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Problems, potentials and future of industrial crystallization

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 1-8页

作者： J. ulrich P. Frohberg Center for Engineering Science Thermal Process Engineering Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany

This review discusses important research developments and arising challenges in the field of industrial crystallization with an emphasis on recent problems. The most relevant areas of research have been identified. These are the prediction of phase diagrams; the prediction of effects of impurities and additives; the design of fluid dynamics; the process control with process analytical technologies （PAT） tools; the polymorph and solvate screening; the stabilization of non-stable phases; and the product design. The potential of industrial crystallization in various areas is outlined and discussed with particular reference to the product quality, process design, and control. On this basis, possible future directions for research and development have been pointed out to highlight the importance of crystallization as an outstanding technique for separation, purification as well as for product design.

关键词： industrial crystallization potentials and future product design

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of N-(Biphenyl-2-thiocarbamoyl)-4-(1,3-dichlorophenyl) Carboxamide

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Chinese Journal of Structural Chemistry 2015年第6期34卷 853-857页

作者： AAMER SAEED ulrich FL?RKE Department of Chemistry Quaid-I-Azam University Department Chemie Fakult?t fur Naturwissenschaften Universit?t Paderborn

The synthesis of the title molecule was achieved by the reaction of 2,4-dichloro- benzoyl chloride with potassium thiocyanate in 1：1 molar ratio in dry acetonitrile to afford the corresponding isothiocyante in situ followed by the treatment with 2-aminobiphenyl. The structure of the target compound was established by elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy and unequivocally confirmed by the crystallographic data. The title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 13.356（2）, b = 7.0761（11）, c = 20.539（3） A, β = 105.723（4）°, V= 1868.5（5） A3 and Z = 4.

关键词： synthesis crystal structure N-(biphenyl-2-thiocarbamoyl)-4-(1,3-dichlorophenyl) carboxamide

Molecular level simulations on multi-component systems --a morphology prediction method

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2013年第1期7卷 49-54页

作者： C. SCHMIDT J. ulrich Center for Engineering Science Thermal Process Engineering Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg D-06099 Halle (Saale) Germany

The crystal morphology grown from a solution composed of an organic solvent, solute and additive can be predicted reliably by a computational method. Modeling the supersaturated solution as liquid phase is achieved by employing commercial software. The molecular composition of this solution is a required input parameter. The face specific diffusion coefficient of the solid （crystal surface） and liquid （solution） system is determined using the molecular dynamics procedure. The obtained diffusion coefficient is related to the specific face growth rate via the attachment energy of the pure morphology. The significant improvements are achieved in the morphology prediction because the investigation on the face growth rates in a complex growth environment （as multi-component solutions with additives） can be carried out based on the diffusion coefficients.

关键词： crystallization morphology molecular dynamics solution

Utilizing melt crystallization fundamentals in the development of a new tabletting technology

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Frontiers of Chemical Science and Engineering 2014年第3期8卷 346-352页

作者： Ahmed ABOUZEID Sandra PETERSEN Joachim ulrich Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg Center for Engineering Science Thermal Process Engineering D-06099 Halle Germany

Increasing production effeciency and lowering costs are some of the many advantages melt crystallization technology offers over the conventional methodology of tabletting. A normal tablet consists of a pure shell or a coat and a separate core constituting the pharmaceutical active ingredient. Great emphasis is put on the purity of the shell since its purpose is to solely protect and deliver the active ingredient to its target. Melt crystallization is a purification （separation） process. It is discussed here for its ability to produce coated tablets, by separating the ＂coating＂ material from the ＂to be coated＂ material coming from one molten mixture. Molten drops of lutrol-ibuprofen mixture are produced using the drop forming technique. The subsequent analysis involves proving and quantifying the phase separation （coat purity）. The mechanism of a crystallizing drop is shown as direct evidence of the ongoing process. Moreover, solidified tablet batches are analyzed for the purity of their coating by measuring the ibuprofen concentration. This optimization process is carried out through multiple stages of development and condition enhancements in order to produce the most pure tablet coating. As a result, a trial showing an almost purely coated tablet is presented here.

关键词： phase separation melt crystallization tablets,process optimization

Biomimetics in Production Organization -A Literature Study and Framework

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Journal of Bionic Engineering 2016年第2期13卷 200-212页

作者： Kirsten Reisen ulrich Teschemacher Michael Niehues Gunther Reinhart Institute for Machine Tools and Industrial Management Technische Universitat Miinchen ( TUM) Boltzmannstrafle 15 85748 Garch ing Germany

Biomimetics is an established field in research and industry. Current approaches focus on the use of biological principles in product development, while large potentials have also been identified for transferring organisational principles from nature to production organisation. This study gives a comprehensive overview of existing literature and illustrates that only fragmented research is being conducted at present. In order to enable systematic translation into methods that are available to practitioners, a framework is developed which allows the body of literature to be structured and potential fields not being researched at present to be identified. It also points out that some biological principles receive more attention in research approaches and practical implementation in production organisation than others. Furthermore, correlations between biological principles and principles in production are identified that there have already been successful translations of biomimetic approaches to production organisation. On the other hand, it suggests that there are numerous promising approaches only described in an initial paper that need further research before they can be implemented in practice.

关键词： biomimetics framework production organisation optimization

Particle penetration in fiber filters

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Particuology 2018年第5期16卷 70-79页

作者： Norbert Riefler Martina ulrich Marko Morshaiuser Udo Fritsching Process Engineering Institute of Materials ScienceBadgasteiner Strasse 328359BremenGermany Lydall Gutsche GmbH & Co.KG Hermann-Muth-Str.836039FuldaGermany Particles and Process Engineering University of BremenBibliothekstrasse 128359BremenGermany

Particle separation from gases is an important unit operation in manifold industrial applications,such as those conducted in environmental *** analysis of particle penetration and separation in fiber filters,standard dust particles (Al2O3)were loaded in the gas flow of a filter test facility and deposited within new and uncharged fiber *** loaded filters were analyzed by micro-computer tomography and scanning electron ***-dimensional tomograms of the samples show an exponential decay of the penetration depth of the *** dependency is confirmed by simulations conducted using the discrete element method coupled with computational fluid dynamics within unloaded and loaded fiber *** processes of particle separation at the fibers as well as the filtration efficiency and time-dependent filtering process are derived from the *** particle clustering in the filter medium and partial filter clogging are thus identified.

关键词： Particle filtration Fiber filter X-ray microtomography Computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method coupling High-fidelity simulation Transient mesh morphing

The Martin moving grate technology

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Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy 2023年第3期5卷 283-293页

作者： Ralf Koralewska ulrich Martin Max Schönsteiner MARTIN GmbH für Umwelt-und Energietechnik Leopoldstrasse 24680807MunichGermany

The thermal treatment of waste using grate-based systems has gained global acceptance as the preferred method for sustainable management of residual *** is because the energy content of the waste is utilized and quality products and residues are *** Waste-to-Energy(WtE)plants are extremely *** knowledge of“fuel”waste and its effects on the design and operation of WtE plants is crucial for the successful planning and operation of these *** respond to new challenges and/or priorities,developing and implementing innovative technologies is *** long-term global partnerships and innovative grate and combustion technologies,Martin guarantees that in future,residual waste will be treated following ecological and economic constraints and in compliance with international legal requirements.

关键词： Waste-to-Energy Combustion Grate technologies Heating value Developing countries

Design and Fabrication of 2-DOF Micromirror Array Based on Electro-Thermal Actuators

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Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology 2006年第2期15卷 211-215页

作者：蒋剑良 HILLERINGMANN ulrich School of Information Science and Technology Beijing Institute of Technology Fachgebiet Sensorik University of Paderborn D-33098 Paderborn Germany

With surface- and bulk-micromachining, an 8 × 8 mirrors array is designed, fabricated and tested, which is based on electro-thermal actuators and can be addressed individually. The micromirror is square shaped, 4-corner-actuated. Its dimension is 200 μm × 200 μm. The substrate below it is caved away to ensure a tilt at an angle as large as possible. To protect the etch-sensitive features on the front side of the wafer undamaged during wet deep silicon etch on the backside, the wax protective coating process is used. Mirror actuated by powering an alternative pair of heaters will tilt in 2-DOF. If its 4 cantilevers/heaters are powered synchronously, it will move in a piston mode. The effective arrays are more than 80% out of the three finished wafers. When the ramp voltage frequency applied to a pair of neighboring cantilevers is 5 Hz at 10 V, the average tilting angle can be ± 8°.

关键词： micromirror array electro-thermal actuator microfabrication chemical wet etch

Van der Waals interfacial bonding and intermixing in GeTe-Sb2Te3-based superlattices

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Nano Research 2018年第3期11卷 1676-1686页

作者： Andriy Lotnyk Isom Hilmi ulrich Ross Bernd Rauschenbach Leibniz Institute of Surface Modification (IOM) Permoserstr. 15 Leipzig D-04318 Germany

Interfacial phase change memory （iPCM） based on GeTe and Sb2Te3 superlattices （SLs） is an emerging contender for non-volatile data storage applications. A detailed knowledge of the atomic structure of these materials is crucial for further development of SLs and for a better understanding of the resistivity switching characteristics of iPCM devices. In this work, crystalline GeTe-Sb2TeB- based SLs, produced by pulsed laser deposition onto a Si（111） substrate at temperatures lower than in previous studies, are analyzed by advanced scanning transmission electron microscopy. The results reveal the formation of Ge-rich Ge（x＋y）Sb（2-y）Tez building blocks with specific numbers of ordered Ge cation layers （between I and 5） and disordered cation layers （4） for z = 6-10, as well as intermixed cation layers for z = 5, within the SLs. The G Ge（x＋y）Sb（2-y）Tez units are separated from the Sb2Te3 building blocks by van der Waals gaps. In particular, the interlayer bonding is promoted by the formation of outermost cation layers consisting of intermixed GeSb within the building blocks adjacent to the van der Waals gaps. The Ge（x＋y）Sb（2-y）Tez units with z 〉 5 retain metastable crystal structures with two-dimensional bonding within the SLs. The present study shed new light on the possible configurations of the building units that can be formed during the synthesis of GeTe-Sb2Te3-based iPCM materials. In addition, a possible switching mechanism active in iPCM materials is discussed.

关键词： interfacial phase change memory (iPCM) thin films intermixing Cs-corrected scanningtransmission electron microscopy