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Gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in china

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Science china Earth Sciences 2005年第4期48卷 441-453页

作者： zhao wenzhi1, wang zhaoyun1, HE Haiqing2, ZHANG Mingjie3. wang hongjun1, wang Yunpeng4 & QIN Yong5 1. research institute of Petroleum exploration & development, petrochina, beijing 100083. china 2. petrochina exploration & Production, beijing 100011, china 3. Department of Geology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 73.000, china 4. Guangzhou Geochemical institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, china 5. china University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221000, china research institute of Petroleum exploration & {3. PetroChinaBeijin China petrochina exploration & Production Beijing China Department of Geology Lanzhou University Lanzhou China Guangzhou Geochemical institute Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China china University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China

By breaking through the conventional ideology on the study of gas-formation mechanism of source rocks which focused on merely the characteristics of source rocks them- selves, and based on the development and distribution characteristics of marine carbonate source rocks in the medium-to-bottom parts of the Chinese superimposed sedimentary basins as well as various processes in the course of gas generation and reservoir forming, the complex hydrocarbon-generating model of carbonates is established. Such a model concerns not only the “three-stage” gas formation characteristics of carbonates, but also the gas generation process due to a thermal cracking of oil and the re-generation process of gas from heated secondary organic matters during the gas-generation and reservoir-forming course. The high-quality hy- drocarbon generating matter of marine carbonate source rocks determined a high gas-oil ratio and tended to form paleo-oil-reservoirs, representing an enrichment process of organic matters. The thermal cracking of oil in palaeo-oil-reservoirs is an important means for the effective forma- tion of gas reservoirs. The secondary organic matters in carbonate reservoirs may regenerate gas after a secondary deep burial, thus becoming an effective gas source.

关键词： carbonate, three-stage hydrocarbon generation, inhibitive effect of maturity, oil-cracking gas, second-ary asphalt gas.

Identification of marine natural gases with different origin sources

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 148-164页

作者： wang YunPeng 1 ,zhao ChangYi 2 ,wang zhaoYun 2 ,wang hongjun 2 ,TIAN Jin 1 ,ZOU YanRong 1 &LIU JinZhong1 1State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry,Guangzhou institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou 510640,china 2institute of Geology,research institute of Petroleum exploration and development,{13.,beijing 100083.china State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou China institute of Geology Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development PetroChina Beijing China

Kinetic experiments of gas generation for typical samples of marine gas precursors including low-maturity kerogen,residual kerogen and oil as well as dispersed liquid hydrocarbon(DLH)in source rocks were performed by closed system,and the evolution trends of molecular and isotopic compositions of natural gases from different precursors against the maturity(R0%)at laboratory conditions were *** diagrams of gas origin were calibrated by using the experimental data.A diagram based on the ratio of normal and isomerous butane and pentane(i/nC4-i/nC5)was proposed and used to identify the origins of the typical marine natural gases in the Sichuan Basin and the Tarim Basin, *** the maturities of natural gases were estimated by using the statistical relationships between the gaseous molecular carbon isotopic data and maturities(δ13.-R 0 %)with different *** results indicate that the molecular and isotopic compositions of simulated gases from different precursors are different from each *** example,the dryness index of the oil-cracking gas is the lowest;the dryness indices of gases from DLH and kerogen in closed system are almost the same;and the dryness index of gases from residual kerogen is extremely high,indicating that the kerogen gases are very dry;the contents of non-hydrocarbon gases in kerogen-cracking gases are far higher than those in oil-cracking and DLH-cracking *** molecular carbon isotopes of oil-cracking gases are the lightest,those of kerogen in closed system and GLH-cracking gases are the second lightest,and those of cracking gases from residual kerogen are the *** calibration results indicate that the diagrams of ln(C1/C2)-ln(C2/C3.andδ13.2-δ13.3.ln(C2/C3.can discriminate primary and secondary cracking gases,but cannot be used to identify gas origin sources,while the diagram of i/nC4-i/nC5 can differentiate the gases from different *** application results of these diagrams show that gas mixtures ext

关键词： marine organic matter gas origin sources kerogen oil-cracking gas origin identification carbon isotope

Cracking conditions of crude oil under different geological environments

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Science china Earth Sciences 2008年第S1期51卷 77-83页

作者： zhao wenzhi,wang zhaoYun,ZHANG ShuiChang&wang hongjun research institute of Petroleum exploration&development,petrochina,beijing {13.china research institute of Petroleum exploration & {3. PetroChina Beijing China

There are mainly 3.kinds of existing states of oil generating from source rocks,that is,dispersive liquid hydrocarbon inside of source rock,dispersive liquid hydrocarbon outside of source rock and concentrated liquid hydrocarbon outside of source *** of the differences in thermal history and medium conditions around,and the interaction of organic and inorganic matter,the liquid hydrocarbon with 3.kinds of existing state has different cracking *** gas generation dynamics experiments of crude oil matching different mediums indicate that the distribution of activation energy of methane changes a lot according to medium *** carbonate has a main influence on oil cracking conditions and can largely reduce its activation energy,which reflects the lower cracking temperature of crude *** mudstone takes a second place and the sandstone is the *** catalytic cracking function to the oil of the carbonate,of the mudstone and of the sandstone changes weaken in *** corresponding Ro values of main gas generation period in different mediums are as follows:1.5%―3.8%with pure crude oil,1.2%―3.2%with dispersive crude oil in carbonate,1.3.~3.4% with dispersive crude oil in mudstone and 1.4%―3.6%with dispersive crude oil in *** influence of pressure to crude oil cracking is relatively *** the low heating speed condition, pressure restrains the oil cracking and gas generation,but in the high heating speed condition,pressure has an indistinctive influence to the oil cracking and gas *** also makes a different effort in different evolvement *** the middle and lower Cambrian source rocks in the Tarim Basin as an example,primary oil generating quantity is 223..24×10 8 t,residual oil and oil cracking gas quantity is 806.21×10 8 t and 106.95×10 12 m 3.respectively.

关键词： different existing state oil cracking condition gas source rock kitchen of oil cracking type

Two accumulation modes of marine-origin natural gas in the Tarim Basin

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 215-223页

作者： wang hongjun1, zhao wenzhi1, hu GuoYi1 & hu jianfeng2 1 research institute of petrochina exploration and development, beijing 100083. china 2 research institute of the Tarim Oilfield Corporation, petrochina, Korla 841000, china

Hetianhe gas field, Lungudong gas field and Tazhong gas field are marine marine-origin natural gas reservoirs in the craton area in the Tarim Basin. The natural gas is generated from Cambrian source rocks. The simulation experiment indicated that the cracking of the dispersedly dissoluble organic matter remaining in the source rocks is the main origin of marine natural gas. There are two modes to form gas reservoirs, one is the dry gas reservoir such as Hetianhe gas field, in which gas accumulated on the fault belt with violent tectonic movement, the other is condensate gas reservoir formed on the inheriting uplift such as Lunnan and Tazhong gas fields. The hybrid simulation experiment of cracking gas and crude oil indicated that crude oil accumulated on a large scale in those uplift belts at the early stage, and natural gas filled the ancient oil reservoir at the late stage, and the gas reservoirs were formed after the gas mixed with the crude oil.

关键词： Tarim Basin marine natural gas origin cracking accumulation

Fracturing-flooding technology for low permeability reservoirs:A review

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Petroleum 2024年第2期10卷 202-215页

作者： Nianyin Li Shijie Zhu Yue Li Jingrui zhao Bo Long Fei Chen Erzhen wang Wentao Feng Yanan hu Shubei wang Chen Jiang State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum UniversityChengdu610500China CNPC Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company exploration and development research {3. Chengdu 610051China CNPC Southwest Oil and Gas Field Company Shale Gas research institute Chengdu 610051China Western Drilling Tuha Underground Operation Company Turpan838200China Changqing Downhole Technical Service Company of Chuanqing Drilling Engineering Co. Ltd.CNPCXi’anChina Petroleum Technology research institute Petrochina Changqing Oilfield CompanyXi'anChina

The development of low-permeability oil and gas resources presents a significant challenge to traditional development *** address the problem of“no injection and no production”in low-permeability reservoirs,a novel fracture-injection-production integration technology named fracturing-flooding has been proposed by oilfield *** technology combines the advantages of conventional fracturing,water flooding,and chemical flooding,resulting in improved reservoir physical properties,increased injection,replenished energy,and increased oil displacement *** technology is especially suitable for low-permeability reservoirs that suffer from lack of energy,and strong ***-flooding technology has shown significant results and broad development prospects in some oilfields in *** paper analyzes the development status of fracturing-flooding technology from its development history,technical mechanism,technical characteristics,process flow,types of fracturing and oil displacement fluids,and field *** and numerical simulations of fracturingflooding technology are also *** results suggest that fracturing-flooding technology is more effective than conventional fracturing,water flooding,and chemical flooding in stimulating lowpermeability tight reservoirs and improving oil ***,it has a high input-output ratio and can be utilized for future reservoir stimulation and transformation.

关键词： Fracturing-flooding Enhanced oil recovery Low permeability reservoirs Water flooding Injection Chemical flooding Fracturing

Two accumulation modes of marine-origin natural gas in the Tarim Basin

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Chinese Science Bulletin 2007年第A1期52卷 215-223页

作者： wang hongjun zhao {3. hu GuoYi hu jianfeng research institute of petrochina {3. and development Beijing 100083 China research institute of the Tarim Oilfield Corporation PetroChina Korla 841000 China

关键词：塔里木盆地天然气资源开发资源积蓄

Analysis on forming conditions of deep marine reservoirs and their concentration belts in superimposed basins in china

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Science Bulletin 2007年第S1期 12-27页

作者： zhao wenzhi, wang ZeCheng, ZHANG S{3.iChang & wang hongjun research institute of Petroleum exploration and development, petrochina, beijing 100083. china

By taking the Tarim Basin, Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin as examples, the conditions for deep marine reservoir formation were illustrated in three aspects listed below: late-stage superimposition style, burial history and structural deformation of the marine stratigraphic system. The burial history of marine source rocks can be divided into three types, i.e., type I, type II and type III, which are obviously different from the case with present hydrocarbon phases in terms of hydrocarbon generation and petroleum-reservoir formation. Based on evolution history, the structural belts in the marine stratigraphic sequence can also be divided into four types, i.e. earlier normal fault-later fault-fold type, earlier uplift-later fault-fold type, earlier uplift-later flattened slope type, and earlier depression-later thrust type. In this paper, a successive gas generation model was proposed, and it was particularly pointed out that coupling of geothermal field annealing evolution and tectonic subsidence and late gas generation from dispersed liquid hydrocarbon in highly matured to over-matured source rocks are key factors for formation of marine petroleum reservoirs. The geological conditions for formation of high-grade reservoirs in deep marine system, covering early hydrocarbon injection, deep denudation and buried dolomitization, were summarized. It was finally concluded that three major structural belts, i.e. paleo-uplift belt characterized by composite hydrocarbon accumulation, paleo-fault belt and high-energy sedimentary facies belt, were involved in marine hydrocarbon accumulation.

关键词： superposition basin marine formation deep zone dispersed liquid hydrocarbon geothermal field structural deformation

Lithological architecture, geological processes and energy-field environments are major factors for the formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs*

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Progress in Natural Science:Materials International 2005年第10期 15-24页

作者： zhao wenzhi, wang Zecheng, LI Xiaoqing, wang hongjun and wang zhaoyun (research institute of Petroleum exploration & development, petrochina, beijing 100083. china Energy Department, {13. University of Geosciences, beijing 100083. china) research institute of Petroleum exploration & {3. PetroChina Beijing 100083 China Energy Department China University of Geosciences Beijing 100083 China

The formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs is controlled by three major factors;lithological architecture, geological processes and energy-field environments. Among the three major factors, lithological architecture provides the storing medium for hydrocarbon; geological processes include hydrocarbon generation, migration, accumulation, preservation and modification; and energy-field environments refer to the various geothermal and geodynamic forces that affect the lithological architecture and drive the geological processes. In this study, we take Kela-2 and Sulige gas reservoirs as two examples to study relationships among the three major factors, and explain how these factors influence the scale and quality of hydrocarbon reservoirs.

关键词： hydrocarbon reservoir formation energy field environments lithological architecture geological processes Kela-2 gas pool Sulige gas pool.

Geochemical study on oil-cracked gases and kerogencracked gases (I)——Experimental simulation and products analysis

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Science china Earth Sciences 2009年第S1期52卷 1-9页

作者： ZHANG Min1,2,huANG Guanghui1,2,hu GuoYi3.& {3. HongJing1,2 1 Department of Geochemistry,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 43.023.china 2 Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Resources and exploration Technology,Ministry of Education,Yangtze University,Jingzhou 43.023.china 3.research institute of Petroleum exploration and development,petrochina,beijing 10083.china 1. Department of Geochemistry Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China 2. Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Resources and exploration Technology Ministry of Education Yangtze University Jingzhou 434023 China 3. research institute of Petroleum exploration and {3. PetroChina Beijing 10083 China

Eight types of samples:crude oil,chloroform bitumen A,oil fractions(saturated hydrocarbon,aromatic hydrocarbon,resin and asphaltene) ,source rock and kerogen,have been pyrolyzed in laboratory. The products have also been systematically analyzed. The results indicate that gaseous hydrocarbons yields for different types of samples at various temperatures are different,especially for different fractions of crude oil. There is difference for molecular compositions. The C2/C3.ratios of cracking gases in different types of samples have positive relationships with C2/iC4 as well as pyrolysis temperatures. Moreover,the ratios of C2/C3.and C2/iC4 are about 2 and 10,respectively,at the temperature of 500℃― 550℃. However,when the temperature is higher than 500℃,the ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3.and dryness index for gases cracking from source rock and kerogen are higher than those from oil and bitumen,indicating an important different feature between oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases at the high or over-mature stage. The ratios of C1/C2,C1/C3.vary more than 10% at 500℃―800℃. In this paper,experimental results can provide important academic foundation and useful geochemical parameters for distinguishing of oil-cracked gases and kerogen-cracked gases.

关键词： oil cracking kerogen cracking opened pyrolysis system gas yield oil fraction