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Italian Ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) and Corn (Zea mays) Competition

American Journal of Plant Sciences 2014年第26期5卷 3914-3924页

作者： vijay k. nandula US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville USA

Italian ryegrass is an annual/biennial grass that is typically used as a pasture crop or a cover crop along roadsides, rights-of-way, and industrial areas. Glyphosate-resistant (GR) Italian ryegrass populations have been documented around the world, mostly in orchard and vineyard situations. The first evidence of evolved GR Italian ryegrass in row/agronomic crops was reported from Washington County, Mississippi in 2005. GR Italian ryegrass populations can jeopardize preplant burndown options in reduced-tillage crop production systems, thereby, delaying planting operations. The effects of competition of Italian ryegrass on crop growth and yield are poorly understood. A field study was conducted in the 2012 growing season and repeated in the 2013 growing season. GR and susceptible (GS) Italian ryegrass populations were established in the greenhouse and transplanted in prepared corn row beds in the fall of 2011 and 2012 at 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 plants·meter> of crop row. Italian ryegrass plants overwintered and developed over the following spring-summer. Glyphosate was applied at 1.26 k.·ae/ha (1.5× of labeled rate) in the spring to burndown the Italian ryegrass plants and corn was planted into the ryegrass residue 2 - 3 wk.later. Current corn production practices were followed. Corn density (early and late season), height (early season), and yield and Italian ryegrass biomass (early-mid season) measurements were recorded during both years. Corn height was greater in 2012 than that in 2013 at comparable stages of the growing season, due to a cooler and wetter early season in 2013 than that in 2012. Averaged across weed densities, corn density (both early and late season) and yield were higher in the GS than those in the GR population, but Italian ryegrass biomass was similar for both populations. Averaged across Italian ryegrass populations, corn density (both early and late season), and yield were inversely proportional to Italian ryegrass density. In summary, Italian rye

关键词： Competition Corn Interference Italian Ryegrass Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum (Lam.) Husnot Zea mays L.

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Effect of New Auxin Herbicide Formulations on Control of Herbicide Resistant Weeds and on Microbial Activities in the Rhizosphere

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2016年第17期7卷 2429-2439页

作者： vijay k. nandula Heather L. Tyler Crop Production Systems Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA

Widespread distribution of glyphosate-resistant weeds in soybean-growing areas across Mississippi has economically affected soybean planting and follow-up crop management operations. New multiple herbicide-resistant crop (including soybean) technologies with associated formulations will soon be commercialized. The objectives of this research were to determine the efficacy of new 2,4-D + glyphosate and dicamba formulations on herbicide resistant weeds, and to determine the impact of the new 2,4-D + glyphosate formulation on microbial communities in the soybean rhizosphere involved in nutrient cycling. New 2,4-D + glyphosate and dicamba formulations registered for use on 2,4-D and dicamba-resistant soybean, respectively, adequately controlled glyphosate resistant and susceptible pigweeds (Palmer amaranth and tall waterhemp) and common ragweed. The 2,4-D + glyphosate formulation did not significantly impact soil microbial activities link.d to nutrient cycling in the soybean rhizosphere. These results indicate these new 2,4-D + glyphosate and dicamba formulations can be effective in controlling glyphosate resistant and other herbicide resistant weeds while not having adverse effects on the activities of beneficial soil microorganisms.

关键词： 2 4-D Dicamba Glyphosate Resistance Soil Microbiology Soybean

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Morphological Characterization of Amaranthus palmerix A. spinosusHybrids

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2017年第6期8卷 1499-1510页

作者： William T. Molin vijay k. nandula Crop Production Systems Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA

The growth of clones of seven Amaranthus palmeri x A. spinosus hybrids was compared to type specimens of A. palmeri and A. spinosus. The hybrids came from the field where they were originally discovered and clones of the type specimens and hybrids were established under greenhouse conditions and used to compare growth rates. A. palmeri had the highest growth rate and A. spinosus the lowest growth rate based on height, node counts, and dry weight accumulation. A. palmeri also had the greatest number of days to flowering and A. spinosus the fewest. Hybrids had intermediary growth rates and days to flowering, but differed from each other with regard to sex identity. The hybrids were either dioecious lik. A. palmeri or, if monoecious, had patterns unlik. A. spinosus. Spine length and texture also varied in hybrids and some were without spines. Hybrid 16Ci was short compared to all others and had succulent leaves and stems, which easily separated from the plant body. These hybridizations resulted in morphologically distinct types with acquisition of physical traits intermediate to the type specimens which may drive evolution of these species.

关键词： Herbicide Hybrid Palmer Amaranth Resistance Spiny Amaranth

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Target Site-Based Resistance to ALS Inhibitors, Glyphosate, and PPO Inhibitors in an Amaranthus palmeriAccession from Mississippi

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2020年第8期11卷 1206-1216页

作者： vijay k. nandula Darci A. Giacomini William T. Molin United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA University of Illinois Urbana IL USA

Extensive acceptance of glyphosate-resistant (GR) row crops coupled with the simultaneous increase in glyphosate usage has sped the evolution of glyphosate resistance in economically important weeds. GR Amaranthus palmeri populations are widespread across the state with some exhibiting multiple resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides such as pyrithiobac. A GR and ALS inhibitor-resistant accession was also resistant to the protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibiting herbicide fomesafen. The PPO inhibitor resistance profile and multiple herbicide resistance mechanisms in this accession were investigated. In addition to fomesafen, resistance to postemergence applications of acifluorfen, lactofen, carfentrazone, and sulfentrazone was confirmed. There was no resistance to preemergence application of fomesafen, flumioxazin, or oxyfluorfen. Molecular analysis of the ALS gene indicated the presence of point mutations leading to single nucleotide substitutions at codons 197, 377, 574, and 653, resulting in proline-to-serine, arginine-to-glutamine, tryptophan-to-leucine, and serine-to-asparagine replacements, respectively. The resistant accession contained up to 87-fold more copies of the EPSPS gene compared to a susceptible accession. A mutation leading to a deletion of glycine at codon 210 (ΔG210) of PPO2 gene was also detected. These results indicate that the mechanism of resistance in the Palmer amaranth accession is target-site based, i

关键词： Amaranthus palmeri ALS Inhibitors Glyphosate Palmer Amaranth PPO Inhibitors Resistance

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Influence of Water Quality, Formulation, Adjuvant, Rainfastness, and Nozzle Type on Efficacy of Fomesafen on Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Control

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第8期9卷 1660-1676页

作者： vijay k. nandula William T. Molin Jason A. Bond United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA Delta Research and Extension Center Mississippi State University Stoneville MS USA

Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors are one of the few remaining postemergence herbicide options for controlling Palmer amaranth in soybean growing areas of Mississippi, USA. Most Palmer amaranth populations in Mississippi are resistant to both glyphosate and acetolactate synthase inhibitors. Resistance to PPO inhibiting herbicides in Palmer amaranth has very recently been reported in Ark.nsas, Tennessee, and isolated pock.ts of Mississippi. A significant proportion of reports of PPO inhibitor failures in Mississippi are not considered to be resistance-related at this time. Therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate factors affecting the efficacy of fomesafen on Palmer amaranth including: quality of spray carrier (water), formulations, adjuvant, rainfastness, and nozzle type. All water samples and formulation combinations provided >95% control of Palmer amaranth 3 WAT. Some combinations of water samples and formulations did not result in complete control of the treated plants, with one or two individuals surviving 3 WAT. Formulation 1 provided 99% control compared to 95% from formulation 2. Irrespective of combinations of herbicide, adjuvant and height, control of Palmer amaranth was ≥91%. Formulation 1 provided 94% control compared to 88% from formulation 2. The adjuvant x height interaction was significant, owing to a 10% reduction in control of larger plants (86%) compared to smaller plants (96%) in presence of COC. COC provided better control (93%) than NIS (88%). Simulated rainfall applied ≥60 min after herbicide application did not adversely affect efficacy on Palmer amaranth when formulation 1 was applied in combination with NIS, with control ranging from 94% to 100%. Formulation 1 with COC provided ≥93% control at all rainfall application times, except 30 min after herbicide treatment, which resulted in 79% control. Formulation 2 provided better control with COC (79% to 100%) than NIS (71% to 90%), in general, across the rainfall treat

关键词： Adjuvant Fomesafen Formulation Nozzle Palmer Amaranth Rainfastness Soybean Water Quality

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Late-Season Grass Weed Management with In-Crop and Post-Harvest Herbicides in Twin-Row Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第1期6卷 213-218页

作者： k.ishna N. Reddy Charles T. Bryson vijay k. nandula Crop Production Systems Research Unit USDA-ARS Stoneville Mississippi USA

Emergence of grasses late in the season has become a problem in glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean production in the southern US. A 3-yr field study was conducted from 2011 to 2013 at Stoneville, MS to determine efficacy of post-harvest and pyroxasulfone-based in-crop herbicides on late-season grasses and yield in twin-row glyphosate-resistant soybean. Experiments were conducted in a split-plot arrangement of treatments in a randomized complete block.design with fall herbicides (with and without pendimethalin at 1.12 k. ai ha-1 and paraquatat 0.84 k. ai ha-1) as main plots and in-crop herbicides as subplots with four replications. The six in-crop herbicide programs were: glyphosate applied early postemergence (EPOST) at 0.84 k.·aeha-1 followed by (fb) glyphosate late postemergence (LPOST) at 0.84 k.·ha-1 with and without pyroxasulfone preemergence (PRE) applied at 0.18 k. ai ha-1, pyroxasulfone PRE fb glyphosate at 0.84 k.·ha-1 LPOST or glyphosate at 0.84 k.·ha-1 + S-metolachlor at 1.68 k. ai ha-1 EPOST, pyroxasulfone PRE fb S-meto- lachlor at 1.12 k.·ha-1 + fomesafen at 0.27 k. ai ha-1 EPOST fb clethodim at 0.14 k. ai ha-1, and a no-herbicide control. Browntop millet, Digitaria spp., and junglerice densities at 2 week. after LPOST, grass weed dry biomass at harvest, and soybean yield were similar regardless of post- harvest herbicides in all three years. At 2 week. after LPOST, browntop millet, Digitaria spp. and junglerice densities were greatly reduced in all five in-crop herbicide treatments compared with no herbicide plot in all three years. Grass weed dry biomass in no-herbicide plots was 3346, 6136, and 6916 k.·ha-1 in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively and the five herbicide treatments reduced grass weed dry biomass by at least 87%, 84%, and 99% in 2011, 2012, and 2013, respectively. Soybean yield was higher with all five in-crop herbicide treatments compared to no herbicide control in all three years. These results indicate that browntop millet, Digitaria sp

关键词： Browntop Millet Digitaria spp. Junglerice S-Metolachlor Pyroxasulfone Soybean Twin-Row

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Hyperspectral Imaging for Differentiating Glyphosate-Resistant and Glyphosate-Susceptible Italian Ryegrass

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2018年第7期9卷 1467-1477页

作者： Yanbo Huang Matthew A. Lee vijay k. nandula k.ishna N. Reddy United States Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA Electrical and Computer Engineering Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA

Glyphosate is widely used in row crop weed control programs of glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops. With the accumulation of glyphosate use, several weeds have evolved resistance to glyphosate. In order to control GR weeds for profitable crop production, it is critical to first identify them in crop fields. Conventional method for identifying GR weeds is destructive, tedious and labor-intensive. This study developed hyperspectral imaging for rapid sensing of Italian ryegrass (Lolium perenne ssp. multiflorum) plants to determine if each plant is GR or glyphosate-susceptible (GS). In image analysis, a set of sensitive spectral bands was determined using a forward selection algorithm by optimizing the area under the receiver operating characteristic between GR and GS plants. Then, the dimensionality of selected bands was reduced using linear discriminant analysis. At the end the maximum lik.lihood classification was conducted for plant sample differentiation of GR Italian ryegrass from GS ones. The results indicated that the overall classification accuracy is between 75% and 80%. Although the accuracy is lower than the classification of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats.) in our previous study, this study provides a rapid, non-destructive approach to differentiate between GR and GS Italian ryegrass for improved site-specific weed management.

关键词： Hyperspectral Imaging Glyphosate Resistance Italian Ryegrass

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Morpho-Physiological Characterization of Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Biotypes of US Midsouth

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第1期6卷 47-56页

作者： vijay k. nandula Daniel H. Poston Clifford H. k.ger k.ishna N. Reddy k. Raja Reddy US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS) Crop Production Systems Research Unit Stoneville MS USA Pioneer Hi-Bred International—Southern Business Unit Huntsville AL USA Silent Shade Planting Company Belzoni MS USA Department of Plant and Soil Sciences Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA

Horseweed is traditionally considered a non-cropland weed. However, populations resistant to glyphosate have eventually become established in no-till agronomic cropping systems. Growth chamber and greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare selected biological and physiological parameters of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (GS) horseweed biotypes from Mississippi with a broader goal of fitness characterization in these biotypes. Vegetative growth parameters (number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weights) were recorded week.y from 5 to 11 wk.after emergence and reproductive attributes [days to bolting (production of a flowering stalk. and flowering] and senescence were measured for both GR and GS biotypes under high (24°C/20°C) and low (18°C/12°C) temperature regimes, both with a 13-h light period. Physiological traits such as net photosynthesis, phenolic content, and cell membrane thermostability, all in the presence and absence of glyphosate, and leaf content of divalent cations such as Ca2+ and Mg2+ were assayed in the two biotypes under the high temperature regime. All horseweed vegetative growth parameters except root fresh weight were higher in the high temperature regime compared to that in low temperature regime in both biotypes. Number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weight were 40 vs. 35, 9.3 vs. 8.7 cm, 51 vs. 43 cm2, 3.7 vs. 3.2 g, and 3.5 vs. 4.2 g under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, when averaged across biotypes and week.y measurements. All growth parameters listed above were higher for the GR biotype compared to the GS biotype. Number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weight were 38 vs. 37, 9.1 vs. 8.9 cm, 50.2 vs. 44 cm2, 3.9 vs. 3.1 g, and 4.3 vs. 3.5 g for GR and GS biotypes, respectively, averaged across the temperature treatments and week.y measurements. Reproductive developmental data of these biotypes indicated that the GS biotype

关键词： Conyza canadensis Glyphosate Growth Fitness Horseweed Resistance

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Glyphosate Resistance in Giant Ragweed (Ambrosia trifidaL.) from Mississippi Is Partly Due to Reduced Translocation

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American Journal of Plant Sciences 2015年第13期6卷 2104-2113页

作者： vijay k. nandula Alice A. Wright Christopher R. Van Horn William T. Molin Phil Westra k.ishna N. Reddy Crop Production Systems Research Unit U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Stoneville MS USA Department of Bioagricultural Sciences and Pest Management Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA

A giant ragweed population from a glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean field in Mississippi, USA was suspected to be resistant to glyphosate. Greenhouse and laboratory studies were conducted to confirm and quantify the magnitude of glyphosate resistance in a resistant biotype selected from this population and to elucidate possible physiological and molecular mechanisms of glyphosate resistance. Glyphosate dose response studies indicated that ED50 (effective dose required to reduce plant growth by 50%) values for glyphosate-resistant (GR-MS) and glyphosate-susceptible (GS-MS) biotypes, based on percent injury, were 0.52 and 0.34 k. ae/ha glyphosate, respectively, indicating a 1.5-fold level of resistance in GR-MS. The absorption pattern of 14C-glyphosate in the two giant ragweed biotypes was similar throughout the measured time course of 168 h after treatment (HAT). The amount of 14C-glyphosate that translocated out of treated leaves of the GR-MS and GS-MS plants was similar up to 24 HAT. However, the GS-MS biotype translocated more (71% and 76% of absorbed at 48 and 96 HAT, respectively) 14C-glyphosate than the GR-MS biotype (44% and 66% of absorbed at 48 and 96 HAT, respectively) out of the treated leaf. No target site mutation was identified at the Pro106 location of the EPSPS gene of the GR-MS biotype. The mechanism of resistance to glyphosate in giant ragweed from Mississippi, at least, is due to reduced glyphosate translocation.

关键词： Absorption EPSPS Giant Ragweed Glyphosate Herbicide Resistance Translocation

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抗草甘膦杂草的现状与未来展望

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世界农药 2006年第2期28卷 5-8页

作者： vijay k.nandula k.ishna N.Reddy Stephen O.Duk. Daniel H.Poston 陈良闫春秀

草甘膦-[N-（膦羧甲基）甘氨酸]是一种非选择性、广谱、内吸传导、苗后处理除草剂，三十年来广泛应用于世界各地。它抑制芳氨酸（色氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸）生物合成，进而造成若干代谢紊乱，包括蛋白质和次生产物合成受抑制（Franz等... 详细信息

草甘膦-[N-（膦羧甲基）甘氨酸]是一种非选择性、广谱、内吸传导、苗后处理除草剂，三十年来广泛应用于世界各地。它抑制芳氨酸（色氨酸、酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸）生物合成，进而造成若干代谢紊乱，包括蛋白质和次生产物合成受抑制（Franz等，1997）以及莽草酸大量积累导致代谢破坏（Duk.等，2003）。

关键词：抗草甘膦展望现状杂草代谢紊乱非选择性内吸传导苗后处理生物合成苯丙氨酸

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