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Inflammation and fibrosis in chronic liver diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatitis C

World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第2期26卷 109-133页

作者： Sudeep Tanwar Freya Rhodes Ankur Srivastava Paul m Trembling william m Rosenberg UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health Division of MedicineUniversity College LondonRoyal Free CampusHampsteadLondon NW32PF United Kingdom Department of Gastroenterology Whipps Cross University HospitalBarts Health NHS TrustLeytonstoneLondon E111NRUnited Kingdom

At present chronic liver disease(CLD),the third commonest cause of premature death in the United Kingdom is detected late,when interventions are ineffective,resulting in considerable morbidity and *** to the liver,the largest solid organ in the body,leads to a cascade of inflammatory *** inflammation leads to the activation of hepatic stellate cells that undergo transdifferentiation to become myofibroblasts,the main extra-cellular matrix producing cells in the liver;over time increased extra-cellular matrix production results in the formation of liver *** fibrogenesis may be viewed as having evolved as a“wound healing”process that preserves tissue integrity,sustained chronic fibrosis can become pathogenic culminating in CLD,cirrhosis and its associated *** the reference standard for detecting liver fibrosis,liver biopsy,is invasive and has an associated morbidity,the diagnostic assessment of CLD by non-invasive testing is ***,in this review the mechanisms by which liver inflammation and fibrosis develop in chronic liver diseases are explored to identify appropriate and meaningful diagnostic targets for clinical *** to differing disease prevalence and treatment efficacy,disease specific diagnostic targets are required to optimally manage individual CLDs such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic hepatitis C *** facilitate this,a review of the pathogenesis of both conditions is also ***,the evidence for hepatic fibrosis regression and the mechanisms by which this occurs are discussed,including the current use of antifibrotic therapy.

关键词： Liver inflammation Fibrosis Cirrhosis Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Chronic hepatitis C Chronic liver disease Anti-fibrotic Biomarker

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Assessment of widely used methods to derive depositional ages from detrital zircon populations

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第4期10卷 1421-1435页

作者： Daniel S.Coutts william A.matthews Stephen m.Hubbard Department of Geoscience University of Calgary

The calculation of a maximum depositional age(mDA)from a detrital zircon sample can provide insight into a variety of geological ***,the impact of sample size and calculation method on the accuracy of a resulting mDA has not been *** use large populations of synthetic zircon dates(N≈25,000)to analyze the impact of varying sample size(n),measurement uncertainty,and the abundance of neardepositional-age zircons on the accuracy and uncertainty of 9 commonly used mDA calculation ***,a new method,the youngest statistical population is *** each method,500 samples of n synthetic dates were drawn from the parent population and mDAs were *** mean and standard deviation of each method ove r the 500 trials at each n-value(50-1000,in increments of 50)were compa red to the known depositional age of the synthetic population and used to compare the methods quantitatively in two simulation *** first simulation scenario varied the proportion of near-depositional-age grains in the synthetic *** second scenario varied the uncertainty of the dates used to calculate the *** sample size initially decreased the mean residual error and standard deviation calculated by each *** higher n-values(>~300 grains),calculated mDAs changed more slowly and the mean resid ual error increased or decreased depending on the method *** the p roportion of near-depositional-age grains and lowering measurement uncertainty decreased the number of measurements required for the calculated mDAs to stabilize and decreased the standard deviation in calculated mDAs of the 500 *** of the two simulation scenarios show that the most successful way to increase the accuracy of a calculated m DA is by acquiring a large number of low-uncertainty measurements(300300)approach is used if the calculation of accurate mDAs are key to research *** acquisition method s,such as high-to moderate-precision m

关键词： Detrital zircon maximum depositional age Geochronology Basin chronology LA-ICP-mS

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Neuropathic pain-like symptoms and pre-surgery radiographic severity contribute to patient satisfaction 4.8 years post-total joint replacement

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2017年第10期8卷 761-769页

作者： Sophie C Warner Helen Richardson Wendy jenkins Thomas Kurien michael Doherty Ana m Valdes Academic Rheumatology University of NottinghamClinical Sciences BuildingNottingham City Hospital Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester and National Institute for Health Res-earchLeicester Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit Arthritis Research UK Pain Centre Academic Division of Trauma and Orthopaedics Queens Medical Centre

AIm To investigate a comprehensive range of factors that contribute to long-term patient satisfaction post-total joint replacement(TJR) in people who had undergone knee or hip replacement for *** Participants(n = 1151) were recruited from Nottinghamshire post-total hip or knee replacement. Questionnaire assessment included medication use, the pain-DETECT questionnaire(PDQ) to assess neuropathic pain-like symptoms(NP) and TJR satisfaction measured on average 4.8 years post-TJR. Individual factors were tested for an association with post-TJR satisfaction, before incorporating all factors into a full model. Data reduction was carried out using LASSO and receiveroperator characteristic(ROC) curve analysis was used to quantify the contribution of variables to post-TJR *** After data reduction, the best fitting model for post-TJR satisfaction included various measures of pain, history of revision surgery, smoking, pre-surgical X-ray severity, WOmAC function scores and various comorbidities. ROC analysis of this model gave AUC = 0.83(95%CI: 0.80-0.85). PDQ scores were found to capture much of the variation in post-TJR satisfaction outcomes: AUC = 0.79(0.75-0.82). Pre-surgical radiographic severity was associated with higher post-TJR satisfaction: OR_(satisfied) = 2.06(95%CI: 1.15-3.69), P = *** These results highlight the importance of pre-surgical radiographic severity, post-TJR function, analgesic medication use and NP in terms of post-TJR satisfaction. The PDQ appears to be a useful tool in capturing factors that contribute to post-TJR satisfaction.

关键词： Osteoarthritis Patient satisfaction Total joint arthroplasty Neuropathic pain Surgery outcomes

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Facebook posting activity and the selective amplification of earnings disclosures

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China Journal of Accounting Research 2019年第2期12卷 135-155页

作者： Rajib Hasan william m.Cready University of Houston United States The University of Texas at Dallas United States

This study examines the determinants of Facebook activity levels with a particular focus on Facebook activity around earnings announcements. Facebook activity is generally higher for firms with higher levels of analyst following,individual ownership, and trading volume, indicating that it is responsive to investor demand effects. Facebook activity also increases around earnings announcements, with the increase being largely attributable to posts containing earnings news. In general, therefore, firms use Facebook posts to amplify earnings news. Such activity is selective, however;it is lower for firms with high levels of information asymmetry, for firms reporting earnings that exactly meet the consensus analyst forecast amount, and when the earnings news is negative but the accompanying price movement is positive. Hence, firms appear to use Facebook to manage the level of attention paid to earnings news.

关键词： Social media Disclosures Earnings announcements

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Highly active and durable Pd-Cu catalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline exchange membrane fuel cells

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Frontiers in Energy 2017年第3期11卷 299-309页

作者： Xiong PENG Travis J. OmASTA Justin m. ROLLER william E. mUSTAIN Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Connecticut 191 Auditorium Drive Storrs CT 06269 USA

A Pd-Cu catalyst, with primary B2-type phase, supported by VulcanXC-7R carbon was synthesized via a solvothermal method. The catalysts were physically and electrochemically characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, trans- mission electron microscopy （TEm） and both cyclic and linear sweep voltammetry using a rotating disk electrode （RDE）. During the RDE testing, the half-wave potential of the Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst was 50 mV higher compared to that of commercial Pt/C catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction （ORR） in alkaline media. The Pd-Cu/Vulcan exhibited a specific activity of 1.27 mA/cm2 and a mass activity of 0.59 A/mgpd at 0.9 V, which were 4 and 3 times greater than that of the commercial Pt/C catalyst, respectively. The Pd-Cu/Vulcan catalyst also showed higher in-situ alkaline exchange membrane fuel cell （AEmFC） performance, with operating power densities of 1100 mW/cm2 operating on H2/O2 and 700 mW/cm2 operating on H2/Air （CO2-free）, which were markedly higher than those of the commercial Pt/C. The Pd-Cu/ Vulcan catalyst also exhibited high stability during a short-term, in-situ AEmFC durability test, with only around 11% performance loss after 30 hours of operation, an improve- ment over most AEmFCs reported in the literature to date.

关键词： alkaline exchange membrane (AEm) fuel cell Pd-Cu oxygen reduction high performance water

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Overgrowth of the indigenous gut microbiome and irritable bowel syndrome

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第10期20卷 2449-2455页

作者： william Bye Naveed Ishaq Terry D Bolin Vic m Duncombe Stephen m Riordan Gastrointestinal and Liver Unit Prince of Wales Hospital Randwick 2031 New South Wales Australia Prince of Wales Clinical School Randwick NSW 2031 Australia

Culture-independent molecular techniques have demonstrated that the majority of the gut microbiota is *** of these molecular techniques to more accurately identify the indigenous gut microbiome has moved with great pace over recent years,leading to a substantial increase in understanding of gut microbial communities in both health and a number of disorders,including irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).Use of culture-independent molecular techniques already employed to characterise faecal and,to a lesser extent,colonic mucosal microbial populations in IBS,without reliance on insensitive,traditional microbiological culture techniques,has the potential to more accurately determine microbial composition in the small intestine of patients with this disorder,at least that occurring proximally and within reach of *** data concerning culture-based and culture-independent analyses of the small intestinal microbiome in IBS are considered here.

关键词： Gut microbiome Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth Irritable bowel syndrome

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Leaf/shoot level ecophysiology in two broadleaf and two needle-leaf species under representative cloud regimes at alpine treeline

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Journal of Plant Ecology 2016年第6期9卷 762-772页

作者： Adriana Sanchez Nicole m.Hughes william K.Smith Programa de Biología Universidad del RosarioCarrera 24 No.63C-69BogotáDC 110011Colombia Department of Biology Wake Forest University136 Winston HallWinston-SalemNC 27106USA Department of Biology High Point UniversityUniversity Station 3591High PointNC 27262USA

Aims The effects of clouds are now recognized as critically important to the understanding of climate change impacts on ***,few studies have focused specifically on the ecophysiological responses of plants to *** continental mountain ranges are characterized by common convective cloud formation in the afternoons,yet little is known regarding this influence on plant water and carbon *** we compare the ecophysiology of two contrasting,yet ubiquitous growth forms,needle-leaf and broadleaf,under representative cloud regimes of the Snowy Range,medicine Bow mountains,southeastern Wyoming,*** Photosynthetic gas exchange,water use efficiency,xylem water potentials and micrometeorological data were measured on representative clear,overcast and partly cloudy days during the summers of 2012 and 2013 for two indigenous broadleaf(Caltha leptosepala and Arnica parryi)and two needle-leaf species(Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa)that co-occur *** Findings Reductions in sunlight with cloud cover resulted in more dramatic declines in photosynthesis for the two broadleaf species(ca.50-70%reduction)versus the two conifers(no significant difference).In addition,the presence of clouds corresponded with lower leaf conductance,transpiration and plant water status in all ***,the more constant photosynthesis in conifers under all cloud conditions,coupled with reduced transpiration,resulted in greater water use efficiency(ca.25%higher)than the broadleaf *** differences appear to implicate the potential importance of natural cloud patterns in the adaptive ecophysiology of these two contrasting,but common,plant growth forms.

关键词： gas exchange light response curves water use efficiency xylem water potential

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An efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst derived from layer-by-layer self-assembly of a three-dimensional porous Co-N-C@graphene

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Science Bulletin 2019年第14期64卷 968-975页

作者： Shichang Cai Rui Wang william m. Yourey Junsheng Li Haining Zhang Haolin Tang State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for materials Synthesis and Processing Wuhan University of Technology Wuhan 430070 China College of Engineering Penn State University Hazleton PA 18202 USA

Three-dimensional (3D) porous carbon-based materials with tunable composition and microstructure are of great interest for the development of oxygen involved electrocatalytic reactions. Here, we report the synthesis of 3D porous carbon-based electrocatalyst by self-assembling Co-metal organic frameworks (mOF) building blocks on graphene via a layer-by-layer technique. Precise control of the structure and morphology is achieved by varying the mOF layer to tune the electrocatalytic properties. The as-produced electrocatalyst exhibits an excellent catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction in 0.1molL^-1 KOH, showing a high onset potential of 0.963V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) and a low tafel slope of 54mVdec^-1, compared to Pt/C (0.934V and 52mVdec^-1, respectively). Additionally, it shows a slightly lower potential vs. RHE (1.72V) than RuO2 (1.75V) at 10mAcm^-2 in an alkaline electrolyte. A rechargeable Zn-air battery based on the as-produced 3D porous catalyst demonstrates a high peak power density of 119mWcm^-2 at a cell voltage of 0.578V while retaining an excellent stability over 250 charge-discharge cycles.

关键词： Oxygen reduction reaction Cobalt Three-dimensional Oxygen evolution reaction Graphene

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Expansion properties for finite subdivision rules I Dedicated to the memories of william P. Thurston and Lei Tan

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Science China mathematics 2018年第12期61卷 2237-2266页

作者： william J.Floyd Walter R.Parry Kevin m.Pilgrim Department of mathematics Virginia Tech Department of mathematics and Statistics Eastern Michigan University Department of mathematics Indiana University

Among Thurston maps (orientation-preserving, postcritically finite branched coverings of the 2-sphere to itself), those that arise as subdivision maps of a finite subdivision rule form a special family. For such maps, we investigate relationships between various notions of expansion—combinatorial, dynamical, algebraic,and coarse-geometric.

关键词： finite subdivision rule expanding map postcritically finite Thurston map

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Application of SWAN model for storm generated wave simulation in the Canadian Beaufort Sea

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Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science 2020年第1期5卷 19-34页

作者： md.Azharul Hoque william Perrie Steven m.Solomon Natural Resources Canada Bedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova Scotia B2Y 4A2Canada Fisheries and Ocean Canada Bedford Institute of OceanographyDartmouthNova Scotia B2Y 4A2Canada

The wave model SWAN(Simulating WAves Nearshore)is implemented for the Canadian Beaufort Sea and storm generated waves are investigated through comparisons between in situ buoy observations and numerical *** are performed for four storms using the SWAN wave *** specifically use SWAN’s non-stationary and two-dimensional modes in a fine resolution nested domain within a coarse resolution *** established whitecapping formulations in SWAN are examined;one is dependent on mean spectral wave steepness and the other is on local spectral *** simulations in the shallow fine resolution domain also consider the effects of bottom friction and nonlinear triad *** the Beaufort Sea study area,wave simulations in which the white capping formulation is dependent on local spectral steepness are better than those where the dependency is on mean spectral steepness;however implementation of bottom friction term and triad mechanisms in the present study does not lead to any notable enhancement in the simulations.

关键词： Arctic Ocean Beaufort Sea mackenzie delta Storm waves SWAN.

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