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Using Condensed Water of Air Conditioners for Toilet Flushing： A Case Study in Brazil

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Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2013年第1期7卷 98-104页

作者： Celso silva Bastos Joao luiz Calmon Postgraduate Program in Civil Engineering Technology Center Federal University of Espirito Santo Vit6ria 29000-000 Brazil

Within the concept of sustainable construction, with sensible and conscious use of finite natural resources, every effort to save and reuse raw-materials is considered an important step to be adopted in buildings, from project, implantation and construction to operation and maintenance throughout their lifecycle. This study aims at showing the application of a system that reuses condensed water drained from air-conditioner evaporators （which are usually disposed of）, and a plan to use this water for toilet flushing, reducing consumption of treated water bought from water companies. The authors verified that each air-conditioner specified in the project of a commercial building--used as reference here--produces 4.8 L of water per hour of operation. This result in a daily accumulated volume of 4,290 L, which represents a significant part of the amount needed to supply all the toilets in the building. A water capture system located at a strategic intermediate floor would be able to store this water and pump it into a special reservoir on the roof of the building, to be distributed into toilet flush pipes. By applying this technology, the authors seek to considerably reduce the expected treated water consumption and consequently decrease water bill costs.

关键词： Water reuse air-conditioner toilet flush.

Liver transplantation:Fifty years of experience

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第18期20卷 5363-5374页

作者： Alice Tung Wan Song Vivian Iida Avelino-silva Rafael Antonio Arruda Pecora Vincenzo Pugliese luiz Augusto Carneiro D'Albuquerque Edson Abdala Liver and Digestive Organ Transplantation Unit Gastroenterology DepartmentUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo 05403-900Brazil Infectious Diseases Department University of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo 05403-900Brazil Hepatitis Research Laboratory Infectious Diseases DepartmentUniversity of Sao Paulo Medical SchoolSao Paulo 05403-000Brazil

Since 1963,when the first human liver transplantation(LT)was performed by Thomas Starzl,the world has witnessed 50 years of development in surgical techniques,immunosuppression,organ allocation,donor selection,and the indications and contraindications for *** has led to the mainstream,wellestablished procedure that has saved innumerable lives ***,there are hundreds of liver transplant centres in over 80 *** review aims to describe the main aspects of LT regarding the progressive changes that have occurred over the *** herein review historical aspects since the first experimental studies and the first attempts at human *** also provide an overview of immunosuppressive agents and their potential side effects,the evolution of the indications and contraindications of LT,the evolution of survival according to different time periods,and the evolution of methods of organ allocation.

关键词： Liver transplantation History Survival Indications Organ allocation

Lafoensia pacari alleviates intestinal damage by modulating cyclooxygenase-2:In silico and in vivo evaluation in a colitis model

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2023年第17期29卷 2628-2641页

作者： Gabrielle Caroline Peiter Thayene Kamyli Moesch Queiroz Edson luiz Michalkiewicz Jr Raphael Henrique Chappuis Jennefer Sousa Luz luiz Henrique Casagrande Piovezani Cleison Ferreira silva Matheus Nozomi Tsutumi Augusto Fernandes Chaves Rafael Messias luiz Cinthia Façanha Wendel Ana Carla Zarpelon-Schutz Kádima Nayara Teixeira Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Biquímica e Biologia Molecular-Setor Palotina Universidade Federal do ParanáPalotina 85.950-000ParanáBrazil Programa de Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia-Setor Palotina Universidade Federal do ParanáPalotina 85.950-000ParanáBrazil Campus Toledo Universidade Federal do ParanáToledo 85.919-899ParanáBrazil

BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel diseases(IBD)are a worldwide health problem and mainly affect young people,consequently affecting the *** treatments are often associated with side effects,and new therapeutic options are *** centuries,plants have represented important substrates in the field of drug *** pacari(***)is a plant whose pharmaceutical potential has been described,and may have biological activity relevant to the treatment of IBD *** To investigate the activity of keto-alcoholic extracts of *** with respect to ameliorating the inflammatory and nociceptive symptoms of acute experimental colitis in *** Keto-alcoholic extracts of *** leaves and bark were administered to male andfemale Swiss mice weighing 25 g to 30 g(n=8 male mice and n=8 female mice).The effect of these extracts was observed in an acetic acid-induced acute experimental model of colitis with regard to antinociception/analgesia and inflammatory tissue *** macroscopic indices included the Wallace score and the colon weight obtained using a precision *** hyperalgesia was determined using an electronic *** related to overt pain was determined by quantifying the number of writhing instances within 20 min of administration of acetic *** docking was performed using human and murine cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)with 3 flavonoids(ellagic acid,kaempferol,and quercetin)on the AutoDock Vina *** of variance followed by Tukey’s posttest was used with P<0.05 indicating *** In this murine model of colitis,administration of extracts from *** ameliorated acetic acidinduced writhing and colitis-associated inflammatory *** improvements may be attributable to the reduction in edema,inflammation(e.g.,ulcers,hyperemia,and bowel wall damage),and the intensity of abdominal *** keto-alcoholic extracts of *** leaves and bark administered at a

关键词： Antinociceptive activity Anti-inflammatory activity Cyclooxygenase-2 Flavonoids Inflammatory bowel disease Lafoensia pacari

The assessment of climatic,environmental,and socioeconomic aspects of the Brazilian Cerrado

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Ecological Processes 2023年第1期12卷 274-285页

作者： Washington luiz Félix Correia Filho JoséFrancisco de Oliveira-Júnior Dimas de Barros Santiago Hazem Ghassan Abdo Hussein Almohamad Ahmed Abdullah Al Dughairi Carlos Antonio da silva Junior Postgraduate Program in Environmentrics(PPGAmb) Institute of MathematicsStatisticsand Physics(IMEF)Federal University of Rio Grande(FURG)Rio GrandeRio Grande do Sul 96203-900Brazil Institute of Atmospheric Sciences(ICAT) Federal University of Alagoas(UFAL)MaceióAlagoas 57072-260Brazil Postgraduate Program in Biosystems Engineering(PGEB) Federal Fluminense University(UFF)NiteróiRio de Janeiro 24220-900Brazil Postgraduate Program in Meteorology Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Atmosféricas(UACA)Federal University of Campina Grande(UFCG)Campina GrandeParaíba 58429-140Brazil Geography Department Faculty of Arts and HumanitiesTartous UniversityTartousSyria Geography Department Faculty of Arts and HumanitiesDamascus UniversityDamascusSyria Geography Department Faculty of Arts and HumanitiesTishreen UniversityLat-takiaSyria Department of Geography College of Arabic Language and Social StudiesQassim UniversityBuraydah 51452Saudi Arabia Departamento de Geografia State University of Mato Grosso(UNEMAT)SinopMato Grosso 78555-000Brazil

Background The Cerrado is the most biodiverse savanna and maintains other *** of its significance,this paper evaluated the Brazilian Cerrado’s climatic,environmental,and socioeconomic aspects using remote sensing data and spatial statistics(correlation analysis and principal components analysis—PCA).Following the measures of sample adequacy(MSA)and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin(KMO)tests,seventeen variables were *** The MSA revealed that the dataset had a good quality(0.76),and nine variables were selected:elevation,evapotranspiration,active fires,Human Development Index(HDI),land use and land cover(LULC;shrubland and cropland/rainfed),rainfall(spring and autumn),and *** correlation matrix indicated a positive(negative)association between HDI and autumn rainfall(HDI and active fires)with a value of 0.77(-0.55).The PCA results determined which three principal components(PC)were adequate for extracting spatial patterns,accounting for 68.02%of the total variance with respective values of 38.59%,16.89%,and 12.5%.Due to economic development and agribusiness,Cerrado’s northern(central,western,and southern)areas had negative(positive)score HDI values,as shown in ***(rainfall—spring and fall)and environmental(cropland/rainfed and shrubland)aspects dominated the PC2,with negative scores in northern and western portions due to the transition zone between Amazon and Cerrado biomes caused by rainfall *** the other hand,environmental aspects(LULC-shrubland and elevation)influenced the PC3;areas with high altitudes(>500 m)received a higher *** Agricultural expansion substantially affected LULC,leading to deforestation-caused suppression of native vegetation.

关键词： Environment Agribusiness Active fire Human Development Index Land use and land cover

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Detection and Projections of Climate Change in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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American Journal of Climate Change 2013年第1期2卷 25-33页

作者： Claudine Dereczynski Wanderson luiz silva Jose Marengo Center for Earth System Science National Institute for Space Research Cachoeira Paulista Brazil Department of Meteorology Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil

A study on the detection and future projection of climate change in the city of Rio de Janeiro is here presented, based on the analysis of indices of temperature and precipitation extremes. The aim of this study is to provide information on observed and projected extremes in support of studies on impacts and vulnerability assessments required for adaptation strategies to climate change. Observational data from INMET’s weather stations and projections from INPE’s Eta- HadCM3 regional model are used. The observational analyses indicate that rainfall amount associated with heavy rain events is increasing in recent years in the forest region of Rio de Janeiro. An increase in both the frequency of occurrence and in the rainfall amount associated with heavy precipitation are projected until the end of the 21st Century, as are longer dry periods and shorter wet seasons. In regards to temperature, a warming trend is noted (both in past observations and future projections), with higher maximum air temperature and extremes. The average change in annual maximum (minimum) air temperatures may range between 2℃and 5℃(2℃and 4℃) above the current weather values in the late 21st Century. The warm (cold) days and nights are becoming more (less) frequent each year, and for the future climate (2100) it has been projected that about 40% to 70% of the days and 55% to 85% of the nights will be hot. Additionally, it can be foreseen that there will be no longer cold days and nights.

关键词： Climate Change Extreme Event Indices Air Temperature Precipitation Eta-HadCM3 Model Rio de Janeiro

Structural phase relations in perovskite-structured BiFeO_(3)-based multiferroic compounds

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Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2013年第2期2卷 103-111页

作者： Valdirlei Fernandes FREITAS Gustavo Sanguino DIAS Otávio Algusto PROTZEK Diogo Zampieri MONTANHER Igor Barbosa CATELLANI Daniel Matos silva luiz Fernando CÓTICA Ivair Aparecido dos SANTOS UEM-Universidade Estadual de Maringá GDDM-Grupo de Desenvolvimento de Dispositivos MultifuncionaisDepartamento de FísicaMaringáBrazil

In this review,the state of the art in understanding the structural phase relations in perovskite-structured BiFeO_(3)-based polycrystalline solid solutions is presented and *** about the close relation between the structural phase and overall physical properties of the reviewed systems are pointed out and *** is shown that,by adjusting the structural symmetric arrangement,the ferroelectric and magnetic properties of BiFeO_(3)-based polycrystalline solid solutions can be tuned to find specific multifunctional ***,an intrinsic mechanism linking structural arrangement and physical properties cannot be identified,revealing that this subject still deserves further discussion and investigation.

关键词： bismuth ferrite ferroelectrics multiferroics

Cyclone as a Sugar Cane Bagasse Dryer

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2004年第6期12卷 826-830页

作者： Jefferson luiz Gomes Correa Daniel Rezende Graminho Maria Aparecida silva Silvia Azucena Nebra Faculty of Mechanical Engineering State University of Campinas P.O. Box 6122 Campinas/SP 13083-970 BrazilFaculty of Mechanical Engineering State University of Campinas P.O. Box 6122 Campinas/SP 13083-970 BrazilFaculty of Chemical Engineering State University of Campinas P.O. Box 6066 Campinas/SP 13083-970 BrazilFaculty of Mechanical Engineering State University of Campinas P.O. Box 6122 Campinas/SP 13083-970 Brazil

Drying of sugar cane bagasse was theoretically and experimentally studied ina cyclone. The experiments were carried out using hot air as drying agent. The influence of thecyclone conical part was studied. It was shown that the conical part has a great influence on theparticle residence time and, consequently, on moisture reduction. Experimental results were alikeindustrial ones. CFX 4.4 from AEA Technology was used to simulate some experiments. Simulated andexperimental results were close and showed that the presented model leads to a good prediction.

关键词： cyclone cyclonic dryer sugar cane bagasse particle residence time dryer energy

Advances in Tropical Soil Characterization via Portable X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry

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Pedosphere 2019年第4期29卷 468-482页

作者： Elen A. silva David C. WEINDORF Sergio H. G. silva Bruno T. RIBEIRO Giovana C. POGGERE Teotonio S. CARVALHO Mariana G. M. GONQALVES luiz R. G. GUILHERME Nilton CURI Department of Soil Science Federal University of Lavras Lavras 37200-000 (Brazil) Department of Plant and Soil Science Texas Tech University Texas 79409-2122 (USA)

Portable X-ray fluorescence(pXRF) spectrometers can be used to determine the elemental composition easily, rapidly, and without using chemical reagents, which is very important for tropical regions due to the lack of detailed soil characterization data. Moreover,pXRF data can be used to predict the results of more expensive, time-consuming, and conventional laboratory analyses. This study sought to determine the elemental composition of various soil profiles using pXRF. Two operational modes(Trace Mode and General Mode) and two scanning time(30 and 60 s) were assessed to determine their effects on the correlation of pXRF dataset with respect to conventional inductively coupled plasma(ICP)-optical emission spectrometry analysis. This relationship has been reported in previous studies, however, few studies were performed on tropical soils, which are unique. Furthermore, such relationships establish the viability of developing prediction models directly from pXRF data. Linear regression was applied to develop calibration models for the prediction of ICP analysis results and exchangeable and available elemental contents based on pXRF data. High coefficients of determination(R^2) were obtained for Ca(0.87), Cu(0.90), Fe(0.95), Mn(0.85), Cr(0.95), V(0.72), and Ni(0.90), with adequate validation. Statistically significant results were not found for Al, K, Zn, Ti, and Zr. The models predicting the exchangeable Ca based on the total Ca from p XRF reached an R^2 of up to 0.85. Operational modes influenced the pXRF results. Our results illustrate that pXRF holds great promise for tropical soil characterization and the development of prediction models, justifying the need for larger-scale studies in tropical countries worldwide.

关键词： elemental composition exchangeable Ca inductively coupled plasma operational mode prediction models scanning time soil analysis total elemental content

Proximal sensor-enhanced soil mapping in complex soil-landscape areas of Brazil

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Pedosphere 2021年第4期31卷 615-626页

作者： Sérgio H.G.silva David C.WEINDORF Wilson M.FARIA Leandro C.PINTO Michele D.MENEZES luiz R.G.GUILHERME Nilton CURI Department of Soil Science Federal University of LavrasLavras 37200-000(Brazil) Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Central Michigan UniversityMount Pleasant 48858(USA)

Portable X-ray fluorescence(pXRF) spectrometry and magnetic susceptibility(MS) via magnetometer have been increasingly used with terrain variables for digital soil mapping. However, this methodology is still emerging in many countries with tropical soils. The objective of this study was to use proximal soil sensor data associated with terrain variables at varying spatial resolutions to predict soil classes using the Random Forest(RF) algorithm. The study was conducted on a 316-ha area featuring highly variable soil classes and complex soil-landscape relationships in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The overall accuracy and Kappa index were evaluated using soils that were classified at 118 sites, with 90 being used for modeling and 28 for validation. Digital elevation models(DEMs) were created at 5-, 10-, 20-, and 30-m resolutions using contour lines from two sources. The resulting DEMs were processed to generate 12 terrain variables. Total Fe, Ti, and SiO_(2) contents were obtained using pXRF, with MS determined via a magnetometer. Soil class prediction was performed using the RF algorithm. The quality of the soil maps improved when using only the five most important covariates and combining proximal sensor data with terrain variables at different spatial resolutions. The finest spatial resolution did not always provide the most accurate maps. The high soil complexity in the area prevented highly accurate predictions. The most important variables influencing the soil mapping were MS, Fe, and Ti. Proximal sensor data associated with terrain information were successfully used to map Brazilian soils at variable spatial resolutions.

关键词： magnetic susceptibility magnetometer portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer soil class soil spatial analysis spatial resolution terrain variables