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Timescales of geological processes: Preface

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Geoscience Frontiers 2019年第1期10卷 1-3页

作者： Andrew Putnis Christopher J.Spencer tom Raimondo The Institute for Geoscience Research School of Earth and Planetary Science Curtin University School of Natural and Built Environments University of South Australia

*** One of the major challenges in Geoscience is to understand how the formation and evolution of the Earth System are governed by timescales-that is,how the various geological processes that continue to contribute to its present-day structure and composition operated in the deep *** traditional view of such processes refers to events that occur at immense spatial scales and over hundreds of millions of years,constrained in most cases by the ages of rocks determined using isotopic dating methods or the fossil ***,the modern view of geological processes has increasingly acknowledged that their durations can be significantly shorter than previously thought possible,or indeed detectable without recent analytical *** are a prime example of rapid,high energy and episodic events that have a profound effect on subsequent processes such as metamorphism,fluid transport,and ore formation e the evidence of which is written in microstructures,compositional zoning,and P-T *** studies have also revealed that the reaction rates between fluids and rocks can be extremely rapid relative to geological *** has led to the notion that geological processes are not necessarily continuous over millions of years but may,in fact,be sporadic,with long periods where essentially no reactions take place punctuated by periods of intense activity.

关键词： In Preface Timescales of geological processes

Tolerance of Pima and Upland cotton to trifloxysulfuron(Envoke) herbicide under field conditions

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Journal of Cotton Research 2021年第04期4卷 299-307页

作者： ZHANG Jinfa ABDELRAHEEM Abdelraheem WEDEGAERTNER tom Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences New Mexico State University Cotton Incorporated

Trifloxysulfuron(Envoke) is an acetolactate synthase-inhibitor herbicide and can be used to control many broadleaf weeds and nutsedges in cotton ***,there is a lack of information on genotypic variation in response to the *** this field study,60 Pima(Gossypium barbadense L.) lines,122 Upland(*** L.) lines,and 9 Upland x Pima segregating populations were divided into five tests(18 A,18 B,18 G,18 RB,and 18 HQ) to evaluate trifloxysulfuron tolerance at the 7-true leaf stage(42 days after planting) under the same field conditions in 201 *** the five tests,Pima cotton genotypes tested in this study did not show any visual crop injury based on percentage of plants with chlorosis at 6 days after treatment(DAT),indicating consistent and high levels of trifloxysulfuron ***,the response to trifloxysulfuron within U pland cotton is highly *** U pland cotton is overall more sensitive to trifloxysulfuron with crop injury up to 80% than Pima cotton,1 9 lines had injury below 5% including one line with no visual injury,and 19 lines had injury between 5% and 10%.In test 18 HQ with 15 transgenic Upland cultivars and 17 non-transgenic Upland lines,the analysis of variance detected a significant genotypic *** broad-sense heritability estimates for trifloxysulfuron tolerance based on crop injury at 6 DAT was 0.555,suggesting that trifloxysulfuron tolerance in U pland cotton is moderately *** study represents the first report that Pima cotton and many Upland cotton lines are highly tolerant to trifloxysulfuron with no or little crop injury.

关键词： Upland cotton Pima cotton Glandless Trifloxysulfuron (Envoke) Herbicide tolerance

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The evolutionary consequences of selfish genetic elements

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Current Zoology 2016年第6期62卷 655-658页

作者： Anna K. LINDHOLM tom A.R. PRICE Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 Zurich Switzerland Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool Crown Street Liverpool UK

The traditional view of the genome was once that it is broadly cooperative, with all genes working together amicably to improve the success of the individual as a whole. Benefits to the individual, after all, benefit all the component genes, as fair Mendelian inheritance ensures that all the genes and alleles a parent carries are equally likely to be inherited by an offspring. However, more detailed studies of inheritance have shown that this rosy view of cooperation within the genome is untrue. Instead, many genes act selfishly, manipulating gametogenesis to bias transmission in their favor （Butt and Trivers 2006）. This increases their representation in offspring at a cost to the fitness of the individual and the cooperative genes.

关键词：遗传因素进化基因组孟德尔遗传等位基因合作多基因后代

Antibiotic use in early childhood and risk of obesity: longitudinal analysis of a national cohort

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World Journal of Pediatrics 2019年第4期15卷 390-397页

作者： Dervla Kelly Alan Kelly tom O'Dowd Catherine B.Hayes Department of Public Health and Primary Care Trinity College DublinRussell CenterTallaght CrossDublin 24Ireland

Background Taking oral antibiotics during childhood has been linked with an increased risk of childhood *** study assessed any potential association in number of courses of antibiotics taken between 2-3 and 4-5 years of age and body mass trajectory up to age *** The study was a secondary analysis of 8186 children and their parents from the infant cohort of the Irish National Longitudinal Study of *** use was measured by parental recall between ages 2-3 and *** models described the relationship between antibiotic exposure and body mass index (BMI) standard deviation scores andbinary outcomes,and examined interactions between covariates,which included socioeconomic status,diet assessed by food frequency questionnaires and maternal *** Any antibiotic usage between 2 and 3 years did not predict risk of overweight or obesity at age *** or more courses of antibiotics between 2 and 3 years were independently associated with obesity at age 5 (odds ratio 1.6,95% confidence interval 1.11-2.31).Effect size was modest (coefficient + 0.09 body mass SD units,standard error 0.04,P =0.037).Maternal BMI modified the relationship:≥ 4 courses of antibiotics between 2 and 3 years were associated with a + 0.12 body mass SD units increase in weight at age 5 among children of normal-weight mothers (P=0.035),but not in children of overweight *** Number of antibiotic courses,rather than antibiotic use,may be an important factor in any link between early antibiotic exposure and subsequent childhood *** is needed to confirm differential effects on babies of normal versus overweight/obese mothers independent of socioeconomic factors.

关键词： Antibiotics Body mass index Early childhood Infants Obesity

Autoantibodies in primary sclerosing cholangitis

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2008年第24期14卷 3781-3791页

作者： Johannes Roksund Hov Kirsten Muri Boberg tom H Karlsen Medical Department Rikshospitalet University Hospital

The aetiology of primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is not known and controversy exists as to whether PSC should be denominated an autoimmune disease. A large number of autoantibodies have been detected in PSC patients,but the specifi city of these antibodies is generally low,and the frequencies vary largely between different studies. The presence of autoantibodies in PSC may be the result of a nonspecifi c dysregulation of the immune system,but the literature in PSC points to the possible presence of specifi c antibody targets in the biliary epithelium and in neutrophil granulocytes. The present review aims to give an overview of the studies of autoantibodies in PSC,with a particular emphasis on the prevalence,clinical relevance and possible pathogenetic importance of each individual marker.

关键词： Primary sclerosing cholangitis,Autoantibodies, Autoimmunity Antibodies againstcytoplasmic constituents of neutrophil, Tropomyosin

A pathophysiology-based approach to the management ot early priapism

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Asian Journal of Andrology 2013年第1期15卷 20-26页

作者： Jason R Kovac Siu K Mak Maurice M Garcia tom FLue Scott Department of Urology Baylor College of Medicine Houston TX 77030 USA The Chinese University of Hong Kong Department of Surgery Prince of Wales HosPital Hong Kong China Department of Urology University of California San Francisco CA 94143 USA

Priapism is a rare condition that involves persistent penile erection for greater than 4 h. Distinct variants exist, each with unique characteristics. Ischemic priapism is a painful medical emergency that may occur as a result of veno-occlusion leading to hypoxia and tissue death. Recurrent bouts of ischemic priapism, or stuttering priapism, require treatment for individual attacks as well as long-term prevention. Non-ischemic priapism is associated with trauma and may be managed conservatively. Recent advances into the pathophysiology of priapism have allowed the development of treatment algorithms that specifically target the mechanisms involved. In this review, we outline the basics of smooth muscle contraction and describe how derangement of these pathways results in priapism. A pathophysiological approach to the treatment of priapism is proposed with duration-based algorithms presented to assist in management.

关键词： algorithm ischemic management priapism T-shunt tunneling

Influence of bed elevation discordance on flow patterns and head losses in an open-channel confluence

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Water Science and Engineering 2019年第3期12卷 235-243页

作者： Pedro Xavier Ramos Laurent Schindfessel Joao Pedro Pego tom De Mulder Department of Civil Engineering Ghent University Ghent 9000 Belgium Faculty of Engineering University of Porto Porto 4200-465 Portugal

Confluences play a major role in the dynamics of networks of natural and man-made open channels, and field measurements on river confluences reveal that discordance in bed elevation is *** of schematized confluences with a step at the interface between the tributary and the main channel bed reveal that bed elevation discordance is an important additional control for the confluence *** study aimed to improve understanding of the influence of bed elevation discordance on the flow patterns and head losses in a right-angled confluence of an open channel with rectangular cross-sections.A large eddy simulation (LES)-based numerical model was set up and validated with experiments by *** configurations with different bed discordance ratios were *** results confirm that, with increasing bed elevation discordance, the tributary streamlines at the confluence interface deviate less from the geometrical confluence angle, the extent of the recirculation zone (RZ) gets smaller, the ratio of the water depth upstream to that downstream of the confluence decreases, and the water level depression *** bed elevation discordance also leads to the development of a large-scale structure in the lee of the *** the appearance of the large-scale structure, the reduced extent of the RZ and associated changes in flow deflection/contraction reduce total head losses experienced by the main channel with an increase of the bed discordance *** turns out that bed elevation discordance converts the lateral momentum from the tributary to streamwise momentum in the main channel more efficiently.

关键词： Open channel confluence Bed elevation discordance Three-dimensional numerical modelling Large eddy simulation Recirculation zone

Manipulating extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury

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Neural Regeneration Research 2016年第2期11卷 224-225页

作者： Eugene Mironets Di Wu Veronica J.tom Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy Drexel University College of Medicine

Spinal cord injury（SCI）is a traumatic event that can lead to permanent motor and sensory *** the initial trauma,axons of surviving neurons rapidly *** there may be a small degree of abortive sprouting,virtually all attempts at robust regrowth across the lesion site ultimately ***,neurons below the level of the injury are permanently disconnected from their normal input,resulting in persistent loss of function.

关键词： Rheb Manipulating extrinsic and intrinsic obstacles to axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury

“The response of stromatolites to seismic shocks: tomboliths from the Palaeoproterozoic Chaibasa Formation,E India”: Reply

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Journal of Palaeogeography 2017年第3期6卷 235-241页

作者： A.J. (tom) van Loon Rajat Mazumder Shuvabrata De College of Earth Science and Engineering Shandong University of Science and Technology Geocom Consultants Department of Applied Geology Faculty of Science and EngineeringCurtin University Sarawak Geological Studies Division CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute

Our contribution about a newly recognized sedimentological feature, which we called tombolith,has raised some comments on the etymology of the term, the assumed lack of field data, the usage of a term that has a special meaning in stratigraphy, the origin of the seismic shocks that played a role, so-called basic tenets, the origin of soft-sediment deformation structures, and the role of liquefaction. We argue that most comments result from an insufficiently thorough reading of our text, whereas some other remarks concern aspects that we did not deal with. Finally, several remarks are based on outdated literature and from insufficient knowledge of the regional geology.

关键词： Stromatolites Seismic shocks Palaeoproterozoic Singhbhum Craton tomboliths India