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Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria:a mini review

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第8期10卷 789-794页

作者： valentina Virginia ebani Department of Veterinary Science University of PisaI 56124 PisaItaly

Captive reptiles, always more often present in domestic environment as pets, may harbor and excrete a large variety of zoonotic pathogens. Among them, Salmonella is the most wellknown agent, whereas there are very scant data about infections by mycobacteria, chlamydiae and leptospirae in cold-blooded animals. However, the investigations that found antibody reactions and/or the bacteria in samples collected from free-ranging and captive reptiles show that herpetofauna may be involved in the epidemiology of these infections. The present review reports the updated knowledge about salmonellosis, mycobacteriosis, chlamydiosis and leptospirosis in reptiles and underlines the risk of infection to which people, mainly children, are exposed.

关键词： Reptiles Zoonosis Salmonellosis Mycobacteriosis Chlamydiosis Leptospirosis

Molecular survey on zoonotic tick—borne bacteria and chlamydiae in feral pigeons(Columba livia domestica)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第4期9卷 316-319页

作者： valentina Virginia ebani Fabrizio Bertelloni Paolo Mani Department of Veterinary Science University of Pisa

Objective;To determine the presence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feral pigeons(Columba lixia domestica) from urban ***:Spleen samples from 84 feral pigeons,found dead with traumatic injuries in urban areas,were examined by PCR to detect DNA of Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Bartonella spp.,Borrelia burgdorferi sensu *** *** spp.,and Chlamydnphila ***:Twenty(23.8%) pigeons were infected by tick-borne agents,in particular 2(2.38%) animals resulted positive for Bartonella spp.,5(5.95%) for Coxiella burnetii.5(5.95%) for Rickettsia spp.,13(15.47%) for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu *** birds scored negative for anaplasma ***,17(20.23%) pigeons were positive for Chlamydophila *** among them 10(11.9%) for Chlamydophila psittaci,Mixed infections by two or three agents were detected in 8(9.52%) ***:Feral pigeons living in urban and periurban areas are a hazard for the human health as source of several *** obtained results confirm pigeons as reservoirs of chlamydial agents and suggest that they may be involved in the epidemiology of zoonotic tick-borne infections too.

关键词： Pigeon(Columba livia domestica) Tick-borne bacteria Chlamydophila psittaci PCR

Bartonella infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys from Tuscany,Central Italy

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第11期10卷 1077-1079页

作者： Edoardo Magni Fabrizio Bertelloni Micaela Sgorbini valentina V.ebani Department of Veterinary Science University of PisaViale Delle Piagge 256124 PisaItaly

Objective: To investigate the occurrence of Bartonella sp. infection in asymptomatic horses and donkeys living in Tuscany, Central ***: Blood samples were collected from 77 horses and 15 donkeys and tested by indirect immunofluorescent test to detect antibodies against Bartonella sp. and by PCR to detect the ***: Fifty-four(58.69%; 95% CI: 47.95%–68.87%) animals, 9 donkeys and 45 horses, were seropositive with antibody titers ranging from 1:64 to 1:512. PCR assays detected 9 horses positive for Bartonella sp. and 3 donkeys for Bartonella henselae genotype ***: The detected sero-prevalence suggests a common and frequent exposure of equids living in Central Italy to bartonellae and PCR results show that Bartonella *** is possible both in horses and donkeys. At the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Bartonella henselae infection in donkeys.

关键词： Bartonella Horse Donkey PCR Zoonosis

Molecular survey of tick-borne pathogens in Ixodid ticks collected from hunted wild animals in Tuscany, Italy

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2015年第9期8卷 702-705页

作者： valentina Virginia ebani Fabrizio Bertelloni Barbara Turchi Dario Filogari Domenico Cerri Department of Veterinary Science University of Pisa

Objective: To determine the prevalence of zoonotic tick-borne bacteria in feeding ticks removed from hunted wild animals. Methods: PCR was executed on DNA extracted from 77 tick pools to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Bartonella spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Coxiella burnetii and Rickettsia spp. Results: A total of 432 ticks were collected: 30(6.94%) Haemaphysalis punctata, 72(16.7%) Dermacentor marginatus and 330(76.38%) Ixodes ricinus. For each animal one or two pools of 3 ticks of the same species was constituted. Seventy-seven tick pools were examined by PCR: 58(75.32%) resulted infected and among them 14(18.18%) showed co-infections. In particular, 29(37.66%) pools were positive for Bartonella spp., 23(29.87%) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, 16(20.78%) for Rickettsia spp., and 5(6.49%) for Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. All samples were negative for Coxiella burnetii. Conclusions: The results demonstrate the presence of several zoonotic tick-borne pathogens in the studied area, and underline the risk of exposure to infections for hunters not only during the outdoor activity, but also when they manipulate hunted animals infested by infected ticks.

关键词： Ixodid ticks Tick-borne bacteria Wild animals PCR Hunters

Some pathogenic characters of paratyphoid Salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第12期10卷 1161-1166页

作者： Fabrizio Bertelloni Giovanni Tosi Paola Massi Laura Fiorentini Maria Parigi Domenico Cerri valentina Virginia ebani Department of Veterinary Science University of PisaViale Delle Piagge 256124 Pisa Italy Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Della Lombardia e Dell'Emilia Romagna Sezione Diagnostica di Forl(i)Via Don E. Servadei 3E/3F47122 Forl(i)(FC) Italy

Objective: To investigate some pathogenic characters of Salmonella enterica strains isolated from ***: Twenty-three genetically distinct Salmonella enterica strains, of different serovars and pulsotype, were examined for virulence traits. Resistance to gastric acid environment was estimated by measuring the percentage of survived bacterial cells after exposure for 2 h to a synthetic gastric juice. Strains were analyzed with PCR for the presence of the following virulence genes: mgtC and rhu M located on SPI-3, sopB and pipB located on SPI-5, Salmonella virulence plasmid(spv)R(spvR), spvB and spvC located on Salmonella plasmid virulence and sodCI, sopE, and gipA located on ***, resistance to 21 antibiotics was tested with Kirby–Bauer ***: A percentage of 82.60% of strains were resistant to gastric environment after induction and 60.87% of the strains exhibited constitutive resistance too. Nineteen different virulence profiles were detected. The phage related genes sodCI and sopE and the plasmid mediated operon spvR, spvB and spvC(spvRBC) were detected in 82.60%,47.82% and 52.17% of strains, respectively. Typhimurium and Enteritidis strains showed the highest number of virulence genes. Twenty-one different antibiotic resistance profiles were obtained and two isolates(Typhimurium and Enteritidis) resulted sensible to all the tested molecules. The ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance profile was detected in seven isolates(30.43%).Conclusion: Our results show that paratyphoid Salmonella strains with several characters of pathogenicity, that may be cause of severe pathology in animals and humans, are circulating among poultry.

关键词： Paratyphoid salmonellae Poultry Gastric acid resistance Virulence genes Antimicrobial resistance

Serological survey on some pathogens in wild brown hares(Lepus europaeus) in Central Italy

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2016年第5期9卷 452-455页

作者： valentina Virginia ebani Alessandro Poli Guido Rocchigiani Fabrizio Bertelloni Simona Nardoni Roberto Amerigo Papini Francesca Mancianti Department of Veterinary Sciences University of Pisa

Objective: To determine the exposure of wild brown hares [Lepus europaeus(L. europaeus), pallas] to Anaplasma phagocytophilum(A. phagocytophilum), Borrelia burgdorferi(B. burgdorferi) sensu lato, Encephalitozoon cuniculi(E. cuniculi), Leishmania sp., Neospora caninum(N. caninum) and Toxoplasma gondii(T. gondii). Methods: Two hundred twentytwo blood serum samples of wild brown hares captured in protected areas of the province of Pisa(Central Italy) were tested to detect antibodies against the reported pathogens. Results: Thirty one(14.0%) animals resulted positive for at least one tested agent, with antibody titres ranging from 1:20 to 1:320. In particular, 13(5.8%) samples were positive to B. burgdorferis.l., 11(4.9%) to N. caninum, 3(1.3%) to T. gondii, 2(0.9%) to A. phagocytophilum and 2(0.9%) to Leishmania sp. No samples scored positive to E. cuniculi. Four animals(14.8%) resulted coinfected with 2 different pathogens. Conclusion: The obtained results showed that B. burgdorferi s.l. N. caninum, T. gondii, A. phagocytophilum and Leishmania sp circulate in wild brown hares in Central Italy, suggesting a possible role of L. europaeus as reservoir of these pathogens. The obtained results showed that autochthonous wild brown hares living in Central Italy have been exposed to several pathogens circulating in this area, suggesting a possible role of L. europaeus as reservoir.

关键词： Anaplasma phagocytophilum Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. Brown hare(Lepus europaeus) Leishmania sp. Neospora caninum Toxoplasma gondii Serology

Experimental infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in European brown hare(Lepus europaeus,Pallas)

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2017年第3期10卷 269-274页

作者： Filippo Fratini Ranieri Verin valentina V.ebani Cecilia Ambrogi Fabrizio Bertelloni Barbara Turchi Alessandro Poli Domenico Cerri Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie Universita di PisaPisa Italy Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health Institute of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolUK Corpo Forestale dello Stato Azienda Faunistica di MontefalconePisaItaly

Objective:To investigate clinicopathological,bacteriological and pathological aspects of an experimental infection with Yersinia pseudotuberculosis(***)in hares in order to verify the efficacy of serology for the in vivo ***,the pathogenicity of two *** strains was investigated in order to detect potential ***:Twelve European brown hares(Lepus europaeus,Pallas)were experimentally infected per os and via conjunctival mucosae with ***:six subjects were infected with a strain isolated from a naturally infected hare(YpH)and six subjects with a strain isolated from a naturally infected rabbit(YpR).Two hares were used as negative *** animals were subjected to clinical,bacteriological and serological examinations during 9 weeks following the infection and,at the end of the control period,subjects still alive were euthanized and submitted to a complete post mortem ***:All faecal samples collected during the control period were positive for bacteriological examinations and to a PCR for the inv gene of ***,while only one Yp H-infected hare showed a positive *** the 2nd to the 9th week post infection(pi),serological analysis revealed specific antibodies with titers ranging from 1:10 to 1:160 in all YpH-infected and two YpR-infected *** the Yp H-infected and two Yp R-infected hares scored positive for *** by means of bacteriological ***,suppurative multifocal lesions were detected in liver,spleen,kidney and sub-mandibular lymph nodes in both YpH-and YpR-infected hares and confirmed with *** lesions were observed only in Yp H-infected *** confirmed the presence of bacterial antigen in all infected ***:Results of this study revealed that YpH strain is more pathogenic for hares than the YpR strain;moreover the serological test performed in

关键词： Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Hare Bacteriology Serology Histopathology Immuno histochemistry

Molecular detection of vector-borne bacteria and protozoa in healthy hunting dogs from Central Italy

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 2015年第2期5卷 108-112页

作者： valentina Virginia ebani Simona Nardoni Giulia Fognani Linda Mugnaini Fabrizio Bertelloni Guido Rocchigiani Roberto Amerigo Papini Francesco Stefani Francesca Mancianti Department of Veterinary Science University of Pisa Veterinary Clinic "Costa d'Argento" Orbetello(Grosseto)Italy

Objective:To determine the pi'evalence of vector-bome bacteria and protozoa in hunting dogs living in Central ***:Molecular testing was executed on DNA which was extracted from blood specimens collected from 117 asymptomatic dogs to detect Anaplasma phagocytophilum,Babesia canis(***),Bartonella spp..Coxiella burnetii(***).Ehrlichia *** *** Leislnnania ***:A total of 48 dogs(41.0%) were infested by Ixodes ricinus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus ***-borne infections were observed in 64(54.7%) *** in detail.38 dogs(32.5%) screened positive for Hepatozoon canis,24(20.5%) for Bartonella rinsonii ***.20(17.1%) for Leishmania infantum,6(5.1%) for ***,5(4.3%) for ***(3 *** vogeli and 2 *** canis),3(2.5%) for Anaplasma phagocytophilum,and 2(1.7%) for Ehrlichia *** infection by 2 agents occurred in 17(14.5%) subjects,by 3 agents in 7(6.0%) dogs,and by 4 agents in 1(0.9%) ***:The results demonstrated that several vector-borne pathogens were circulating in this region and dogs infected by these agents were usually asymptomatic.A relevant finding was the presence of DNA of ***,a severe zoonotic agent,in the 5.1% of tested dogs,which can be source of infection for their owners not only through tick bites,but also directly with urine,feces and birth products.

关键词： Arthropod-bornc infection Bacteria Dog PCR Protozoa