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Optimization of bio-oil production parameters from the pyrolysis of elephant grass (pennisetum purpureum) using response surface methodology

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Clean Energy 2024年第5期8卷 241-251页

作者： Sunday C.Ikpeseni Samuel O.Sada Ufuoma J.Efetobor Henry O.Orugba Mathias Ekpu Hilary I.Owamah Jeremiah L.Chukwuneke Solomon Oyebisi uche p.onochie Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State PolytechnicP.M.B.3Otefe-OgharaNigeria Department of Chemical Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of Civil Engineering Delta State UniversityP.M.B.1AbrakaNigeria Department of Mechanical Engineering Nnamdi Azikiwe UniversityP.M.B.2025AwkaNigeria Department of Civil Engineering Covenant UniversityP.M.B.1023OttaNigeria Department of Civil Engineering The University of the South PacificP.M.B.9072SuvaFiji Department of Mechanical Engineering Delta State University of Science and TechnologyP.M.B.5OzoroNigeria

The need to increase bio-oil yield from biomass and enhance its fuel properties has driven research into optimizing the pyrolysis *** study investigated the influence of three key process parameters—temperature,heating rate,and nitrogen flow rate—on the pyrolysis of elephant grass(pennisetum purpureum)in a fixed-bed *** surface methodology was used to study the im-pact of the aforementioned variables on bio-oil yield to improve its production *** analysis of the biomass revealed 79.24 wt%volatile matter,14.22 wt%fixed carbon,and 5.86%ash,with ultimate analysis showing 45.44%carbon,5.59%hydrogen,and 40.95%*** high volatile matter content and favourable carbon and hydrogen percentages indicate that elephant grass is a vi-able energy source due to its potential for high bio-oil yield and energy *** resulting bio-oil exhibited a higher heating value of 20.9 MJ/kg,indicating its suitability for various heating applications.A second-order regression model was developed for bio-oil yield,with optimal conditions identified as a temperature of 550°C,a heating rate of 17°C/min,and a nitrogen flow rate of 6 ml/*** study achieved an optimal bio-oil yield of 59.03 wt%,and the model’s high R²value of 0.8683 from analysis of variance analysis confirmed its predictive *** research highlights elephant grass as a sustainable feedstock for bio-oil production,offering valuable insights into optimizing pyrolysis conditions to enhance bio-oil yield,thus advancing biofuel technology.

关键词： renewable energy biomass sustainable feedstock regression model fixed-bed reactor

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Detection of microbial antigenic components of circulating immune complexes in HIV patients:Involvement in CD4^+ T lymphocyte count depletion

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Asian pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2010年第10期3卷 828-832页

作者： Ezeani Michael Chukwudi Onyenekwe CC Wachukwu CK Anyiam DCD Meludu SC Ukibe RN Ifeanyichukwu M onochie A Anahalu I Okafor UU Department of Immunology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi CampusAnambra State Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi CampusAnambra State Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Rivers State University of Science and TechnologyPort-HarcourtRiver State Nigeria Department of Histopathology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi CampusAnambra State Nigeria Department of Human Biochemistry Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi CampusAnambra State Nigeria Department of Biochemistry Anambra State UniversityUli Anambra State Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Microbiology UnitNnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching HospitalNnewiAnambra State Nigeria Department of pharmacology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi CampusAnambra State Nigeria

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of microbial antigenic components of circulating immune complexes amongst grades of CD4 T lymphocyte counts in HIV sero positive and seronegative ***:polyethelene glycol(pEG-600) and buffering methods of precipitation and dissociation of immune complexes was used to generate immune solution from sera of 100 HIV sero-positive and 100 HIV sero-negative *** were categorized into 3 grades based on CD4 count:> 500 cell/mm,200-499 cell/mm3 and processed serum for detection of various microbial antigens and or antibodies. CD4 T cell counts were estimated using patec Cyflow SL-3 ***:Antigenic component of immune complexes of various infectious agents was detected in 99 and 70 HIV seropositive and HIV sero-negative participants,*** group A,there were 10 HIV positive participants,including 4(40.0%) had circulating immune complexes(CICs) due to Salmonella species only:1(10.0%) due to Salmonella-plasmodium falciparum(***),Salmonellap. falciparum-HCV and *** antigens,*** group B,45(45.4%) HIV seropositive participants with CICs had CD4 T lymphocyte count between 200-499 cells/mm^*** of these,20(44.4%) had CICs due to Salmonella species only:9(20%) due to Salmonella-p. *** group C,there were 44(44.4%) HIV sero-positive participants,including 3(6.8%) due to Salmonella species only:24(54.4%) due to ***:2(4.5%) due to p. falciparum ***:In HIV sero-positive participants,presence of heterogeneity of Salmonella *** antigens was highly incriminated in CD4 count depletion but not homogeneity of malaria parasites *** parasites antigens only were incriminated in CD4^+ count depletion amongst HIV sero-negative *** taking any decision on the management

关键词： HIV/AIDS Immune complexes Microbial antigens HIV positive participant CD4^+ lymphocyte count

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语言对比视角下的对伊博人汉语疑问句教学研究

语言对比视角下的对伊博人汉语疑问句教学研究

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作者：周帅（OBAYI onochie LONGINUS）西南大学

学位级别：硕士

疑问句在交际中的重要性促使笔者调查伊博族汉语学习者在学习汉语疑问句中的实际情况。以帮学习者找出学习汉语疑问句的最佳方法。文章从说明研究的选题依据,研究目的以及相关文献的综述开始,讨论汉语和伊博语的疑问手段以确定两种语言... 详细信息

疑问句在交际中的重要性促使笔者调查伊博族汉语学习者在学习汉语疑问句中的实际情况。以帮学习者找出学习汉语疑问句的最佳方法。文章从说明研究的选题依据,研究目的以及相关文献的综述开始,讨论汉语和伊博语的疑问手段以确定两种语言中疑问句的特征。文章在前人研究的基础上对汉语和伊博语疑问句几个要素进行对比研究。根据两者的异同预测伊博学习者学习汉语疑问句能出现的偏误和难点。笔者将收集到的预料进行归类,分析各类偏误产生的原因。这项研究共由四章,第一章包括绪论部分,研究现状和研究方法,研究部分主要介绍了研究价值,创新点和研究目的。第二章先呈现汉语和伊博语疑问句表达手段,然后运用对比分析方法将汉语和伊博语两种语言的疑问类型进行对比研究。通过对比分析了解汉语和伊博语疑问句的异同,预测伊博人学习汉语疑问句的难点。第三章通过偏误分析方法将伊博人学习汉语疑问句所遇到的偏误进行归类及分析,通过收集的预料了解学生的疑问句使用频率及正确使用频率了解他们的疑问句习得情况。最后得出学习者各种疑问句的习得难点并对其提出了教学策略。

关键词：汉语伊博语疑问句对比偏误

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prevalence and Associations of pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma in a Group of Tertiary Eye Care Facilities in Southwest Nigeria

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Open Journal of Ophthalmology 2016年第2期6卷 70-79页

作者： Chizoba onochie Obiekwe Okoye Adeola Onakoya Adunola Ogunro Kunle Hassan Chidi Ihemedu Tade Aribaba Ogugua Okonkwo Eye Foundation Hospital Ikeja Nigeria Department of Ophthalmology University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu Nigeria Guinness Eye Centre Lagos University Teaching Hospital Surulere Lagos Nigeria Lily Hospitals Warri Nigeria

Background: Globally, glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness. pseudoexfoliation glaucoma is the most common form of secondary open angle glaucoma. purpose: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (pXG) among newly diagnosed glaucoma patients in Eye Foundation Hospital Ikeja, Guinness Eye Center, Lagos University Teaching Hospital and Deseret Community Vision Institute, Ijebu Imushin. Methods: This hospital-based, descriptive cross-sectional study included newly diagnosed adult glaucoma patients at the glaucoma clinics of three tertiary eye care centers. A study proforma was used to obtain socio-demographic information, medical history, ocular history and relevant findings on ocular and systemic examination. Descriptive and comparative statistical analyses were performed. Values were considered statistically significant where p Results: One hundred and forty adult glaucoma patients aged 60.5 ± 11.9 SD years and male to female ratio of 2:1 were examined. The prevalence of pXG among the glaucoma patients was 16.9%. The pseudoexfoliative material (pXM) was most commonly found on the pupil (39%). Common ocular features seen among pXG patients were poor pupillary dilation with mydriatic agents (44%) and Sampaolesi’s line in the anterior chamber angle (41%). A higher proportion of pXG patients than primary open angle glaucoma (pOAG) patients showed signs of severe glaucoma, including severe optic disc cupping (p = 0.019) and visual field defects (p = 0.014). Hearing defects were the only significantly associated non-ocular feature (p = 0.0005). Conclusion: The prevalence of pXG was 16.9%. This implies that it is relatively common in Nigeria. Hearing loss is an important non-ocular association. Careful ocular examination of glaucoma patients is recommended to identify pXG, which runs a more severe clinical course than pOAG.

关键词： prevalence pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma pseudoexfoliation Syndrome Nigeria

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Evaluation of Antiplasmodial Effect of Methanol Leaf Extract and Fractions of Eucalyptus camadulensis (Denhn) in Albino Wistar Mice

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American Journal of plant Sciences 2023年第6期14卷 662-676页

作者： Amarachi Akachukwu Moses Ikegbunam Emmanuel Enyi Theresa Osarunwese Ifeyinwa onochie-Igbinedion Harrison Abone Dorothy Ezeagwuna Joy Nnanna Chibueze Ihekwereme Chukwuemeka Nworu Department of pharmacology and Toxicology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of parasitology and Entomology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of pharmacology and Toxicology University of Nigeria Nsukka Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the malaria-endemic countries, where the treatment of malaria has relied heavily on natural and traditional medicines. This study was designed to investigate and ascertain the preference of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in treating malaria using three standard models among local herbalists. Extraction was carried out on the leaves of Eucalyptus camadulensis using methanol. The methanol crude extract and other solvent fractions obtained were used for analysis. An acute toxicity test (LD50) was carried out using Lorke’s Method. The extract and its fractions were screened for phytochemical constituents using standard procedures. Different doses of the methanol crude extract (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg) and other solvent fractions (250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg) were assessed for their antiplasmodial property using the Suppressive, Curative, and prophylactic models on different days. One hundred and eighty grams (18% w/w) of the extract were recovered from 1000 g of powdered leaves. The weight of fractions and their yields calculated from 50 g crude extract are n-hexane fraction (3.45 g, 6.9%), ethylacetate fraction (11.65 g, 23.3%), and butanol (7.84 g, 15.68%). The result of the acute toxicity test showed that the lethal dose of the plant was above 5000 mg/kg. For the crude extract, the 1000 mg/kg dose had the highest percentage of parasitemia suppression of 97.3%, 95.30%, and 75.97% in the curative, suppressive, and prophylactic models, respectively. The fractions exhibited a significant chemosuppressive effect when compared with the negative control, with the butanol fraction (500 mg/kg) showing a higher percentage suppression. The findings in this study justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the management of malaria fever and tally with its folkloric use. However, more research is needed to establish the functions of the constituents in relation to antiplasmodial activity.

关键词： Eucalyptus camadulensis Antiplasmodial

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The prevalence of Dengue Virus and Malaria Co-Infection among HIV-Infected patients within South Eastern Nigeria

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Advances in Infectious Diseases 2022年第1期12卷 106-117页

作者： onochie-Igbinedion Ifeyinwa Theresa Osarumwense Ikegbunam Moses Nkechukwu Ekpunobi Nzube Favour Ibeagha Izuchukwu Chukwuma Okechukwu George Adikwu Micheal Umale Esimone Charles Okechukwu Department of pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku-Ozalla Enugu Nigeria ApIN public Health Initiative Makurdi Benue State Nigeria Medical Laboratory Science Department Nnamdi Azikiwe University Nnewi Nigeria Department of pharmaceutics University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Nsukka Enugu Nigeria

Background: Dengue and malaria are infections of great public health concern, especially in tropical countries like Nigeria where the burden of HIV infection is high. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of dengue virus and dengue/malaria coinfection among febrile HIV-infected patients attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital and Nnamdi Azikiwe University teaching university both in the southeastern region of Nigeria. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, blood samples from 338 consenting HIV-infected patients were collected and tested for plasmodiasis and DENV using malaria microscopy and ELISA, respectively. Interviewer-based questionnaires were used to assess subjects’ sociodemographic variables and dengue risk factors. This study was conducted within the peak period of the dry season (January-February 2016). Results: Of the 338 screened participants, 13.02% were seropositive for DENV, whereas 55.8% were positive for plasmodium spp. About 2.7% were positive for both dengue virus and plasmodium spp. The overall seroprevalence of dengue virus by NS1 antigenemia, IgM and IgG antibodies was 9.5%, 5.6% and 8%. Conclusion: The high prevalence of malaria and DENV indicates the need to strengthen vector control and dengue surveillance programs.

关键词： Dengue Malaria Coinfection Seroprevalence Southeast Nigeria

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Assessment of Risks of Cardiovascular Diseases among Leprosy patients Settlement at Ossiomo-Ogan Rehabilitation Center, Edo State, Nigeria

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Health 2021年第12期13卷 1475-1487页

作者： Grace Umahi-Ottah Babatunde Ishola Gabriel Adejumo Laurel Imose Oyakhilome uchechukwu Dimkpa Simon Uzor Oladimeji Nasiru Abdulrahman Noreen Ebelechukwu Agbapuonwu onochie Anslem Ajugwo Musiliu Adewale Oyenike Department of physiology Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Benin Benin City Nigeria Department of physiology Nnewi Campus Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Applied Science Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences University of West of England Bristol UK Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Technology Offa Kwara State Nigeria Department of Nursing Nnamdi Azikwe University Akwa Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Madonna University Elele Rivers State Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Oyo State Nigeria

Background/Aim: Quality of life is reduced in people living with leprosy as a result of its impact on human activities. Lipid profile means pattern of lipids in the blood, which is routinely done to assess cardiovascular risk. The aim of this study is to assess the risk of cardiovascular diseases among the leprosy patients settlement at Ossiomo-Ogan, Edo state. Method: Blood samples were collected from a total number of one hundred and eight (108) (57 leprosy patients and 51 controls) subjects. The lipid profiles of the participants were determined using standard methods. Results: Significantly (p prosy patients compared with the healthy controls were obtained. There is significant positive correlation between artherogenic index and levels of total cholesterol (r = 0.663;p p p = 0.003);and LDL (r = 0.626;p prosy patients. However, all the control subjects and 54 (94.7%) of the leprosy patients had low cardiovascular disease risk, while 3 (2.8%) indicated moderate CVD risk. None of the participants had high risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Conclusion: In this study, lipid profile levels of leprosy patients significantly increased despite moderate level of BMI. This study also showed significant positive correlation between the anthrogenic index of plasma and all the lipid profile. Many of the leprosy patients are not conscious of their diet which was tilted towards heavy carbohydrate and fatty meals. None of the participants is at high risk of cardiovascular diseases but the risk may increase with further elevation of the lipid profiles. Efforts should be made by all stakeholders to improve on the awareness of leprosy disease and encourage the sufferers to live decent lives.

关键词： Leprosy Cholesterol Triglycerides HDL LDL Edo State

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HIV-1 RNA Viral Load, CD4 Count and Some Haematological parameters of people Living with HIV in the Enugu Metropolis

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World Journal of AIDS 2023年第2期13卷 57-69页

作者： Izuchukwu Ibeagha Evelyn Ada Kyrian-Ogbonna Felix Emelike Ekene Ibeagha Emmanuel Enyi Theresa Osarunwese Ifeyinwa onochie-Igbinedion Harrison Abone Dorothy Ezeagwuna Chinwe Chukwuka Moses Ikegbunam Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) Laboratory University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Ituku Enugu Nigeria ApIN public Health Initiative Makurdi Nigeria Department of Applied Microbiology and Brewing Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Medical Laboratory Department Ambrose Alli University Ekpoma Nigeria Center for Clinical Care and Clinical Research of Nigeria (CCRN) Makurdi Nigeria Department of pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of parasitology and Entomology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists (MRFSS) Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria

Background: It is widely known that the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) induces biochemical and physiological changes in affected persons. Consequently, the overall aim of this study was to evaluate the HIV-1 RNA viral load, CD4 count, and certain haematological parameters among HIV treatment-na?ve subjects in the Enugu metropolis of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 252 HIV-infected, ART-native subjects (≥18) attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu were recruited for this study and were made up of 157 (62.3%) females and 95 (37.7%) males. A total of 250 HIV-negative subjects were used as control subjects (100 males and 150 females). Blood samples were collected from all the participants and their HIV-1 status was confirmed by an immunoblot confirmatory test. Their haematological parameters and CD4 count were evaluated, while the HIV-1 viral load was only assessed on confirmed HIV-positive subjects. Results: There was female predominance (62.3%) among these HIV-positive subjects. The mean age of HIV-positive subjects was 39.16 ± 10.08 years while the mean age of the control subjects was 34.8 ± 8.6 years. The age group of 31 - 40 years (102/252 (40.5%)) constituted most of the test subjects. The total white blood cells (TWBC) (6.05 ± 5.46), lymphocyte counts (36 ± 14), haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) (9.85 ± 7.36) and the CD4 counts (242 ± 228) of the HIV-infected subjects showed a significant difference when compared with their control counterpart values of TWBC (4.5 ± 0.568), lymphocytes (39.67 ± 8.2), Hb (13.48 ± 1.5), and CD4 counts (807 ± 249) (p 0.05). Anaemia, lymphocytopenia, and thrombocytopenia were the haematological abnormalities seen in the HIV-positive subjects. HIV viral load correlated with haemoglobin concentration, CD4 count, lymphocyte count, and neutrophil count (p Conclusion: prognostic factors, such as haemoglobin concentrations, CD4 counts, lymphocyte counts, and neutrophil counts can be

关键词： HIV-1 RNA CD4 Count Haematological parameters

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Comparison of Four Diagnostic Tests Methods for the Detection of Dengue Virus Non-Structural-1 Antigen and IgM/IgG Antibodies

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Journal of Biosciences and Medicines 2022年第5期10卷 179-190页

作者： Moses N. Ikegbunam Ifeyinwa T.O. onochie-Igbinedion Nzube F. Ekpunobi Abone Harrison Enyi Emmanuel Simon Nkpeh Ushie Micheal U. Adiukwu Charles O. Esimone Department of pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Molecular Research Foundation for Students and Scientists Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Medical Microbiology Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of pharmaceutics University of Nigeria Nsukka (UNN) Nsukka Nigeria

Objectives: Dengue virus (DENV) infection is a mosquito-borne disease that stands out as one of the major public health issues and has a wide-ranging geographical distribution throughout the tropics and subtropics. The general alarming increase in the number of cases over the last two decades can be attributed to an extent by the change in national practices to keeping records and reporting dengue to the Ministries of Health, and WHO. Dengue diagnosis is routinely carried out by detection of dengue virus (DENV) antigen NS1 (Non-structural Antigen 1) and/or anti-DENV IgM/IgG antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). This study compared the performance of three RDTs and one ELISA used for dengue diagnosis in southeastern, Nigeria. Design: This study adopted a cross-sectional design that included prospective hospital-based surveillance of cases among febrile participants attending two major health facilities within the southeastern region of Nigeria. In this study, 338 HIV-infected participants from two teaching hospitals in Nigeria’s southeast were systematically tested for Dengue with four methods: NS1 RDT, IgG RDT, IgM RDT, and NS1 ELISA. Their specificities and sensitivities were compared, as well as their level of concordance. Their respective performances were also evaluated using the Receivers Operational curve (ROC). Results: Out of the 338 patients, the dengue prevalence from the four dengue diagnostic methods Dengue virus NS1 ELISA, NS1 RDT, IgM and IgG seropositivity were 8.9%, 0.6%, 5.6%, and 8.0%, respectively. The Dengue IgM RDT test indicated 36.8% sensitivity, 92.8% specificity, the IgG anti-dengue specific test indicated 29.6% sensitivity, 92.9% specificity and the dengue NS1 RDT test indicated 3.3% sensitivity, 99.4% specificity when compared with the Dengue NSI Elisa test method as a reference method. Conclusion: The use of NSI ELISA for DENV diagnosis showed good performance and the RDTs showed,

关键词： Dengue Virus Diagnosis Methods Comparison performance Southeastern Nigeria

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The Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Serum Carboxyhemoglobin and Calcium Levels in Apparently Healthy Male Smokers in Benin City, Nigeria

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Journal of Biomedical Science and Engineering 2022年第1期15卷 26-35页

作者： Grace Umahi-Ottah Babatunde Ishola Gabriel Adejumo Elvis Osamede Godwins uchechukwu Dimkpa Simon Uzor Usman Itakure Abdulkadir Oladimeji Nasiru Abdulrahman Noreen Ebelechukwu Agbapuonwu onochie Anslem Ajugwo Musiliu Adewale Oyenike Department of physiology Ebonyi State University Abakaliki Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science University of Benin Benin City Nigeria Department of physiology Nnewi Campus Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Nigeria Department of Applied Science Faculty of Health and Applied Sciences University of West of England Bristol UK Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Sciences and Technology Markafi Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Technology Offa Nigeria Department of Nursing Nnamdi Azikwe University Akwa Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science Madonna University Elele Nigeria Department of Medical Laboratory Science College of Health Sciences Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Ogbomoso Nigeria

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of cigarette smoking on carboxylhaemoglobin (COHb) and calcium levels in apparently healthy male cigarette smokers in Benin City, Nigeria. Thirty active cigarette smokers and thirty healthy, non-smokers within the same age range participated in this study. Serum COHb level was estimated using ELISA reagent from Calbiotech, USA, while calcium concentration was estimated spectrophotometrically with commercially purchased kit from Randox, UK. Results showed higher concentration of COHb but lower concentration of calcium level among the cigarette smokers when compared with the non-smokers. There were no statistically significant differences observed in COHb levels between smokers with regard to smoking duration (p = 0.893) and number of sticks of cigarette per day (p = 0.256). In contrast, significantly higher mean COHb level was found in subjects who smoked “always” compared with those who smoked “occasionally” (p = 0.04) and those who smoked “rarely” (p = 0.006). On the other hand, the smokers’ serum calcium level was not affected by smoking duration, frequency and number of sticks consumed. In conclusion, the present study confirms that cigarette smoking contributes to abnormally high COHb levels, which is associated with adverse health consequences from carbon-monoxide poisoning in the body. In addition, cigarette smoking may interfere with the mechanisms responsible for the absorption of calcium in the gastro-intestinal tract, thus leading to poor absorption as well as low levels of calcium in the body.

关键词： Carboxyhaemoglobin Calcium Smokers Nonsmokers Benin City

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