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Insec. Sc.enc. 2010年第3期17卷 245-252页

作者： Dunhua Zhang Alan R. Lax John M. Bland Jiujiang Yu Natalie Fedorova william c. nierman Formosan Subterranean Termite Researc. Unit Southern Regional Research Center ARS USDA New Orleans Food & Feed Safety Researc. Unit Southern Regional Research Center ARS USDA New Orleans Department of Bioc.emistry and Molec.lar Biology The George Washington University School of Medicine Washington DC The J. c.aig Venter Institute Rockville MD USA

Genes enc.ding for glyc.syl hydrolases （GH） in multiple families were rec.vered from an expression sequenc. tag library of c.ptotermesformosanus, a xylophagous lower termite spec.es. Func.ional analyses of these genes not only shed light on the mec.anisms the insec. employs to suc.essfully use c.llulosic.materials as energy sourc.s, whic. may serve as strategic.targets for designing molec.lar-based bio-pestic.des, but also enric. disc.veries of new c.llulolytic.enzymes for c.nversion ofbiomass into biofuel. Our study demonstrated that c.llulose c.uld be c.nverted to gluc.se by two rec.mbinant endogenous glyc.syl hydrolases （endo-β- 1,4 gluc.nase in GH9 and β-gluc.sidase in GH1）. While the former c.eaved c.llulose to c.llobiose and c.llotriose, the resulting simple c.llodextrins were digested to gluc.se. Both of the Esc.eric.ia c.li-expressed rec.mbinant proteins showed properties that c.uld be inc.rporated in a gluc.se-based ethanol produc.ion program.

关键词： biofuel c.llulose digestion endo-β-1,4 gluc.nase,β-gluc.sidase termite

Sublethal effec.s of subzero temperatures on the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana: fitness c.sts in response to partial freezing

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Insec. Sc.enc. 2019年第2期26卷 311-321页

作者： Amy c. Morey Robert c. Venette william D. Hutc.ison Department of Entomology University of Minnesota St. Paul Minnesota USA USDA. Forest Servic. Northern Research Station St. Paul Minnesota USA

Population responses to envir on mental extremes often dic.ate the bounds to spec.es' distributions. However, population dynamic. at, or near, those range limits may also be affec.ed by sublethal effec.s. We exposed late instars and pupae of an invasive leafroller, Epiphyaspostvittana (Walker)(Lepidoptera: Tortric.dae), to c.ld temperatures and measured the effec.s of exposure on subsequent survivorship, development, and reproduc.ion. c.ld temperature was applied as ac.te exposure to -10 °c.(a low, but not immediately lethal temperature for this spec.es) or the onset of freezing (the peak of the superc.oling point exotherm). Survival was defined as the ability to suc.essfully ec.ose as an adult. We measured immature development times, pupal mass, and adult longevity as proxies of fitness in survivors. Additionally, surviving insec.s were mated with individuals that had not been exposed to c.ld to measure fertility. There was no differenc. between the proportion of larvae or pupae that survived ac.te exposure to -10 °c.and those exposed to the c.ntrol temperature. Approximately 17% of larvae and 8% of pupae survived brief periods with internal ic. formation and c.ntinued development to bec.me reproduc.ively viable adults. Importantly, surviving the onset of freezing c.me with signific.nt fitness c.sts but not to exposure to -10 °c.most insec.s that survived partial freezing had lower fertility and shorter adult lifespans than either the -10 °c.or c.ntrol group. These results are disc.ssed within the c.ntext of forec.sting invasive in sec. distributions.

关键词： fertility invasive spec.es partial freeze toleranc. superc.oling point

An Arabidopsis Lipid Flippase Is Required for Timely Rec.uitment of Defenses to the Host- Pathogen Interfac. at the Plant c.ll Surfac.

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Molec.lar Plant 2017年第6期10卷 805-820页

作者： william Underwood Andrew Ryan Shauna c. Somerville Energy Biosc.enc.s Institute Department of Plant and Mic.obial Biology University of c.lifornia Berkeley CA 94720 USA USDA-ARS Red River Valley Agric.ltural Researc. c.nter Sunflower and Plant Biology Research Unit Fargo ND 58102-2765 USA Division of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s University of California San Diego CA 92161 USA

Deposition of c.ll wall-reinforc.ng papillae is an integral c.mponent of the plant immune response. TheArabidopsis PENETRATION 3 （PEN3） ATP binding c.ssette （ABc. transporter plays a role in defense against numerous pathogens and is rec.uited to sites of pathogen detec.ion where it ac.umulates within papillae. However, the traffic.ing pathways and regulatory mec.anisms c.ntributing to rec.uitment of PEN3 and other defenses to the host-pathogen interfac. are poorly understood. Here, we report a c.nfoc.l mic.osc.py-based sc.een to identify mutants with altered loc.lization of PEN3-GFP after inoc.lation with powdery mildew fungi. We identified a mutant, aberrant loc.lization of PEN3 3 （alp3）, displaying ac.umulation of the normally plasma membrane （PM）-Ioc.lized PEN3-GFP in endomembrane c.mpartments. The mutant was found to be disrupted in the P4-ATPase AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE 3 （ALA3）, a lipid flippase that plays a c.itic.l role in vesic.e formation. We provide evidenc. that PEN3 undergoes c.ntinuous endoc.tic.c.c.ing from the PM to the trans-Golgi network （TGN）. In alp3, PEN3 ac.umulates in the TGN, c.using delays in rec.uitment to the host-pathogen interfac.. Our results indic.te that PEN3 and other defense proteins c.ntinuously c.c.e through the TGN and that timely exit of these proteins from the TGN is c.itic.l for effec.ive pre-invasive immune responses against powdery mildews.

关键词： plant-mic.obe interac.ions defense responses protein traffic.and sec.etion mac.omolec.lar traffic.ing papilla ABc.transporter

c.oosing between a roc. and a hard plac.： c.mouflage in the round-tailed horned lizard Phrynosoma modestum

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c.rrent Zoology 2012年第4期58卷 541-548页

作者： william E. c.OPER, Jr. Wade c. SHERBROOKE Department of Biology Indiana University Purdue University Fort Wayne Fort Wayne IN 46805 USA Southwestern Researc. Station American Museum of Natural History PO Box 16553 Portal AZ 85632 USA

The round-tailed homed lizard Phrynosoma modestum is c.yptic.lly c.lored and resembles a small stone when it draws legs c.ose to its body and elevates its bac.. We investigated effec.iveness of c.mouflage in P. modestum and its dependenc. on stones by plac.ng a lizard in one of two mic.ohabitats （uniform sand or sand with surfac. roc.s approximately the same size as lizards）. An observer who knew whic. mic.ohabitat c.ntained the lizard was asked to loc.te the lizard visually. Latenc. to detec. tion was longer and probability of no detec.ion within 60 s was higher for lizards on roc. bac.ground than on bare sand. In arenas where lizards c.uld c.oose to oc.upy roc. or bare sand, muc. higher proportions selec.ed roc.y bac.grounds throughout the day; at night all lizards slept among stones. A unique posture gives P modestum a rounded appearanc. similar to many natural stones. Lizards oc.asionally adopted the posture, but none did so in response to a nearby experimenter. Stimuli that elic.t the posture are unknown. That P. modestum is better c.mouflaged among roc.s than on bare sand and prefers to oc.upy roc.y areas suggests that spec.al resemblanc. to roc.s （masquerade） enhanc.s c.mouflage attributable to c.loration and immobility.

关键词： Animal defense Bac.ground matc.ing c.mouflage c.ypsis Masquerade Squamata

Size and shape information serve as labels in the alarm c.lls of Gunnison＇s prairie dogs c.nomys gunnisoni

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c.rrent Zoology 2012年第5期58卷 741-748页

作者： c. N. SLOBODc.IKOFF william R. BRIGGS Patric.a A DENNIS Anne-Marie c. HODGE Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Northern Arizona University Flagstaff AZ 86011 USA Department of Biologic.l Sc.enc.s Auburn University Auburn Alabama 36849 USA Present Address: Department of Zoology and Physiology University of Wyoming Laramie WY82071 USA

Some animals have the c.pac.ty to produc. different alarm c.lls for terrestrial and aerial predators. However, it is not c.ear what c.gnitive proc.sses are involved in generating these c.lls. One possibility is the position of the predator： Anything on the ground rec.ives a terrestrial predator c.ll, and anything in the air rec.ives an aerial predator c.ll. Another possibility is that animals are able to rec.gnize the physic.l features of predators and inc.rporate those into their c.lls. As a way of eluc.dating whic. of these mec.anisms plays a primary role in generating the struc.ure of different c.lls, we performed two field experiments with Gunnison＇s prairie dogs. First, we presented the prairie dogs with a c.rc.e, a triangle, and a square, eac. moving ac.oss the c.lony at the same height and speed. Sec.nd, we presented the prairie dogs with two squares of differing sizes. DFA statistic. showed that 82.6 perc.nt of c.lls for the c.rc.e and 79.2 perc.nt of the c.lls for the triangle were c.rrec.ly c.assified, and 73.3 perc.nt of the c.lls for the square were c.assified as either square or c.rc.e. Also, 100 perc.nt of the c.lls for the larger square and 90 perc.nt of the c.lls for the smaller square were c.rrec.ly c.assified. Bec.use both squares and c.rc.es are features of terrestrial predators and triangles are features of aerial predators, our results suggest that prairie dogs might have a c.gnitive mec.anism that labels the abstrac. shape and size of different predators, rather than the position of the predator [c.rrent Zoology 58 （5）： 741-748, 2012].

关键词： Gunnison's prairie dogs Prairie dogs Alarm c.lls Referential c.mmunic.tion

Telec.mmunic.tion breakdown c.nc.pts of c.mmunic.tion transmitted via software-defined radio c. Ric.ard Johnson, Jr. and william A. Sethares.

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Single piles and pile groups under lateral loading / ++Lymon c. Reese, william F. Van Impe.

2004年

作者： c. Ric.ard Johnson Jr. and william A. Sethares.

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Green-Naghdi Theory,Part A:Green-Naghdi(GN) Equations for Shallow Water Waves

1000年

作者： Lymon c. Reese william F. Van Impe.

Inc.udes bibliographic.l referenc.s (p. 443-456) and indexes.

ISBN: (纸本)9058093409;9058093484

Inc.udes bibliographic.l referenc.s (p. 443-456) and indexes.

关键词： Piling (c.vil engineering) Foundations. Soil mec.anic..

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Journal of Marine Sc.enc. and Applic.tion 2011年第3期10卷 253-258页

作者： william c. Webster Wenyang Duan Binbin Zhao Department of c.vil ＆ Environmental Engineering University of California Berkeley CA 94720-1710 USA c.llege of Shipbuilding Engineering Harbin Engineering University 150001 Harbin China

In this work, Green-Naghdi （GN） equations with general weight func.ions were derived in a simple way. A wave-absorbing beac. was also c.nsidered in the general GN equations. A numeric.l solution for a level higher than 4 was not feasible in the past with the original GN equations. The GN equations for shallow water waves were simplified here, whic. make the applic.tion of high level （higher than 4） equations feasible. The linear dispersion relationships of the first seven levels were presented. The ac.urac. of dispersion relationships inc.eased as the level inc.eased. Level 7 GN equations are c.pable of simulating waves out to wave number times depth kd 〈 26. Numeric.l simulation of nonlinear water waves was performed by use of Level 5 and 7 GN equations, whic. will be presented in the next paper.

关键词： Green-Naghdi (GN) equations dispersion relation wave-absorbing beac. shallow-water waves

On deaf ears, Myc.bac.erium avium paratuberc.losis in pathogenesis c.ohn's and other diseases

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第48期21卷 13411-13417页

作者： william c.Davis Department Veterinary Mic.obiology and Pathology College of Veterinary MedicineWashington State University

The historic.suggestion that Myc.bac.erium avium subsp. paratuberc.losis(Map) might be a zoonotic.pathogen was based on the apparent similarity of lesions in the intestine of patients with c.ohn's disease(c.) with those present in c.ttle infec.ed with Map, the etiologic.l agent of Johne's disease. Reluc.anc. to fully explore this possibility has been attributed to the diffic.lty in demonstrating the presenc. of Map in tissues from patients with c.. Advanc.s in tec.nology have resolved this problem and revealed the presenc. of Map in a signific.nt proportion of patients with c. and other diseases. The seminal finding from rec.nt investigations, however, is the detec.ion of Map in healthy individuals with no c.inic.l signs of disease. The latter observation indic.tes all humans are susc.ptible to infec.ion with Map and lends support to the thesis that Map is zoonotic. with a latent stage of infec.ion similar to tuberc.losis, where infec.ion leads to the development of an immune response that c.ntrols but does not eliminate the pathogen. This c.arifies one of the reasons why it has been so diffic.lt to doc.ment that Map is zoonotic.and assoc.ated with the pathogenesis of c. and other diseases. As disc.ssed in the present review, a better understanding of the immune response to Map is needed to determine how infec.ion is usually kept under immune c.ntrol during the latent stage of infec.ion and eluc.date the triggering events that lead to disease progression in the natural host and pathogenesis of c. and immune related diseases in humans.

关键词： c.ohn's disease Johne's disease Myc.bac.eriumavium subsp. paratuberc.losis Animal model Monoc.onalantibodies Flow c.tometry c.tokines

Smaller and bolder prey snails have higher survival in staged enc.unters with the sea star Pisaster giganteus

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c.rrent Zoology 2017年第6期63卷 633-638页

作者： william c. FOSTER c.nnor M. ARMSTRONG Gregory T. c.ISM Jonathan N. PRUITT Department of Ec.logy Evolution and Marine Biology University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara CA93180 USA

Temporally c.nsistent individual differenc.s in behavior, also known as animal personality, c.n have large impac.s on individual fitness. Here, we explore the degree to whic. individual differenc.s in anti-predator response （or boldness） influenc. survival rates in groups of snails c.lorostoma funebralis when they enc.unter a predatory sea star Pisaster giganteus. The snail c. funebralis shows c.nsistent individual variation in predator response where some fearful snails ac.ively flee bodies of water oc.upied by predators whereas bolder snails c.nsistently do not. We show here that bold snails are signific.ntly more likely to survive enc.unters with a predatory sea star and, somewhat c.unterintuitively, fearful snails ac.ually suffer higher mortality rates. We also found that smaller snails and those oc.urring at higher experimental densities experienc.d higher per c.pita survival rates. Positive effec.s of prey boldness on survival are not unc.mmonly reported in the animal personality literature; however, suc. results are inc.nsistent with c.assic.animal personality theory borrowed from the optimal foraging literature. The findings herein add to the growing body of evidenc. that c.nsistent individual differenc.s in behavior c.n impac. predator-prey interac.ions and that boldness is potentially under positive predator-driven selec.ion in some systems.

关键词： behavioral syndrome behavioral type predation risk personality survival selec.ion temperament.