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A two-Parameter Description for the Injury Risk of Flash Bangs with Uncertainty

American Journal of Operations Research 2019年第3期9卷 79-108页

作者： Hongyun Wang Matthew Simms George Labaria wesley A. Burgei Hong Zhou Department of Applied Mathematics University of California Santa Cruz USA U.S. Department of Defense Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate Quantico USA Department of Applied Mathematics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey USA

We study the random injury outcome caused by multiple flash bang submunitions on a crowd. We are particularly interested in the fluctuations in injury outcome among individual realizations. Previously, to simulate the distribution of the actual number of injured, we developed a comprehensive Monte Carlo model. While the full computational model is important for thorough theoretical investigations, in practical operations, it is desirable to characterize the phenomenological behavior of injury outcome using a concise model with only one or two parameters. Conventionally, the injury outcome is indicated by the average fraction of injured, which is called the risk of significant injury (RSI). the single metric RSI description fails to capture fluctuations in the injury outcome. the number of injured in the crowd is influenced by many random factors: the aiming error of flash bang mortar, the dispersion of submunitions after mortar burst, the amount of acoustic dose reaching individual subjects, and the biovariability of individual subjects’ reactions to a given acoustic dose. We aim to include these random factors properly and concisely. In this study, we represent the random injury outcome as a compound binomial model, in which the hidden injury probability is drawn from a two-parameter model distribution. We formulate and examine six model distributions for the injury probability. the best performer is a mixture of uniform and triangle distributions, parameterized by (RSI, dp) where dp is the standard deviation of the hidden injury probability. this mixture model predicts the behavior of injury outcome with uncertainty, based solely on the two parameters (RSI, dp) in the flash bang description. For example, we can predict the probability of the injury outcome not exceeding a prescribed tolerance. We advocate the adoption of this two-parameter characterization for flash bangs to replace the single-parameter RSI description. Whenever we need to give a high level coarse

关键词： Flash Bangs Actual Number of Injured in a Crowd Fluctuations in the Hidden Injury Probability Simplified Phenomenological Models

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Estimation of successful capping with complete aspiration of bladder via nephroureterostomy tube

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World Journal of Clinical Urology 2020年第1期9卷 1-8页

作者： Majid Maybody wesley K Shay Deborah A Fleischer Meier Hsu Chaya Moskowitz Department of Radiology Interventional Radiology ServiceMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNY 10065United States Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkNY 10065United States

BACKGROUND Ureteral stent and nephroureterostomy tube(NUt)are treatments of ureteral *** stent provides better quality of *** of NUt is desired whenever *** to assess outcomes of capping trial among cancer patients with complete aspiration of retained contrast from bladder via *** Our Institutional Review Board approved retrospective review of all NUt placement,NUt exchange and conversion of nephrostomy catheter into NUt performed during June 2013 to June 2015(n=578).Cases were excluded due to lack of imaging of bladder(n=37),incomplete aspiration of bladder(n=324),no attempt at capping NUt(n=166),and patients with confounding factors interfering with results of capping trial including non-compliant bladder,bladder outlet obstruction and catheter malposition(n=14).Study group consisted of 37 procedures in 34 patients(male 19,female 15,age 2-83 years,average 58,median 61)most with cancer(prostate 8,endometrial 5,bladder 4,colorectal 4,breast 2,gastric 2,neuroblastoma 2,cervical 1,ovarian 1,renal 1,sarcoma 1,urothelial 1 and testicular 1)and one with Crohn’s *** records were reviewed to assess outcomes of capping *** 95%confidence intervals(95%CI)were *** Among patients with complete aspiration of retained contrast,30(81%,95%CI:0.65-0.92)catheters were successfully capped(range 12-94 d,average 40,median 24.5)until planned conversion to internal stent(23),routine exchange(5),removal(1)or death unrelated to catheter(1).Seven capping trials(19%,95%CI:0.08-0.35)were unsuccessful(range 2-22 d,average 12,median 10)due to leakage(3),elevated creatinine(2),fever/hematuria(1)and nausea/vomiting(1).CONCLUSION Capping trial success among patients with complete aspiration of retained contrast/urine from bladder via NUt appears high.

关键词： Nephroureterostomy tube Ureteral stent Capping trial Internalization Conversion Percutaneous nephrostomy

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Secondary Lens Optimization for LED Lamps

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Journal of Mechanics Engineering and Automation 2014年第1期4卷 46-51页

作者： Jose Luiz Ferraz Barbosa wesley Pacheco Calixto Leonardo da Cunha Brito Electrical Mechanical & Computer Engineering School Federal University of Goias Nucleus of Experimental and technological Studies Federal Institute of Goias Electrical Engineering Department University of Brasilia

the purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for optimizing the geometry of the LED （light emitting diode） secondary lens. the research objective is to uniform the illumination distribution on a target plane for nonimaging application. In order to achieve this, a software that simulates ray tracing is used, in conjunction with a heuristic process for enhancing the optimized parameters that form the geometry of the LED secondary lens. Spherical lenses was opted for optimization due to its lower manufacture complexity.

关键词： LED lamps genetic algorithm lens optimization.

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Microdoses Levels of Butadiene Diepoxide (BDO<sub>2</sub>) Induced toxicity in Prostate Cancer Cells

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Pharmacology & Pharmacy 2013年第2期4卷 209-217页

作者： Sowmya Koppula Mei-Chyi tan Angela Hurst Caroline telles wesley Gray Department of Biological Sciences Baton Rouge USA Department of Chemistry Southern University Baton Rouge USA Department of Environmental toxicology Southern University Baton Rouge USA

Low-level exposure to environmental pollutants such as BDO2 contributes directly and indirectly to an increase in PCa. the aim of this study was to define the cellular changes associated with micro-doses of Butadiene Diepoxide (BDO2) in prostate cancer cells. We observed that micro-doses of BDO2 resulted in dose- and time-dependent increases in cytotoxicity and increased expression of prostate tumor markers in LNCaP(AR+) and DU145(AR-) cells. there was an increased sensitivity of DU145(AR-) cells to BDO2 toxicity which was reversed by transient transfection of AR into theses cell. Exposure of prostate cells to BDO2 increases cytotoxicity, and apoptosis, which correlates with increases in caspases and Bcl2 protein and mRNA levels. In cell DU145(AR-) cell transient transfected with a functional AR, the levels of cytotoxicity and caspase activity were decreased in the presence of BDO2, but BDO2-induced apoptotic protein expression was unaltered. this study provides evidence that micro-doses of BDO2 modulate prostate cell toxicity by promoting apoptosis and tumor gene expression.

关键词： BDO2 Cytotoxicity Gene Expression Prostate Micro-Dose

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Measurement of the Energy Spectrum of a 6 MV Linear Accelerator Using Compton Scattering Spectroscopy and Monte Carlo-Generated Corrections

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International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology 2020年第4期9卷 186-200页

作者： Sameer taneja Laura J. Bartol wesley Culberson Larry A. De Werd School of Medicine and Public Health University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison USA

Purpose: the energy spectrum of a linear accelerator used for dose calculations is determined during beam commissioning by iteratively adjusting the spectrum and comparing calculated and measured percent depth-dose cu... 详细信息

trong>Purpose:trong> the energy spectrum of a linear accelerator used for dose calculations is determined during beam commissioning by iteratively adjusting the spectrum and comparing calculated and measured percent depth-dose curves. Direct measurement of the energy spectrum using pulse mode detectors is particularly challenging because of the high-energy, high fluence nature of these beams and limitations of the detector systems. this work implements a Compton scattering (CS) spectroscopy setup and presents detector corrections and spectral unfolding techniques to measure the spectrum of a 6 MV linear accelerator using a pulse mode detector. trong>Methods:trong> Spectral measurements were performed using a Varian Clinac 21EX linear accelerator and a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. to reduce fluence to the detector, a custom-built lead shield and a CS spectrometry setup were used. the detector was placed at CS angles of 46°, 89°, and 125°. At each of these locations, a detector response function was generated to account for photon interactions within the experimental geometry. Gold’s deconvolution algorithm was used to unfold the energy spectrum. the measured spectra were compared to simulated spectra, which were obtained using an experimentally benchmarked model of the Clinac 21EX in MCNP6. trong>Results:trong> Measurements were acquired and detector response corrections were calculated for all three CS angles. A comparison of spectra for all CS angles showed good agreement with one another. the spectra for all three angles were averaged and showed good agreement with the MCNP6 simulated spectrum, with all points above 400 keV falling w

关键词： Linear Accelerator Energy Spectrum Spectrometry High Purity Germanium Detectors Monte Carlo

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Cost Effectiveness of Erosion Control Covers during Vegetation Establishment under Simulated Rainfall

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Journal of Water Resource and Protection 2015年第2期7卷 119-129页

作者： Ramandeep S. Sidhu Mark Dougherty wesley C. Zech Beth Guertal Department of Biosystems Engineering Auburn University Auburn USA Department of Civil Engineering Auburn University Auburn USA Department of Crop Soils and Environmental Sciences Auburn University Auburn USA

the main goal of this study was to quantify reduction of runoff responses using selected erosion control covers on 1.2 m × 0.6 m plots under simulated rainfall to determine the most cost-effective temporary cover treatment under similar soils, rainfall and embankment slope conditions. the different erosion control covers tested were polyacrylamide (PAM), wheat straw and PAM (WS + P) with and without seed;and engineered fiber matrix (EFM) with and without seed. the EFM + S and WS + P + S treatments were the most effective treatments for runoff volume with 68.0% and 48.9% reduction, respectively, as compared to control. EFM + S was the most effective treatment for turbidity and modified total suspended solids (MtSS) with 98.7%, and 99.8% reduction, respectively as compared to control. Vegetation in the wheat straw treatment significantly reduced turbidity but less effect on runoff volume and MtSS than vegetation in the EFM + S treatment. Seeded treatments combined (EFM + S, WS + P + S) had a significant negative correlation between MtSS delivery and time (r = –0.69), as compared to a positive correlation of corresponding non-seeded treatments (EFM, WS + P) over time (r = 0.14). the EFM + S treatment had 39% less average MtSS delivery than WS + P + S but the WS + P + S treatment ($1.03 kg-1 sediment reduction) was found to be 84% less expensive than the EFM + S treatment ($6.36 kg-1 sediment reduction). the WS + P + S treatment can therefore be recommended as the most cost effective method for sediment delivery reduction under similar conditions and within the limitations of this small scale plot study.

关键词： Erosion Sediment Runoff turbidity Vegetation Water Quality

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toxicity and feeding response of adult corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to an organic spinosad formulation in sucrose solution

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Advances in Entomology 2014年第1期2卷 33-41页

作者： Juan D. López Mohamed A. Latheef wesley C. Hoffmann USDA-ARS Aerial Application Technology Research Unit College Station USA

Adult corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), feeds on plant exudates soon after emergence from pupa in their natural habitat, and thereafter disperses to suitable host plants for reproduction. the intent of this study was to determine if EntrusttM, an organic formulation of spinosad, could be used in a behavioral-based pest management strategy to control H. zea in organic farming systems. In the laboratory, we evaluated the response of the corn earworm to Entrust mixed with sugar solution relative to ingestion, toxicity and proboscis extension. the sucrose solution served as a feeding stimulant and simulated the plant exudate. Lethal concentration of Entrust (LC50 with 95% CLs) for male corn earworm captured in pheromone-baited traps was 0.48 (0.43 - 0.53) mgL-1 for 24 h response. Mean lethal time was 2.56 ± 0.13 h with ingestion of Entrust at 50 mg·L-1. A lethal dose of Entrust at 1000 mg·L-1 inhibited neither ingestion nor proboscis extension response of the insect. A detailed study of the adult corn earworm in the laboratory relative to toxicity after ingestion of Entrust indicates that the pesticide has potential to control the insect when used in an insecticidal bait formulation as part of an attract-and- kill system. Field studies are needed to support the conclusion.

关键词： Entrust Attract-and-Kill Helicoverpa zea Adult Control Bioinsecticide

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Extracting Human Reaction time from Observations in the Method of Constant Stimuli

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2022年第11期10卷 3316-3345页

作者： Hongyun Wang Maryam Adamzadeh wesley A. Burgei Shannon E. Foley Hong Zhou Department of Applied Mathematics University of California Santa Cruz CA USA U.S. Department of Defense Joint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office Quantico VA USA Department of Applied Mathematics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA USA

We consider the psychophysical experiments in which the test subject’s binary reaction is determined by the prescribed exposure duration to a stimulus and a random variable subjective threshold. For example, when a subject is exposed to a millimeter wave beam for a prescribed duration, the occurrence of flight action is binary (yes or no). In experiments, in addition to the binary outcome, the actuation time of flight action is also recorded if it occurs;the delay from the initiation time to the actuation time of flight action is the human reaction time, which is not measurable. In this study, we model the random subjective threshold as a Weibull distribution and formulate an inference method for estimating the human reaction time, from data of prescribed exposure durations, binary outcomes and actuation times of flight action collected in a sequence of tests. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the inference of human reaction time based on the Weibull distribution converges to the correct value even when the underlying true model deviates from the inference model. this robustness of the inference method makes it applicable to real experimental data where the underlying true model is unknown.

关键词： Method of Constant Stimuli Psychophysical Experiments Binary Outcome Biovariability Subjective threshold Human Reaction time

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Spatial Statistics and Age Structure of Leaf Cutting Ant Nests

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Open Journal of Statistics 2019年第2期9卷 196-217页

作者： Debora Maria Ferreira Canuto Sergio Furtado dos Reis wesley Augusto Conde Godoy Departamento de Entomologia e Acarologia Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Universidade de Sao Paulo Piracicaba Brazil Departamento de Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual de Campinas Campinas Brazil

In this study, we investigated the spatial aggregation of old and incipient nests of Atta sexdens rubropilosa by fitting Poisson and Negative binomial models to nest abundance data. Our aim is to analyse the distribution of ant nests in eucalypt regrowth, Cerrado and native forest fragment. We also investigated the correlation between nest abundance and climatic factors, as well as different nest ages. When comparing nests of different ages we observed an aggregated pattern for both old and incipient nests. On the other hand, analysing the distribution of nests separately, only taking into account the different areas and respective borders, old nests exhibited an aggregated pattern and incipient nests showed a random pattern, except for native forest with ants exhibiting only an aggregated pattern. the levels of aggregation changed in response to different areas and border gradients, with more external borders showing higher aggregation than more internal borders. temperature was the variable showing the highest correlation with nest abundance and the correlation between nests of different ages was totally depending on the different areas.

关键词： Spatial Statistics Leaf Cutting Ant Nest Aggregation Nest Age Forest Landscapes

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Inference of Median Subjective threshold in Psychophysical Experiments

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics 2021年第5期9卷 982-1002页

We consider the response of a test subject upon a skin area being heated with an electromagnetic wave or a contact surface. When the specifications of the electromagnetic beam are fixed, the stimulus is solely described by the heating duration. the binary response of a subject, escape or no escape, is determined by the stimulus and a subjective threshold that varies among test realizations. We study four methods for inferring the median subjective threshold in psychophysical experiments: 1) sample median, 2) maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) with 2 variables, 3) MLE with 1 variable, and 4) adaptive Bayesian method. While methods 1 - 3 require samples of time to escape measured in the method of limits, method 4 utilizes binary outcomes observed in the method of constant stimuli. We find that a) the adaptive Bayesian method converges and is as efficient as the sample median even when the assumed model distribution is incorrect;b) this robust convergence is lost if we infer the mean instead of the median;c) for the optimal performance in an uncertain situation, it is best to use a wide model distribution;d) the predicted error from the posterior standard deviation is unreliable, dominated by the assumed model distribution.

关键词： Method of Limits Method of Constant Stimuli Subjective threshold Point of Subjective Equality (PSE) Adaptive Bayesian Method

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