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What We Measure Matters:the Case of the Missing Development Data in Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction Monitoring

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International Journal of Disaster Risk Science 2021年第6期12卷 779-789页

作者： Ksenia Chmutina Jason von Meding Vicente Sandoval Michael Boyland Giuseppe Forino wesley Cheek Darien Alexander Williams Claudia Gonzalez-Muzzio Isabella tomassi Holmes Páez Victor Marchezini School of Architecture.Building and Civil Engineering.Loughborough University Loughborough LEU 3TU.UK Florida Institute of Built Environment Resilience.University of Florida Gainesville.FL 32661USA Disaster Research Unit(DRU) Freie Universitiit Berlin12165 Berlin.Germany Stockholm Environment Institute Asia.Bangkok 10330.thailand School of Geography University of NottinghamNottingham NG72RD.UK Institute of Disaster Mitigation for Urban Cultural Heritage Ritsumeikan University.Kyoto 603-8341Japan Department of Urban Studies and Planning Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)CambridgeMA 02142USA Amhito Consultores Limitada.3565202 Santiago Chile Laboratoire triangle Lyon.Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon 69342 Rhone-AlpesFrance Department of Civil Engineering.Pontificia Universidad Javeriana 110231 BogotaColombia National Centre for Monitoring and Warning of Natural Disasters(CEMADEN).Sao Jose dos Campos SP 12247016Brazil

the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015−2030’s(SFDRR)framing moved away from disaster risk as a natural phenomenon to the examination of the inequality and injustice at the root of human vulnerability to hazards and ***,its achievements have not seriously challenged the long-established capitalist systems of oppression that hinder the development leading to disaster risk *** article is an exploratory mapping exercise of and a collective reflection on Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)and SFDRR indicators-and their use in measuring progress towards disaster risk reduction(DRR).We highlight that despite the rhetoric of vulnerability,the measurement of progress towards DRR remains event/*** argue that the measurement of disaster risk could be greatly enhanced by the integration of development data in future iterations of global DRR frameworks for action.

关键词： Development dynamics Disaster risk root causes Sendai framework for disaster risk reduction Sustainable development goals

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Non-Dimensional Analysis of thermal Effect on Skin Exposure to an Electromagnetic Beam

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American Journal of Operations Research 2020年第5期10卷 147-162页

作者： Hongyun Wang wesley A. Burgei Hong Zhou Department of Applied Mathematics University of California Santa Cruz CA USA U.S. Department of Defense Joint Intermediate Force Capabilities Office Quantico VA USA Department of Applied Mathematics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA USA

We consider the problem of inducing withdrawal reflex on a test subject by exposing the subject’s skin to an electromagnetic beam. Heat-sensitive nociceptors in the skin are activated wherever the temperature is above the activation temperature. Withdrawal reflex occurs when the activated volume reaches a threshold. We non-dimensionalize the problem to write the temperature as the product of a parameter-free function of non-dimensional variables and a function of beam parameters. this formulation allows studying beam parameters without knowing skin material parameters. We examine the effects of spot size, total power and distribution type of the electromagnetic beam on 3 quantities at reflex: 1) the time to reflex, 2) the maximum temperature increase, and 3) the total energy consumption. We find that the flat-top beam is the best, with the lowest energy consumption and the smallest maximum temperature increase. the Super-Gaussian beam is only slightly inferior to the flat-top. the Gaussian beam has by far the worst performance among these three.

关键词： Heat-Sensitive Nociceptor Heat-Induced Withdrawal Reflex Radius and Distribution type of Electromagnetic Beam Non-Dimensional Analysis

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Effect of Depth-Dependent Nociceptor Density on the Heat-Induced Withdrawal Reflex

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Applied Mathematics 2020年第8期11卷 788-824页

Previously we introduced a concise dose-response model for the heat-induced withdrawal reflex caused by millimeter wave radiation. the model predicts the occurrence of withdrawal reflex from the given spatial temperature profile. It was formulated on the assumption that the density of nociceptors in skin is uniform, independent of the depth. the model has only two parameters: the activation temperature of heat-sensitive nociceptors and the critical threshold on the activated volume for triggering withdrawal reflex. In this study, we consider the case of depth-dependent nociceptor density in skin. We use a general parametric form with a scaling parameter in the depth direction to represent the nociceptor density. We analyze system behaviors for four density types of this form. Based on the theoretical results, we develop a methodology for 1) identifying from test data the density form of nociceptors distribution, 2) finding from test data the scaling parameter in the density form, and 3) determining from test data the activation temperature of nociceptors.

关键词： High-Energy Millimeter Wave Radiation Heat-Induced Pain Depth-Dependent Nociceptor Density In Skin

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Locomotor analysis identifies early compensatory changes during disease progression and subgroup classification in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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Neural Regeneration Research 2017年第10期12卷 1664-1679页

作者： Melissa M.Haulcomb Rena M.Meadows Whitney M.Miller Kathryn P.Mc Millan Me Kenzie J.Hilsmeyer Xuefu Wang wesley t.Beaulieu Stephanie L.Dickinson todd J.Brown Virginia M.Sanders Kathryn J.Jones Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA Research and Development Service Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical CenterIndianapolisINUSA Program in Medical Neurosciences Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolisINUSA Department of Statistics Indiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics Indiana UniversityBloomingtonINUSA Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics The Ohio State University Wexner Medical CenterColumbusOHUSA

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a motoneuron degenerative disease that is challenging to diagnose and presents with considerable variability in *** identification and enhanced understanding of symptomatic patterns could aid in diagnosis and provide an avenue for monitoring disease *** of the m SOD1 G93 A mouse model provides control of the confounding environmental factors and genetic heterogeneity seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients,while investigating underlying disease-induced *** the present study,we performed a longitudinal behavioral assessment paradigm and identified an early hindlimb symptom,resembling the common gait abnormality foot drop,along with an accompanying forelimb compensatory mechanism in the m SOD1 G93 A *** these initial changes,m SOD1 mice displayed a temporary hindlimb compensatory mechanism resembling an exaggerated steppage *** the disease progressed,these compensatory mechanisms were not sufficient to sustain fundamental locomotor parameters and more severe deficits *** next applied these initial findings to investigate the inherent variability in B6 SJL m SOD1 G93 A *** identified four behavioral variables that,when combined in a cluster analysis,identified two subpopulations with different disease progression rates：a fast progression group and a slow progression *** behavioral assessment paradigm,with its analytical approaches,provides a method for monitoring disease progression and detecting m SOD1 subgroups with different disease *** affords researchers an opportunity to search for genetic modifiers or other factors that likely enhance or slow disease *** factors are possible therapeutic targets with the potential to slow disease progression and provide insight into the underlying pathology and disease mechanisms.

关键词： nerve regeneration amyotrophic lateral sclerosis motoneuron degenerative disease locomotor disease progression disease variability SOD1 mouse neural regeneration

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Asymptotics and Well-Posedness of the Derived Distribution Density in a Study of Biovariability

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Applied Mathematics 2018年第6期9卷 672-690页

作者： Hongyun Wang wesley A. Burgei Hong Zhou Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics University of California Santa Cruz CA USA US Department of Defense Joint Non-Lethal Weapons Directorate Quantico VA USA Department of Applied Mathematics Naval Postgraduate School Monterey CA USA

In our recent work (Wang, Burgei, and Zhou, 2018) we studied the hearing loss injury among subjects in a crowd with a wide spectrum of heterogeneous individual injury susceptibility due to biovariability. the injury risk of a crowd is defined as the average fraction of injured. We examined mathematically the injury risk of a crowd vs the number of acoustic impulses the crowd is exposed to, under the assumption that all impulses act independently in causing injury regardless of whether one is preceded by another. We concluded that the observed dose-response relation can be explained solely on the basis of biovariability in the form of heterogeneous susceptibility. We derived an analytical solution for the distribution density of injury susceptibility, as a power series expansion in terms of scaled log individual non-injury probability. While theoretically the power series converges for all argument values, in practical computations with IEEE double precision, at large argument values, the numerical accuracy of the power series summation is completely wiped out by the accumulation of round-off errors. In this study, we derive a general asymptotic approximation at large argument values, for the distribution density. the combination of the power series and the asymptotics provides a practical numerical tool for computing the distribution density. We then use this tool to verify numerically that the distribution obtained in our previous theoretical study is indeed a proper density. In addition, we will also develop a very efficient and accurate Pade approximation for the distribution density.

关键词： Distribution of Individual Injury Susceptibility in a Crowd Biovariability Asymptotic Approximation Pade Approximation

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Interpreting Dose-Response Relation for Exposure to Multiple Sound Impulses in the Framework of Immunity

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Health 2017年第13期9卷 1817-1842页

Hearing loss is a common military health problem and it is closely related to exposures to impulse noises from blast explosions and weapon firings. In a study based on test data of chinchillas and scaled to humans (Military Medicine, 181: 59-69), an empirical injury model was constructed for exposure to multiple sound impulses of equal intensity. Building upon the empirical injury model, we conduct a mathematical study of the hearing loss injury caused by multiple impulses of non-uniform intensities. We adopt the theoretical framework of viewing individual sound exposures as separate injury causing events, and in that framework, we examine synergy for causing injury (fatigue) or negative synergy (immunity) or independence among a sequence of doses. Starting with the empirical logistic dose-response relation and the empirical dose combination rule, we show that for causing injury, a sequence of sound exposure events are not independent of each other. the phenomenological effect of a preceding event on the subsequent event is always immunity. We extend the empirical dose combination rule, which is applicable only in the case of homogeneous impulses of equal intensity, to accommodate the general case of multiple heterogeneous sound exposures with non-uniform intensities. In addition to studying and extending the empirical dose combination rule, we also explore the dose combination rule for the hypothetical case of independent events, and compare it with the empirical one. We measure the effect of immunity quantitatively using the immunity factor defined as the percentage of decrease in injury probability attributed to the sound exposure in the preceding event. Our main findings on the immunity factor are: 1) the immunity factor is primarily a function of the difference in SELA (A- weighted sound exposure level) between the two sound exposure events;it is virtually independent of the magnitude of the two SELA values as long as the difference is fixed;2) the immunity fac

关键词： Risk of Significant Injury Logistic Dose-Response Relation SELA (A-Weighted Sound Exposure Level) Effective SELA for Multiple Heterogeneous Sound Impulses Fatigue and Immunity

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Opportunities and Challenges for Inverse Design of Nanostructures with Sequence Defined Macromolecules

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Accounts of Materials Research 2021年第9期2卷 697-700页

作者： wesley F.Reinhart Antonia Statt Materials Science and Engineering Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania 16802United States Institute for Computational and Data Sciences Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvania 16802United States Materials Science and Engineering Grainger College of EngineeringUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaChampaignIllinois 61801United States

Self-assembly of block copolymers has a rich history and has been shown to be a versatile and robust strategy for the bottom-up fabrication of nanostructured functional materials,1 with especially exciting applications in medicine.2 this is due in part to the fact that even blocky sequences composed of a few monomers exhibit rich phase behavior which can be tuned to achieve exotic structures.3,4 However,these simple patterns represent only a tiny fraction of all sequences that can be synthesized in a modern chemistry *** instance,biological proteins which may be composed of dozens of amino acids in arbitrary(and lengthy)sequences can be readily *** it is presently impossible to predict how these complex chemistries lead to structures without experimental or computational trial and error.

关键词： sequences versatile readily

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Risk of Hearing Loss Caused by Multiple Acoustic Impulses in the Framework of Biovariability

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Health 2018年第5期10卷 604-628页

We consider the hearing loss injury among subjects in a crowd with a wide spectrum of individual intrinsic injury probabilities due to biovariability. For multiple acoustic impulses, the observed injury risk of a crowd vs the effective combined dose follows the logistic dose-response relation. the injury risk of a crowd is the average fraction of injured. the injury risk was measured in experiments as follows: each subject is individually exposed to a sequence of acoustic impulses of a given intensity and the injury is recorded;results of multiple individual subjects were assembled into data sets to mimic the response of a crowd. the effective combined dose was adjusted by varying the number of impulses in the sequence. the most prominent feature observed in experiments is that the injury risk of the crowd caused by multiple impulses is significantly less than the value predicted based on assumption that all impulses act independently in causing injury and all subjects in the crowd are statistically identical. Previously, in the case where all subjects are statistically identical (i.e., no biovariability), we interpreted the observed injury risk caused by multiple impulses in terms of the immunity effects of preceding impulses on subsequent impulses. In this study, we focus on the case where all sound exposure events act independently in causing injury regardless of whether one is preceded by another (i.e., no immunity effect). Instead, we explore the possibility of interpreting the observed logistic dose-response relation in the framework of biovariability of the crowd. Here biovariability means that subjects in the crowd have their own individual injury probabilities. that is, some subjects are biologically less or more susceptible to hearing loss injury than others. We derive analytically the distribution of individual injury probability that produces the observed logistic dose-response relation. For several parameter values, we prove that the derived distributio

关键词： Risk of Significant Hearing Loss Injury Dose-Response Relation for Multiple Acoustic Impulses Biovariability A Crowd With Heterogeneous Individual Injury Probabilities

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Fragility of statistically significant findings from randomized clinical trials of surgical treatment of humeral shaft fractures:A systematic review

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World Journal of Orthopedics 2022年第9期13卷 825-836页

作者： Stephen Craig Morris Anirudh K Gowd Avinesh Agarwalla wesley P Phipatanakul Nirav H Amin Joseph N Liu Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Loma Linda UniversityLoma LindaCA 92354United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Wake Forest University Baptist Medical CenterWinston-SalemNC 27157United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Westchester Medical CenterValhallaNY 10595United States Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Premier Orthopaedic and Trauma SpecialistsPomonaCA 91767United States Department of Orthopedic Surgery USC Epstein Family Center for Sports MedicineLos AngelesCA 90089United States

BACKGROUND Despite recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials(RCts),there remains no consensus regarding the preferred surgical treatment for humeral shaft *** fragility index(FI)is an emerging tool used to evaluate the robustness of RCts by quantifying the number of participants in a study group that would need to switch outcomes in order to reverse the study *** to investigate the fragility index of randomized control trials assessing outcomes of operative fixation in proximal humerus *** We completed a systematic review of RCts evaluating the surgical treatment of humeral shaft *** criteria included:articles published in English;patients randomized and allotted in 1:1 ratio to 2 parallel arms;and dichotomous outcome *** FI was calculated for total complications,each complication individually,and secondary surgeries using the Fisher exact test,as previously *** Fifteen RCts were included in the analysis comparing open reduction plate osteosynthesis with dynamic compression plate or locking compression plate,intramedullary nail,and minimally invasive plate *** median FI was 0 for all parameters *** individual outcomes,the FI was 0 for 81/91(89%)of *** FI exceeded the number lost to follow up in only 2/91(2%)*** the FI shows that data from RCts regarding operative treatment of humeral shaft fractures are fragile and does not demonstrate superiority of any particular surgical technique.

关键词： Humerus fracture Open reduction internal fixation Intramedullary nail Fragility index Complications Fragility index

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Risk of Hearing Loss Injury Caused by Multiple Flash Bangs on a Crowd

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American Journal of Operations Research 2018年第4期8卷 239-265页

A flash bang is a non-lethal explosive device that delivers intensely loud bangs and bright lights to suppress potentially dangerous targets. It is usually used in crowd control, hostage rescue and numerous other missions. We construct a model for assessing quantitatively the risk of hearing loss injury caused by multiple flash bangs. the model provides a computational framework for incorporating the effects of the key factors defining the situation and for testing various sub-models for these factors. the proposed model includes 1) uncertainty in the burst point of flash bang mortar, 2) randomness in the dispersion of multiple submunitions after the flash bang mortar burst, 3) decay of acoustic impulse from a single submunition to an individual subject along the ground surface, 4) the effective combined sound exposure level on an individual subject caused by multiple submunitions at various distances from the subject, and 5) randomness in the spatial distribution of subjects in the crowd. With the mathematical model formulated, we seek to characterize the overall effect of flash bang mortar in the form of an effective injury area. We carry out simulations to study the effects of uncertainty and randomness on the risk of hearing loss injury of the crowd. the proposed framework serves as a starting point for a comprehensive assessment of hearing loss injury risk, taking into consideration all realistic and relevant features of flash bang mortar. It also provides a platform for testing and updating component models.

关键词： Risk of Significant Hearing Loss Mathematical Framework for Assessing Injury Risk Effective Injury Area Decay of Acoustic Impulse along Ground Surface Dose-Response Relation Fluctuations in Actual Injury Numbers

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