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Revisiting “Non-Thermal” Batch Microwave Oven Inactivation of Microorganisms

American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2023年第1期14卷 28-54页

作者： victor john law Denis Pius Dowling School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

Over the last few decades there has been active discussion concerning the mechanisms involved in “non-thermal” microwave-assisted inactivation of microorganisms. This work presents a novel non-invasive acoustic measurement of a domestic microwave oven cavity-magnetron operating at fo = 2.45 ± 0.05 GHz (λo ~ 12.2 cm) that is modulated in the time-domain (0 to 2 minutes). The measurements reveal the cavity-magnetron cathode filament cold-start warm-up period and the pulse width modulation periods (time-on time-off and base-time period, where time-on minus base-time = duty cycle). The waveform information is used to reconstruct historical microwave “non-thermal” homogeneous microorganism inactivation experiments: where tap-water is used to mimic the microorganism suspension;and ice, crushed ice, and ice slurry mixture are used as the cooling media. The experiments are described using text, diagrams, and photographs. Four key experimental parameters are indentified that influence the suspension time-dependent temperature profile. First, where the selected process time > the time-base, the cavity-magnetron continuous wave rated power should be used for each second of microwave illumination. Second, external crushed ice and ice slurry baths induce different cooling profiles due to difference in their heat absorption rates. In addition external baths may shield the suspension resulting in a retarding of the time-dependent heating profile. Third, internal cooling systems dictate that the suspension is directly exposed to microwave illumination due to the absence of surrounding ice volume. Fourth, four separated water dummy-loads isolate and control thermal heat transfer (conduction) to and from the suspension, thereby diverting a portion of the microwave power away from the suspension. Energy phase-space projections were used to compare the “non-thermal” energy densities of 0.03 to 0.1 kJ·m-1 at 800 W with reported thermal microwave-assisted

关键词： Thermal Non-Thermal Microwave-Assisted Microwave Oven Acoustic Food Microorganisms

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Real-Time Process Monitoring during the Plasma Treatment of Carbon Weave Composite Materials

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材料科学与工程（中英文B版） 2011年第2期1卷 164-169页

作者： victor john law Amsarani Ramamoorthv Denis P. Dowlin Dublin City University National Center of Plasma Science and Technology Collins Avenue Glasnevin Dublin 9 Dublin Ireland School of Electrical Electronic and Mechanical Engineering University College Dublin Belfield Dublin 4 Ireland

Carbon fibre reinforced composite materials are used widely in applications ranging from automobiles to aircraft and sports equipment. In all of these applications plasma treatment can be used to activate the composite surface in order to enhance surface energy, prior to adhesive bonding. In this study plasma metrology is used as a means of evaluating the performance of a reel-to-reel atmospheric pressure plasma system consisting of two reactor chambers used to active a composite is investigated. A real-time electrical (current and voltage and resonant drive frequency) parametric analysis of the plasma treatment process was carried out as the carbon composite was passed through the plasma chamber. A reproducible correlation was obtained between the plasma parameters and the position of the composite in the two plasma reactor chambers.

关键词：等离子体处理碳复合材料过程监控实时碳纤维增强复合材料碳纤维复合材料等离子体反应器编织

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Mass-Based Environmental Factor and Energy Assessment of Microwave-Assisted Synthesized Transition Metal Nanostructures

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2024年第6期15卷 201-218页

作者： victor J. law School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

This paper describes mass-based energy phase-space projection of microwave-assisted synthesis of transition metals (zinc oxide, palladium, silver, platinum, and gold) nanostructures. The projection uses process energy budget (measured in kJ) on the horizontal axes and process density (measured in kJg−1) on the vertical axes. These two axes allow both mass usage efficiency (Environmental-Factor) and energy efficiency to be evaluated for a range of microwave applicator and metal synthesis. The metrics are allied to the: second, sixth and eleventh principle of the twelve principle of Green Chemistry. This analytical approach to microwave synthesis (widely considered as a useful Green Chemistry energy source) allows a quantified dynamic environmental quotient to be given to renewable plant-based biomass associated with the reduction of the metal precursors. Thus allowing a degree of quantification of claimed “eco-friendly” and “sustainable” synthesis with regard to waste production and energy usage.

关键词： Microwave-Assisted Synthesis Transition Metals Nanostructures Allometry Scaling Power-law Signature Green Chemistry

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Lecanemab Unveiled:Exploring Alzheimer’s Treatment Advancements,Assessing Strengths,Limitations,and Its Therapeutic Landscape Position

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Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 2024年第4期37卷 428-431页

作者： victor Abiola Adepoju OKECHUKWU Innocent Onyezue SAFAYET Jamil OLALEKAN john Okesanya DON Eliseo Lucero-Prisno Ⅲ Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases Jhpiegoan affiliate of John Hopkins UniversityAbujaNigeria Department of Prevention and Community Directorate APIN Public Health InitiativesAbujaNigeria Department of Public Health Daffodil International UniversityDhaka-1216Bangladesh Department of Public Health and Maritime Transport University of ThessalyVolosGreece Department of Global Health and Development London School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUnited Kingdom

In the ever-evolving landscape of Alzheimer’s treatment,lecanemab(Leqembi)has emerged as a promising *** conventional therapies that merely alleviate symptoms,lecanemab is a humanized monoclonal antibody with a distinct *** targets protofibrils,insoluble fibrils,amyloid oligomers,and soluble amyloid-beta protofibrils,which are known to be especially damaging to neurons,with high accuracy.

关键词： Alzheimer amyloid Therapeutic

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Post Episiotomy Morbidity among Parturient in Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Ebonyi State

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第8期14卷 1144-1160页

作者： john Chinedu Obasi Ayodele Adegbite Olaleye Boniface N. Ejikeme john O. Egede Charles Nwambeke Edene Enemma Christian Enemma victor Onuchukwu Emmanuel Onyekelu Nathan C. Ekpe Wendy Oliobi Emmanuel C. Uwakwe Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital AbakalikiNigeria

Background: Episiotomy is a very common obstetric surgery, and it could be associated with serious complications. However, these complications largely are not noticed due to the shift of attention from mother to baby, after a successful delivery. Objective: To identify the morbidities associated with episiotomies and factors associated with such morbidities. Method: This was a questionnaire based cross sectional descriptive study among women who attended the Obstetric Department of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State, between 1st July and 31st Nov, 2023. The study population consisted of parturients who had episiotomies in their previous confinements, attending either the antenatal clinic or the postnatal clinic at Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital Abakaliki Ebonyi State. Results: Macrosomia was the most common indication of episiotomy at a rate of 31.6%. The majority of episiotomies were performed on the parturients in their first confinement at a rate of 64.5% and the majority of repairs were performed by the Registrar at a rate of 65.0%. Informed consent was obtained from 45.79% of parturients while 54.21% were not informed before the episiotomy was administered. Only 55.3% of the parturient received analgesia before episiotomy was administered. The majority of the parturients had their episiotomy repaired between 10 - 15 minutes at a rate of 40.3%. Postoperative pain at the rate of 44.5% was the most common complication and dyspareunia as a form of sexual complication was the commonest at a rate of 31.3%. Conclusion: The parturient needs to be properly counselled before administration of episiotomy and adequate analgesia should be given, as episiotomy is a surgical procedure. Proper training of health workers on both the technique of administering and repairing episiotomy is important. Restrictive use of routine episiotomy in primigravidae is advised to reduce the rate of episiotomy.

关键词： Episiotomy Vulva Pains Primigravidae Morbidities Analgesia

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Brain Research on Mental Disorders: A Criticism

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Open Journal of Medical Psychology 2024年第3期13卷 71-85页

作者： john R. Rossiter Faculty of Business and law University of Wollongong Wollongong Australia School of Psychology Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga Australia

Objective: To expose the problems and inherent limitations of neuroscience-based brain research on mental disorders. Method: Discussion of the theory underlying brain research on mental disorders, followed by a systematic evaluation of typical studies. Results: The fundamental problem is that brain researchers fail to differentiate between biological mental disorders in which brain processes cause the disorder (notably schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and melancholic depression) and learned mental disorders in which brain processes mediate but do not cause the disorder (which is the case with reactive depression, reactive anxiety, OCD, and PTSD). Researchers have been unsuccessful in identifying mechanisms in the brain that cause biological mental disorders, and will never be able to locate the innumerable specific neural connections that mediate learned mental disorders. Moreover, the author’s review of typical studies in this field shows that they have serious problems with theory, measurement, and data analysis, and that their findings cannot be trusted. Conclusions: Neuroscience-based brain research on mental disorders, unlike other neurological research, has been an expensive failure and it is not worth continuing.

关键词： Neuroscience-Based Brain Research Biological Mental Disorders Learned Mental Disorders Research Problems

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Wrapping up the role of pericytes in Parkinson's disease

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Neural Regeneration Research 2023年第11期18卷 2395-2396页

作者： Taylor john Stevenson Birger victor Dieriks Department of Pharmacology University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand Centre for Brain Research University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging University of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand

Pericytes are classically defined as contra ctile cells within the central nervous system that regulate blood flow and permeability of the blood-brain barrier(BBB).This one-sided view is gradually changing,and pericytes are now considered versatile cells that can switch their function in response to different stimuli(Uemura et al.,2020).In addition to their role as gatekeepers of the BBB and maintaining homeostasis of the brain’s microenvironment through adj usting the vascular intraluminal dia meter,pericytes are both sensors and initiators of inflammation.

关键词： homeostasis pericyte

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The roles of multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in the management of esophageal cancer

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Chinese Medical Journal 1997年第11期 3-9页

作者： Simon law and john Wong

Purpose To review the current status of multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in the management of esophageal cancer. Data sources Literature review. Study selection Multimodality treatment and lymphadenectomy in esophageal cancer. Data extraction Results in research papers published selected by literature search. Results Numerous studies have been carried out attempting to define the roles of various neoadjuvant or adjuvant regimens in the treatment of esophageal cancer. These included the use of radiotherapy or chemotherapy alone or in different combinations, with or without surgical resection. Randomized trials have failed to show significant improvement compared with surgical resection alone, although downstaging of disease and benefits on subgroups of patients could be demonstrated. Whether the extent of resection can influence outcome was tested by varying the surgical approach, and by increasing the extent of lymphadenectomy. Although indirect evidence exists suggesting more extensive resection may improve long term prognosis, definitive proof is lacking. Conclusions More well organized randomized controlled trials are needed to further elucidate the roles of these approaches in the treatment of esophageal cancer.

关键词： lymphadenectomy The

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Microwave Detection, Disruption, and Inactivation of Microorganisms

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022年第4期13卷 135-161页

作者： victor J. law Denis P. Dowling School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

This paper reviews three complex interactions between microwave energy and microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, and viruses). The first interaction comprises the detection of viruses within human blood using a 50-Ohm transmission-line vector net-analyzer (typically 0 to 10 dBm @ 2 to 8.5 GHz) where the blood is placed within a test chamber that acts as a non-50-Ohm discontinuity. The second interaction employs 1 to 6.5 W @ 8 to 26 GHz for microwave feed-horn illumination to inactivate microorganisms at an applied power density of 10 to 100 mW-2. The third interaction is within multi-mode microwave ovens, where microorganism cell membrane disruption occurs at a few 100 s of W @ 2.45 GHz and microorganism inactivation between 300 to 1800 W @ 2.45 GHz. Within the first microwave interaction, blood relaxation processes are examined. Whereas in the latter two microwave interactions, the following disruption, and inactivation mechanisms are examined: chemical cellular lysis and, microwave resonant absorption causing cell wall rupture, and thermodynamic analysis in terms of process energy budget and suspension energy density. In addition, oven-specific parameters are discussed.

关键词： Bacteria Fungi Virus Hepatitis C Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Detection Disruption Inactivation N95 Respirator Microwave Oven

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Microwave-Assisted Inactivation of Fomite-Microorganism Systems: Energy Phase-Space Projection

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American Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2022年第7期13卷 255-276页

作者： victor J. law Denis P. Dowling School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University College Dublin Dublin Ireland

This paper describes the use of log-linear energy phase-space projections to analyze microwave-assisted inactivation of bacteria and viruses under different fomite conditions within multimode microwave ovens. The ovens are operated at a cavity-magnetron frequency of 2.45 ± 01 GHz. Porous fomites (moist face towels, cotton swabs, kitchen sponges, and scrubbing pads, cigarette filters and N95-like respirators);along with non-porous hard surface syringe fomites are studied. The fomites are classed as dielectric;and absorb microwave energy to varying degrees depending on their complex dielectric permittivity. Microorganism resilience to microwave stress (defined as ≥4 log10 reduction in inactivation) when mapped using iso-volume trend-lines in energy phase-space reveals the persistence imparted by the fomite, and can be mapped between different microwave ovens. Microorganism resilience to thermal microwave-assisted treatment increases from vegetative Gram-negative to vegetative Gram-positive and on to Gram-positive spores. Bacteriophage MS2 and influenza viruses have an intermediate resilience dependency. It is shown that linear-scaled fomite temperature against process time graphs can differentiate between non-thermal and thermal micro-wave-assisted treatment of microorganisms.

关键词： Bacteria MS2 Hepatitis C Virus Human Immunodeficiency Virus Influenza Virus Disruption Inactivation Microwave Oven Data Analysis

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