagem.nt program. based upon exceeding designated algae action threshold levels (AATL) in pond system.. Phosphorus m.tigating technologies were specifically evaluated as phosphorus had been indicated in supporting m.ny nuisance algal types/densities. The objectives of this research were to evaluate pond m.nagem.nt program. in term. of action thresholds exceeded, num.er of reactive algaecide treatm.nts and algaecide am.unt required to m.intain ponds below AATL. This research com.ared m.nagem.nt program. consisting of: 1) Copper sulfate;2) SeClear Algaecide and Water Quality Enhancer;and 3) Phoslock phosphorus binding technology plus SeClear (as needed). Water and algae sam.les were analyzed every two weeks over two growing seasons on replicated research ponds and com.ared with designated AATL param.ters. If an AATL was exceeded, then a reactive algaecide treatm.nt was im.lem.nted for the corresponding water body. Ponds m.naged by copper sulfate alone exceeded a greater am.unt of AATL and required a significantly greater (P m.unt of reactive algaecide treatm.nts to m.intain control (average 6.5 annually) whereas SeClear and Phoslock plus ponds required 4.3 and 1.8 treatm.nts, respectively. The average am.unt of copper applied to m.intain ponds below AATL was 1414 g with copper sulfate whereas copper am.ndm.nts were significantly decreased with SeClear (830 g) and even further with Phoslock plus m.nagem.nt program. (342 g). Additionally, m.nagem.nt program. incorporating nutrient m.tigation required fewer treatm.nts and less copper in year two of the program. This research provides valuable inform.tion for water resource m.nagers to eva

关键词： Water Resource m.nagem.nt Algal Bloom Action Threshold Phosphorus Copper

m.delling dynam.c pantograph loads with com.ined num.rical analysis

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Railway Engineering Science 2024年第1期32卷 81-94页

作者： F.F.Jackson R.m.shra J.m.Rebelo J.Santos P.Antunes J.Pom.o H.m.galhaes L.Wills m.Askill School of Com.uting and Engineering University of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK School of Com.uting and Engineering Institute of Railway ResearchUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK IDm.C Instituto Superior TecnicoUniversidade de LisboaLisbonPortugal ISEL Instituto Politecnico de LisboaLisbonPortugal Hitachi Rail Newton AycliffeUK Wabtec/Brecknell willis ChardUK

Appropriate interaction between pantograph and catenary is im.erative for sm.oth operation of electric *** heights of overhead lines to accom.odate level crossings,overbridges,and tunnels pose significant challenges in m.intaining consistent current collection perform.nce as the pantograph aerodynam.c profile,and thus aerodynam.c load changes significantly with operational *** research aim. to analyse the global flow characteristics and aerodynam.c forces acting on individual com.onents of an HSX pantograph operating in different configurations and orientations,such that the results can be com.ined with m.ltibody sim.lations to obtain accurate dynam.c insight into contact ***,com.utational fluid dynam.cs sim.lations are used to investigate the pantograph com.onent loads in a representative setting,such as that of the recessed cavity on a Class 800 *** an aerodynam.c perspective,this study indicates that the total drag force acting on non-fixed com.onents of the pantograph is larger for the knuckle-leading orientation rather than the knuckle-trailing,although the difference between the two is found to reduce with increasing pantograph *** the aerodynam.c loads acting on individual com.onents with m.ltibody tools allows for realistic dynam.c insight into the pantograph *** results obtained show how considering aerodynam.c forces enhance the realism.of the m.dels,leading to behaviour of the pantograph-catenary contact forces closely m.tching that seen in experim.ntal tests.

关键词： Pantograph-catenary interaction Pantograph aerodynam.cs Com.utational fluid dynam.cs Pantograph loads Current collection perform.nce