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Comparison of a Spectral Bin and Two Multi-Moment Bulk Microphysics Schemes for Supercell Simulation:Investigation into Key Processes Responsible for Hydrometeor Distributions and Precipitation

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Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 2024年第5期41卷 784-800页

作者： Marcus johnson Ming XUE Youngsun JUNg Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms University of OklahomaNormanOK 73072USA School of Meteorology University of OklahomaNormanOK 73072USA Office of Science and Technology Integration National Weather ServiceSilver SpringMD 20910USA

There are more uncertainties with ice hydrometeor representations and related processes than liquid hydrometeors within microphysics parameterization(MP)schemes because of their complicated geometries and physical *** supercell simulations are produced using the WRF model coupled with“full”Hebrew University spectral bin MP(HU-SBM),and NSSL and Thompson bulk MP(BMP)***-SBM downdrafts are typically weaker than those of the NSSL and Thompson simulations,accompanied by less rain ***-SBM produces more cloud ice(plates),graupel,and hail than the BMPs,yet precipitates less at the *** limiting mass bins(and subsequently,particle size)of rimed ice in HU-SBM and slower rimed ice fall speeds lead to smaller melting-level net rimed ice fluxes than those of the *** from plates in HU-SBM,together with snow–graupel collisions,leads to a greater snow contribution to rain than those of the *** HU-SBM’s fall speeds using the formulations of the BMPs after aggregating the discrete bin values to mass mixing ratios and total number concentrations increases net rain and rimed ice ***,they are smaller in magnitude than bulk rain,NSSL hail,and Thompson graupel net fluxes near the ***,the melting-layer net rimed ice fluxes are reduced when the fall speeds for the NSSL and Thompson simulations are calculated using HU-SBM fall speed formulations after discretizing the bulk particle size distributions(PSDs)into spectral *** results highlight precipitation sensitivity to storm dynamics,fall speed,hydrometeor evolution governed by process rates,and MP PSD design.

关键词： precipitation spectral bin microphysics bulk microphysics parameterization microphysics processes WRF model supercell storm

Iso-propyl caprylate and iso-propyl linolenate synthetic fluids as novel alternatives in deep-water drilling operations:Critical fluid properties and aerobic biodegradability assessments

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Petroleum 2024年第2期10卷 254-264页

作者： Adewale johnson Folayan Adewale Dosunmu Aleruchi Boniface Oriji Department of Petroleum and gas Engineering University of Port HarcourtNigeria Professor of Petroleum and gas Engineering University of Port HarcourtNigeria

Present drilling fluids for deep water wells have severe degenerative effect on the environment with high operational and disposal ***,making them less desirable in recent *** synthetic drilling fluid provides a novel environmentally friendly alternative but conventional ester-based drilling fluids exhibit high viscosities in deep-water wells causing excessive equivalent circulating density(ECD)and increased risk of lost circulation owing to narrow mud density *** study experimentally investigates the critical fluid properties and aerobic biodegradability potentials of two newly developed deep-water synthetic ester drilling fluids namely:iso-propyl caprylate(COIPE)and iso-propyl linolenate(LOIPE)synthetic fluids and their comparison with synthetic-paraffin(SP-SBF)and isomerized-olefin(IOSBF)synthetic hydrocarbon *** esters of iso-propyl caprylate and iso-propyl linolenate were produced from the isolation of ester mixtures that were obtained from the homogeneous catalytic transesterification of coconut and linseed plant oil biomass *** COIPE was isolated from the coconut oil iso-propyl ester mixture by low-pressure fractional distillation *** fractional distillation and crystallization were used to isolate the LOIPE ester from the linseed oil iso-propyl ester ***,the aerobic biodegradation investigation was conducted by a modified oxygen consumption respirometry *** gC-MS analysis of the COIPE and LOIPE showed that the former contains essentially of lower saturated carbon compounds(C8).Whereas the latter contains higher molecular weight and unsaturated carbon compounds(C18+).The COIPE and LOIPE kinematic viscosity values are in good agreement with that of the reference synthetic hydrocarbon fluid samples(SP-SBF and IO-SBF).Although,the COIPE synthetic ester has lower viscosity value owing to the presence of shorter chain and saturated carbon atoms(C8 esters).Similarly,the linolenic oil iso

关键词： Aerobic biodegradation Critical fluid properties Deep-water wells Esters'isolation:isomerized-olefin(IO-SBF) Iso-propyl caprylate(COIPE) Iso-propyl linolenate(LOIPE) Respirometry technique Synthetic-paraffin(SP-SBF)

Increasing age and duration of sex work among female sex workers in South Africa and implications for HIV incidence estimation:Bayesian evidence synthesis and simulation exercise

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Infectious Disease Modelling 2024年第1期9卷 263-277页

作者： Nanina Anderegg Mariette Slabbert Kholi Buthelezi Leigh F.johnson Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research School of Public HealthUniversity of Cape TownSouth Africa Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine University of BernSwitzerland Independent Consultant PretoriaSouth Africa National Sex Workers Movement in South Africa

Introduction:In sub-Saharan Africa,accurate estimates of the HIV epidemic in female sex workers are crucial for effective prevention and care *** estimates are typically derived from mathematical models that assume certain demographic and behavioural characteristics like age and duration of sex work to remain constant over *** reviewed this assumption for female sex workers in South ***:We reviewed studies that reported estimates on either the age or the duration of sex work among female sex workers in South *** used Bayesian hierarchical models to synthesize reported estimates and to study time *** a simulation exercise,we also investigated the potential impact of the"constant age and sex work duration"-assumption on estimates of HIV ***:We included 24 different studies,conducted between 1996 and 2019,contributing 42 estimates on female sex worker age and 27 estimates on sex work *** was evidence suggesting an increase in both the duration of sex work and the age of female sex workers over *** to the fitted models,over each decade the expected duration of sex work increased by 55.6%(95%-credible interval[CrI]:23.5%–93.9%)and the expected age of female sex workers increased by 14.3%(95%-CrI:9.1%–19.1%).Over the 23-year period,the predicted mean duration of sex work increased from 2.7 years in 1996 to 7.4 years in 2019,while the predicted mean age increased from 26.4 years to 32.3 *** for these time trends in the simulation exercise resulted in a notable decline in estimated HIV incidence rate among sex workers over *** decline was significantly more pronounced than when assuming a constant age and duration of sex ***:In South Africa,age and duration of sex work in female sex workers increased over *** this trend might be influenced by factors like expanding community mobilization and improved rights advocacy,the ongoing criminalisation,stigmatisation of s

关键词： Female sex workers Mathematical modelling South Africa HIV

Increased Mortality Risk in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders: A Scoping Review

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Open Journal of Pediatrics 2024年第4期14卷 754-766页

作者： Devin Evavold Tyler Mueller Erika johnson Marilyn g. Klug Larry Burd School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of North Dakota Grand Forks USA

Objective: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs) are common, often undiagnosed, lifelong developmental disorders that result from prenatal alcohol exposure. FASD is present at birth and typically identified around seven years of age. The most severe outcome in cases of FASD is mortality. The purpose of this scoping review is to 1) use a systematic review to provide an estimated mortality proportion for children with FASD, and 2) update a study published in 2014 by reviewing published reports of mortality in individuals diagnosed with FASD. Method: A search of PubMed, CINAHL, and google Scholar for reports published between 2013 and 2023 on mortality in individuals with FASD. Results: Three population-based studies have reported on all-cause mortality rates, finding a combined mortality rate of 10.9%, a 2.63 fold (95% CI: 2.61 to 2.65) increase in mortality risk over the general population. Since 2016, this review identified only eight new cases meeting the study inclusion criteria. The reported causes of death were five cases of pneumonia, and one case each of failure to thrive and dehydration, intestinal dilatation and asphyxiation caused by overeating due to pica, and acute gastric volvulus. Discussion: While current research suggests a diagnosis of FASD is associated with a 2.6-fold increase in mortality risk, this is likely an underestimation, as most cases of FASD-related mortality go unreported. globally, about 1 new case is reported every 15 months. However, in the United States alone, between 1752 to 4400 FASD related deaths occur annually. Our review suggests that FASD is rarely identified as a causal or contributing factor in deaths of children and adolescents, resulting in a substantial undercount of FASD-related deaths. Increased attention to the role of FASD in infant and child mortality case reviews, child death review committee reports, and mortality reviews is needed.

关键词： Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Mortality Birth Defects Death Exposure Pneumonia

Photoionisation detection of a single Er3+ ion with sub-100-ns time resolution

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National Science Review 2024年第4期11卷 38-45页

作者： Yangbo Zhang Wenda Fan Jiliang Yang Hao guan Qi Zhang Xi Qin Changkui Duan gabriele g.de Boo Brett C.johnson Jeffrey C.Mc Callum Matthew J.Sellars Sven Rogge Chunming Yin Jiangfeng Du CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences University of Science and Technology of China CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics University of Science and Technology of China Hefei National Laboratory University of Science and Technology of China Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Physics University of New South Wales Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Engineering RMIT University Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology School of Physics University of Melbourne Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology Research School of Physics and Engineering Australian National University

Efficient detection of single optical centres in solids is essential for quantum information processing, sensing and single-photon generation *** this work,we use radio-frequency（RF） reflectometry to electrically detect the photoionisation induced by a single Er3+ion in *** high bandwidth and sensitivity of the RF reflectometry provide sub-100-ns time resolution for the photoionisation *** this technique,the optically excited state lifetime of a single Er3+ion in a Si nano-transistor is measured for the first time to be 0.49±0.04μ*** results demonstrate an efficient approach for detecting a charge state change induced by Er excitation and *** approach could be used for fast readout of other single optical centres in solids and is attractive for large-scale integrated optical quantum systems thanks to the multi-channel RF reflectometry demonstrated with frequency multiplexing techniques.

关键词： single optical centres erbium ions RF reflectometry photoionisation detection

Spatial distribution and potential ecological and health risks associated with heavy metals in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,Nigeria

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Regional Sustainability 2024年第1期5卷 26-41页

作者： johnson Adedeji OLUSOLA Adeyinka Oluyemi ATURAMU Olufunke ASAOLU Olusesan Sola OgUNLEYE Department of geography and Planning Science Ekiti State UniversityAdo Ekiti360211Nigeria Institute of Ecology and Environmental Studies Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle IfeOsun State220101Nigeria Department of geology(Climate Change and Paleobiology group) Ekiti State UniversityAdo Ekiti360211Nigeria Environmental Natural Resources and Blue EconomyEurope and Central AsiaWorld Bank GroupWashington D.C.20433the USA

Artisanal gold mining,a labor-intensive and antiquated technique,is a growing industry and the source of income for rural communities all over the ***,artisanal gold mining has potential negative and long-term effects on economy,environment,and *** study collected soil samples from 16 sample points including a control point to examine the pollution degrees and spatial distribution of heavy metals,as well as ecological and health risks associated with heavy metal pollution in the Ijero-Ekiti mining site,*** Information System(gIS)and remote sensing technologies were used to identify regions with high concentrations of heavy metals and assess the environmental impact of gold mining *** results show that the mean heavy metal concentrations of 16 soil pointa are 8.94(±5.97)mg/kg for As,0.18(±0.54)mg/kg for Cd,0.11(±1.06)mg/kg for Co,14.32(±3.43)mg/kg for Cr,6.89(±0.64)mg/kg for Cu,48.92(±11.77)mg/kg for Fe,135.81(±30.75)mg/kg for Mn,5.92(±0.96)mg/kg for Ni,5.72(±1.66)mg/kg for Pb,and 13.94(±1.38)mg/kg for *** study reveals that heavy metal concentration in soils follows the order of Mn>Fe>Cr>Zn>As>Cu>Ni>Pb>Co>*** analysis of soil samples indicates that 3 principal components(PCs)account for 70.008%of the total variance and there are strong positive correlations between various pairs of heavy *** total potential ecological risk index(309.599)in the study area is ***-carcinogenic risk suggests that there may be long-term health impacts on people who work in the mining areas due to chronic exposure to the *** on the study,the hazard index of carcinogenic health risks associated with heavy metals through ingestion is 520.00×10^(–4).Dermal contact from As and Cr also increases the risk of cancer,with the highest hazard index value of 18.40×10^(–4).The lowest exposure pathway,with the hazard index value of 0.68×10^(–4),indicates that the inhalation of heavy metals has a comparatively low risk of can

关键词： Artisanal gold mining Heavy metals Exposure pathway Potential ecological risk geo-accumulation index Ijero-Ekiti mining site

Use of ketamine for severe asthma exacerbation in a pregnant patient with persistent bronchospasm:a case report

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Emergency and Critical Care Medicine 2024年第3期4卷 130-133页

作者： Melanie johnson Malak Abbas Jaber Abdo Mansour Mansour Jessica Jones Pharmacy Department Beaumont HealthDearbornMIUSA Emergency Center Beaumont HealthDearbornMIUSA

Background:Estimated 4%-8%of pregnancies are complicated by *** management in this population is critical to minimize *** presenting with asthma exacerbation are typically managed with standard bronchodilators and systemic ***,additional agents may be used in patients with refractory asthma *** has been used in refractory bronchospasm,although its efficacy in published literature is *** Presentation:We present a case of a pregnant patient with severe asthma exacerbation refractory to standard and salvage treatment who achieved termination of bronchospasm with ketamine ***:After receiving ketamine infusion for several days,the patient had improved air flow and achieved successful extubation,without experiencing rebound *** this individual clinical case alone cannot change guidelines or directives to use in refractory asthma exacerbations,it offers a possible treatment option to patients and providers in unusually severe cases with extenuating risk factors.

关键词： Asthma Bronchospasms Case Report Ketamine Pregnancy

One-pot and One-step Cu(0)-mediated Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerization of N-Isopropylacrylamide(NIPAM) in Water

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Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 2024年第1期42卷 1-6,I0004页

作者： Zi-Shan Li Jing Lyu Bei Qiu Ying-Hao Li Ruth Foley Ri-Jian Song Melissa johnson Qiang geng Wen-Xin Wang Institute of Precision Medicine(AUST-IPM) Anhui University of Science and TechnologyHuainan 232001China Charles Institute of Dermatology School of MedicineUniversity College DublinDublin D04 V1W8Ireland

Copper(0)-mediated reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(Cu(0)-mediated RDRP) of the water-soluble monomer Nisopropylacrylamide(NIPAM) has been challenging with the problems of high dispersity, poor control over the molecular weights(MWs) or complex or multi reaction steps, etc. In this work, we report the well-controlled polymerization of NIPAM in water via a facile one-pot and one-step Cu(0)-mediated RDRP. The results of this approach show that the key for kicking off the Cu(0)-mediated NIPAM RDRPs is to ensure sufficient Cu~I at the very beginning, and the key to achieve a well-controlled chain growth is to provide adequate deactivation strength during the polymerization process. For NIPAM, which has a high propagation rate constant, the deactivation control can be effectively enhanced by extra adding deactivator(i.e., Cu~II) to the system. Moreover, a low reaction temperature(4 ℃) is necessary in the controlled synthesis of higher MW poly(Nisopropylacrylamide)(PNIPAM) to avoid the compromise in control caused by the phase transition from its lower critical solution temperature(LCST). Through this new kinetically controlled strategy, PNIPAMs with well-defined structure, narrow molecular weight distributions(MWDs) and varied MWs were successfully achieved.

关键词： Cu(0)-mediated RDRP N-isopropylacrylamide Propagation Deactivation Reaction parameters

Telomeric DNA breaks in human induced pluripotent stem cells trigger ATR-mediated arrest and telomerase-independent telomere damage repair

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Journal of Molecular Cell Biology 2024年第3期16卷 46-60页

作者： Katrina N.Estep John W.Tobias Rafael J.Fernandez Brinley M.Beveridge F.Brad johnson Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA Quantiative Biosciences Merck&Co.Inc.West PointPA 19486USA Penn genomic Analysis Core University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPA 19104USA

Although mechanisms of telomere protection are well-defined in differentiated cells,how stem cells sense and respond to telomere dysfunction,in particular telomeric double-strand breaks(DSBs),is poorly ***,we report the DNA damage signaling,cell cycle,and transcriptome changes in human induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)in response to telomere-internal *** engineer human iPSCs with an inducible TRF1-FokI fusion protein to acutely induce DSBs at *** this model,we demonstrate that TRF1-FokI DSBs activate an ATR-dependent DNA damage response,which leads to p53-independent cell cycle arrest in *** CRISPR–Cas9 to cripple the catalytic domain of telomerase reverse transcriptase,we show that telomerase is largely dispensable for survival and lengthening of TRF1-FokI-cleaved telomeres,which instead are effectively repaired by robust homologous recombination(HR).In contrast to HR-based telomere maintenance in mouse embryonic stem cells,where HR causes ZSCAN4-dependent extension of telomeres beyond their initial lengths,HR-based repair of telomeric breaks is sufficient to maintain iPSC telomeres at a normal length,which is compatible with sustained survival of the cells over several days of TRF1-FokI *** findings suggest a previously unappreciated role for HR in telomere maintenance in telomerase-positive iPSCs and reveal distinct iPSC-specific responses to targeted telomeric DNA damage.

关键词： telomeres telomerase alternative lengthening of telomeres pluripotent stem cells DNA damage double-strand breaks