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The Process and Benefits of Developing Prototype Climate Services——Examples in China

Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第5期34卷 893-903页

作者： Chris D.HEWITT Nicola golding Peiqun ZHANG Tyrone DUNBAR Philip E.BETT Joanne CAMP Timothy D.MITCHELL Edward POPE Met Office Exeter EX 13PBUK University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba QLD 4350Australia Beijing Climate Center/National Climate Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China

Changes in climate pose major challenges to society, and so decision-makers need actionable climate information to inform their planning and policies to make society more resilient to climatic changes. Climate services are being developed to provide such actionable climate information. The successful development and use of climate services benefits greatly from close engagement between developers, providers, and users of the services. The Climate Science for Service Partnership China(CSSP China) is a China–UK collaboration fostering closer engagement between climate scientists, providers of climate services, and users of climate services. We describe the process within CSSP China of co-developing climate services through trials with users to revise and improve a prototype. Examples are provided covering various scientific capabilities, user needs, and parts of China. The development process is yielding many benefits, such as increasing the engagement between providers and users, making users more aware of how climate information can be of use in their decision-making, giving the climate service providers a better understanding of the users’ requirements for climate information, and shaping future scientific research and development. In addition to the benefits, we also document some challenges that have emerged, along with ways of alleviating them. We have two key recommendations from our experiences: make the time and space for effective engagement between the users and developers of any climate service;bring the needs of the users in to the design and delivery of the climate service as early as possible and throughout the development cycle.

关键词： climate services prototypes user engagement

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第21章 BMO模式:英国气象局的业务波浪模式

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海洋预报 1989年第S1期6卷 86-88页

作者： B.golding

英国气象局的业务波浪预报模式是在网格点上给出浪场。这个浪场通常定义在地球表面的极地侧射投影上。该模式可以把任意的网格长度、任意形状或尺寸的海洋区域初始化,但必须受到机器内存的限制。这一模式有总体的联结能力,即允许任何模... 详细信息

英国气象局的业务波浪预报模式是在网格点上给出浪场。这个浪场通常定义在地球表面的极地侧射投影上。该模式可以把任意的网格长度、任意形状或尺寸的海洋区域初始化,但必须受到机器内存的限制。这一模式有总体的联结能力,即允许任何模式从其它模式中获得流入边界条件。实际操作中分两个模式运行。一个覆盖了北半球大部分区域,在60°N处其网格长度为300公里。它为欧州西北大陆架53公里网格长度的模式提供了边界条件。该模式的详细描述由golding（1983）给出。此模式以离散谱给出每个网格点上的浪场,谱的分辨率是可变的,目前包括12个方位（以30°为间隔）和11个频率段（0.05、0.06、0.072、0.086、0.104、0.124、0.148,0.178、0.214、0.256、0.308Hz）所组成的波。另外,模式还包括了浅水效应,其计算水深间隔为2米,并包括可变群速、折射和底部摩擦影响。这些因素对北海和英吉利海峡的计算结果有显著的影响。

关键词： BMO 网格点浅水效应频率段流入边界条件欧州地球表面能量集中海洋区域离散谱

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（Ｓ）—（＋）—６，７—丙酮缩二醇—３—酮—庚酸乙酯的合成研究

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有机化学 2001年第1期21卷 71-74页

作者：刘俊义Ｇold.,BT 北京医科大学生物有机化学系，北京１０００８３

首次报道了利利丙二酸亚异丙酯钠盐与γ－丁内酯类化合物反应，制备β－酮酯类衍生物，以（S)-(+)-谷氨酸为起始物经重氮化，环合，加成开环及酯化等反应，成功地合成了（Ｓ）－（＋）－６，７－丙酮缩二醇－３－酮－庚酸乙酯，化合物... 详细信息

首次报道了利利丙二酸亚异丙酯钠盐与γ－丁内酯类化合物反应，制备β－酮酯类衍生物，以（S)-(+)-谷氨酸为起始物经重氮化，环合，加成开环及酯化等反应，成功地合成了（Ｓ）－（＋）－６，７－丙酮缩二醇－３－酮－庚酸乙酯，化合物（１）、（５）、（６）未见文献报道。

关键词： (S)-(+)-6,7-丙酮缩二醇-3-酮-庚酸乙酯 β-酮酯丙二酸亚异丙酯 γ-羟甲基丁内酯合成

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英国气象局15公里网格距的中尺度预报模式

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气象科技 1990年第6期18卷 1-11页

作者： B.W.golding 诚意

本文介绍英国气象局中尺度预报模式,并就某些气象要素给出模式客观预报与预报员(主观)预报的验证结果。

关键词：中尺度系统预报模式客观预报云顶温度粗糙度长度初值化区域模式位温模式输出对流不稳定性

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蛋氨酸合成酶催化反应研究Ⅳ.5-氨基-6-(3-丁烯基)尿嘧啶的合成研究

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化学通报 2000年第9期63卷 26-28页

作者：刘俊义马小艳王凤荣 B.T.golding 北京医科大学药学院生物有机化学系北京100083 唐山市药品检验所 Department of Chemsitry

在深入探索 5-氨基-6-(3-丁烯基)尿嘧啶(5)的合成方法时，作者发现以O-甲基异尿与β-酮酯在碱性条件下可顺利发生缩合反应产生化合物2-甲氧基-4-氧-6-(3-丁烯基)嘧啶(2)，在经过水解、重氮化和还原反应后，得到了目标化合物(5)，与其它... 详细信息

在深入探索 5-氨基-6-(3-丁烯基)尿嘧啶(5)的合成方法时，作者发现以O-甲基异尿与β-酮酯在碱性条件下可顺利发生缩合反应产生化合物2-甲氧基-4-氧-6-(3-丁烯基)嘧啶(2)，在经过水解、重氮化和还原反应后，得到了目标化合物(5)，与其它合成方法相比，这是一个操作方便，试剂便宜，收率高的较理想的方法。

关键词： 5-氨基-6-(3-丁烯基)尿嘧啶合成蛋氨酸合成酶

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Seasonal Forecasts of the Summer 2016 Yangtze River Basin Rainfall

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2018年第8期35卷 22-30页

作者： Philip E. BETT Adam A. SCAIFE Chaofan LI Chris HEWITT Nicola golding Peiqun ZHANG Nick DUNSTONE Doug M. SMITH Hazel E. THORNTON Riyu LU Hong-Li REN Met Office Hadley Centre FitzRoy Road Exeter EX1 3PB UK College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter Exeter Devon EX4 4QF UK Center for Monsoon System Research Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate Center China Meteorological Administration Beijing 100081 China State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100029 China

The Yangtze River has been subject to heavy flooding throughout history, and in recent times severe floods such as those in 1998 have resulted in heavy loss of life and livelihoods. Dams along the river help to manage flood waters, and are important sources of electricity for the region. Being able to forecast high-impact events at long lead times therefore has enormous potential benefit. Recent improvements in seasonal forecasting mean that dynamical climate models can start to be used directly for operational services. The teleconnection from E1 Nifio to Yangtze River basin rainfall meant that the strong E1 Nifio in winter 2015/16 provided a valuable opportunity to test the application of a dynamical forecast system. This paper therefore presents a case study of a real-time seasonal forecast for the Yangtze River basin, building on previous work demonstrating the retrospective skill of such a forecast. A simple forecasting methodology is presented, in which the forecast probabilities are derived from the historical relationship between hindcast and observations. Its performance for 2016 is discussed. The heavy rainfall in the May-June-July period was correctly forecast well in advance. August saw anomalously low rainfall, and the forecasts for the June-July-August period correctly showed closer to average levels. The forecasts contributed to the confidence of decision-makers across the Yangtze River basin. Trials of climate services such as this help to promote appropriate use of seasonal forecasts, and highlight areas for future improvements.

关键词： seasonal forecasting flood forecasting Yangtze basin rainfall ENSO hydroelectricity

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Increasing the value of weather-related warnings

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Science Bulletin 2019年第10期64卷 647-649页

作者： Qinghong Zhang Liye Li Beth Ebert Brian golding David Johnston Brian Mills Shannon Panchuk Sally Potter Michael Riemer Juanzhen Sun Andrea Taylor Sarah Jones Paolo Ruti Julia Keller HIWeather International Coordination Office Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Beijing 100081 China Deutscher Wetterdienst Research and Development Offenbach 6306乙 Germany World Weather Research Division World Meteorological Organization Geneva 1211 Switzerland Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences School of Physics Peking University Beijing 100871 China Bureau of Meteorology Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia Met Office Exeter Devon EXI 3PB UK GNS Science/Massey University Willington 6140 New Zealand University of Waterloo and Environment and Climate Change Canada Waterloo N2L 3G1 Canada Institute of Atmospheric Physics University of Mainz Mainz 55128 Germany National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder CO 80307-3000 USA University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK

Despite advances in forecasting and emergency preparedness, weather related disasters continue to cost many lives, to displace populations and to cause wide-spread damage. Therefore, High Impact Weather Project (HIWeather), a 10-year research project (https://***/en/resources/buHetin/hiweather-10-yearresearch- project), was established in 2016 by WM0 (World Meteorology Organization) WWRP (World Weather Research Program: https://***/pages/prog/arep/wwrp/new/wwrp_new_en. html). HIWeather aimed at achieving dramatic improvements in the effectiveness of weather-related hazard warnings, following recent advancement in numerical weather prediction at km-scale and in disaster risk reduction. The implementation plan was developed under the concept of warning chain, which comprises all components and the connections between to a successful weather-hazards warning: observations, weather forecast, hazard forecast, impact forecast, the generation of warnings and decision making (Fig. 1). A successful warning relies on information produced by the meteorological and related physical sciences, thus its effectiveness of delivery depends on applications of social, behavioral and economic sciences. The workshop of WM0 High Impact Weather Project was held in Beijing during 20-22 November of 2018, attracted a diverse and interdisciplinary group of over 70 scientists from 25 countries in the broad field of physical and social science, during which all elements of the warning chain were discussed critically.

关键词： Despite advances forecasting and emergency weather related disasters

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Plant growth promoting H<sub>2</sub>-oxidizing bacteria as seed inoculants for cereal crops

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Agricultural Sciences 2012年第4期3卷 510-516页

作者： Amber-Leigh golding Yinan Zou Xuan Yang Bryan Flynn Zhongmin Dong Department of Biology Saint Mary’s University Halifax NS Canada B3H 3C3

The long-term success of hydrogenase uptake negative legume-rhizobia associations, in spite of their apparent inefficiency, may be explained by the positive effects of H2 release to soil. A primary benefit of H2 release to soil is the stimulation of H2-oxidizing, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) [1]. Two such previously isolated strains were tested as seed inoculants for barley and spring wheat;there were significant differences between treatments and controls in tiller and grain head production, supported by data from greenhouse trials. T-RFLP analysis of barley soil samples, supported by DNA sequencing data, successfully distinguished both species inoculated. Successful re-isolation indicates that these isolates can reproduce themselves in soils and can be used as effective inoculants with peat as the standard carrier. This study showed that we are able to achieve some of the beneficial effects of crop rotation without the need to implement actual crop rotation.

关键词： Legumes Crop Rotation Uptake Hydrogenase ACC Deaminase PGPR Biofertilizer

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Seasonal Rainfall Forecasts for the Yangtze River Basin of China in Summer 2019 from an Improved Climate Service

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第5期34卷 904-916页

作者： Philip E.BETT Nicola MARTIN Adam A.SCAIFE Nick DUNSTONE Gill M.MARTIN Nicola golding Joanne CAMP Peiqun ZHANG Chris D.HEWITT Leon HERMANSON Chaofan LI Hong-Li REN Ying LIU Min LIU Met Office Hadley Centre Exeter EXI 3PBUK Plymouth Marine Laboratory Plymouth PL13DHUK College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterDevon EX44QFUK Laboratory for Climate Studies National Climate CenterChina Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba QLD 4350Australia Center for Monsoon System Research Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China Wuhan Regional Climate Center Wuhan 430074China

Rainfall forecasts for the summer monsoon season in the Yangtze River basin(YRB) allow decision-makers to plan for possible flooding, which can affect the lives and livelihoods of millions of people. A trial climate service was developed in 2016, producing a prototype seasonal forecast product for use by stakeholders in the region, based on rainfall forecasts directly from a dynamical model. Here, we describe an improved service based on a simple statistical downscaling approach. Through using dynamical forecast of an East Asian summer monsoon(EASM) index, seasonal mean rainfall for the upper and middle/lower reaches of YRB can be forecast separately by use of the statistical downscaling, with significant skills for lead times of up to at least three months. The skill in different sub-basin regions of YRB varies with the target season. The rainfall forecast skill in the middle/lower reaches of YRB is significant in May–June–July(MJJ), and the forecast skill for rainfall in the upper reaches of YRB is significant in June–July–August(JJA). The mean rainfall for the basin as a whole can be skillfully forecast in both MJJ and JJA. The forecasts issued in 2019 gave good guidance for the enhanced rainfall in the MJJ period and the near-average conditions in JJA. Initial feedback from users in the basin suggests that the improved forecasts better meet their needs and will enable more robust decision-making.

关键词： seasonal rainfall forecasts climate service Yangtze River basin(YRB) East Asian summer monsoon(EASM)

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Study on Inhibitors of Methionine Synthase Ⅷ:Synthesis of 2,5-Diamino-4-oxo-6- （3-butenyl） pyrimidine

Study on Inhibitors of Methionine Synthase Ⅷ:Synthesis of 2...

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第三届全国有机化学学术会议

作者： R.J.Griff B.T.golding Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne England Department of Chemistry University of Newcastle Newcastle upon Tyne England

＜正＞ Cobalamin-dependent methionine synthase plays a crucial role in folate metabolism and such would appear to be an excellent target for rational antifolate drug design. However, to date, no anticancer agents directed at this enzyme are available, but the enzyme is efficiently and specifically inhibited by N2O and this has proven invaluable for evaluating the biochemical consequence of enzyme inhibition and for mechanistic studies.2,5-Diamino-4-oxo-6-（3-butenyl）pyrimidine, a key intermediate in synthetic inhibitors of methionine synthase, was first synthesized using γ-butenyl-β-ketoester and guanidine carbonate （Scheme 1）.

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