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作为法律领域的环境法:法律分类学引论(下)

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环境法评论

环境法评论 2022年第1期 205-236页

作者： todd s.aagaard 姜闻远维拉诺瓦大学法学院武汉大学环境法研究所

为了研究法律的分类问题，本文首先对法律分类学进行总体考察，随后进入环境法的具体领域。我们将法律划分为不同的领域是为了发现和创建模式，从而使法律具有一致性和可理解性。一个法律领域是由单个或一组模式统合起来的一组情形，这些模式是该领域所共有且独有的。我们可以将法律领域概念化为该领域的四个基本构成维度的互动：(1)存在一些事实背景，导致了(2)某些政策权衡，这些权衡转而借助(3)价值观和利益衡量的应用作出决定，最终产生了(4)法律教义。一个领域的组织框架确定了该领域的共同和独特的模式，这些模式可能体现于上述四个维度中的任意一个。本文第二部分将这种一般分析方法应用于环境法领域，提出了一个将环境法理解为法律研究和分析领域的框架。环境问题的两个核心事实特征包括公共资源的物质性和环境要素的普遍联系性，两者的组合就是环境法所具有的共性和特性。众多不同的使用需求被置于环境资源之上，冲突随之产生。这些使用带来的冲突决定了环境立法的政策权衡，形成了环境立法概念化中“使用—冲突”框架的基础。与其他将环境法作为一个法律领域进行概念化的模式相比，环境立法的“使用—冲突”框架具有显著的分析优势。

关键词：法律领域法律分类法律模式概念框架环境法领域法

Physiological and perceptual responses to sprint interval exercise using arm versus leg cycling ergometry

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sports Medicine and Health science 2024年第4期6卷 385-393页

作者： todd A.Astorino shealin Pierce Madisen B.Piva Richard s.Metcalfe Niels B.J.Vollaard Department of Kinesiology CSU—San MarcosSan MarcosCAUSA Applied sports TechnologyExercise and Medicine(A-STEM)Research CenterSwansea UniversitySwanseaUK Faculty of Health sciences and sport University of StirlingStirlingUK

Increases in power output and maximal oxygen consumption(V_O2max)occur in response to sprint interval exercise(sIE),but common use of“all-out”intensities presents a barrier for many ***,lower-body sIE is not feasible for all *** compared physiological and perceptual responses to supramaximal,but“nonall-out”sIE between leg and arm cycling ***-four active adults(mean±sD age:[25±7]y;cycling VO_(2)max:[39±7]mL·kg^(-1)·min^(-1))performed incremental exercise using leg(LCE)and arm cycle ergometry(ACE)to determine VO_(2)max and maximal work capacity(Wmax).subsequently,they performed four 20 s bouts of sIE at 130% Wmax on the LCE or ACE at cadence=120-130 rev/min,with 2 min recovery between *** exchange data,heart rate(HR),blood lactate concentration(BLa),rating of perceived exertion(RPE),and affective valence were *** showed significantly lower(psolute mean([1.24±0.31]L·min^(-1) vs.[1.59±0.34]L·min^(-1);d=1.08)and peak VO_(2)([1.79±0.48]L·min^(-1) vs.[2.10±0.44]L·min^(-1);d=0.70)with ACE versus ***,ACE elicited significantly higher(ps.[57%±7%]VO_(2)max,d=0.63)and peak VO_(2)([88%±10%]VO_(2)max vs.[75%±10%]VO_(2)max,d?1.33).Post-exercise BLa was significantly higher([7.0±1.7]mM vs.[5.7±1.5]mM,p=0.024,d?0.83)for LCE versus *** was no significant effect of modality on RPE or affective valence(p>0.42),and lowest affective valence recorded(2.0±1.8)was considered“good to fairly good”.Data show that non“all-out”ACE elicits lower absolute but higher relative HR and VO_(2) compared to *** aversive perceptual responses could make this non-all-out modality feasible for inactive adults.

关键词： High intensity interval training Upper body exercise Peak power output Oxygen uptake Blood lactate concentration

Increases in the incremental exercise mean response time across the steady state domain:Implications for exercise testing&prescription

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sports Medicine and Health science 2024年第4期6卷 315-323页

作者： Bridgette G.J.O'Malley Robert A.Robergs todd A.Astorino Queensland University of Technology Faculty of Health:School of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesBrisbaneAustralia Department of Kinesiology CSU-San MarcosSan MarcosCAUSA

We hypothesized that slowed oxygen uptake(VO_(2))kinetics for exercise transitions to higher power outputs(PO)within the steady state(ss)domain would increase the mean response time(MRT)with increasing exercise intensity during incremental *** highly trained cyclists(mean±standard deviation[sD]);age(39±6)years[yr];and VO_(2) peak=(61±9)mL/kg/min performed a maximal,ramp incremental cycling test and on separate days,four 6-min bouts of cycling at 30%,45%,65%&75% of their incremental peak PO(Wpeak).ss trial data were used to calculate the MRT and verified by mono-exponential and linear curve *** the ramp protocol attained the value from ss,the PO,in Watts(W),was converted to time(min)based on the ramp function W to quantify the incremental MRT(iMRT).slope analyses for the VO_(2) responses of the ss versus incremental exercise data below the gas exchange threshold(GET)revealed a significant difference(p=0.003;[0.437±0.08]vs.[0.382±0.05]L·min^(-1)).There was a significant difference between the 45%Wpeak steady state VO_(2)(ss VO_(2))([3.08±0.30]L·min^(-1),respectively),and 30% Wpeak ss VO_(2)(2.26±0.24)(ps.[2.20±0.39]L·min^(-1))and between the iMRT for 45% and 30% Wpeak ss VO_(2) values([50.58±36.85]s vs.[32.20±43.28]s).These data indicate there is no single iMRT,which is consistent with slowed VO_(2) kinetics and an increasing VO_(2) deficit for higher exercise intensities within the ss domain.

关键词： Mean responsetime(MRT) Incremental exercise steady state(ss) Exercise testing Exercise prescription

Evaluating the Efficacy of Cervical Tactile Ultrasound Technique as a Predictive Tool for spontaneous Preterm Birth

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Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024年第5期14卷 832-846页

作者： Vladimir Egorov todd Rosen Jennifer Hill Meena Khandelwal Victors Kurtenoks Brendan Francy Noune sarvazyan Advanced Tactile Imaging Inc. Ewing New Jersey USA Department of Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School New Brunswick New Jersey USA Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Cooper Medical School of Rowan University Camden New Jersey USA

Background: Premature cervical softening and shortening may be considered an early mechanical failure that predispose to preterm birth. Purpose: This study aims to explore the applicability of an innovative cervical tactile ultrasound approach for predicting spontaneous preterm birth (sPTB). Materials and Methods: Eligible participants were women with low-risk singleton pregnancies in their second trimester, enrolled in this prospective observational study. A Cervix Monitor (CM) device was designed with a vaginal probe comprising four tactile sensors and a single ultrasound transducer operating at 5 MHz. The probe enabled the application of controllable pressure to the external cervical surface, facilitating the acquisition of stress-strain data from both anterior and posterior cervical sectors. Gestational age at delivery was recorded and compared against cervical elasticity. Results: CM examination data were analyzed for 127 women at 24sup>0/7sup> - 28sup>6/7sup> gestational weeks. sPTB was observed in 6.3% of the cases. The preterm group exhibited a lower average cervical stress-to-strain ratio (elasticity) of 0.70 ± 0.26 kPa/mm compared to the term group’s 1.63 ± 0.65 kPa/mm with a p-value of 1.1 × 10sup>−sup>sup>4sup>. Diagnostic accuracy for predicting spontaneous preterm birth based solely on cervical elasticity data was found to be 95.0% (95% CI, 88.5 - 100.0). Conclusion: These findings suggest that measuring cervical elasticity with the designed tactile ultrasound probe has the potential to predict spontaneous preterm birth in a cost-effective manner.

关键词： Cervical Elasticity spontaneous Preterm Birth Tactile Ultrasound Probe

A unique subseafloor microbiosphere in the Mariana Trench driven by episodic sedimentation

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Marine Life science & Technology 2024年第1期6卷 168-181页

作者： Jiwen Liu Da-Wei Li Xinxin He Ronghua Liu Haojin Cheng Chenglong su Mengna Chen Yonghong Wang Zhongsheng Zhao Hanyue Xu Zhangyu Cheng Zicheng Wang Nikolai Pedentchouk David J.Lea-smith Jonathan D.todd Xiaoshou Liu Meixun Zhao Xiao-Hua Zhang Frontiers science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth system and College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental science Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Institute of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ocean University of ChinaQingdao 266003China Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology Ministry of EducationOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Lab of submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Techniques Ministry of Education/College of Marine GeosciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography Ministry of Education/Research Vessel CentreOcean University of ChinaQingdao 266100China school of Environmental sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK school of Biological sciences University of East AngliaNorwich NR47TJUK

Hadal trenches are characterized by enhanced and infrequent high-rate episodic sedimentation events that likely introduce not only labile organic carbon and key nutrients but also new microbes that significantly alter the subseafloor ***,the role of high-rate episodic sedimentation in controlling the composition of the hadal subseafloor microbiosphere is ***,analyses of carbon isotope composition in a~750 cm long sediment core from the Challenger Deep revealed noncontinuous deposition,with anomalous ^(14)C ages likely caused by seismically driven mass transport and the funneling effect of trench *** community composition and diverse enzyme activities in the upper~27 cm differed from those at lower depths,probably due to sudden sediment deposition and differences in redox condition and organic matter *** lower depths,microbial population numbers,and composition remained relatively constant,except at some discrete depths with altered enzyme activity and microbial phyla abundance,possibly due to additional sudden sedimentation events of different *** is provided of a unique role for high-rate episodic sedimentation events in controlling the subsurface microbiosphere in Earth’s deepest ocean floor and highlight the need to perform thorough analysis over a large depth range to characterize hadal benthic *** depositional processes are likely crucial in shaping deep-water geochemical environments and thereby the deep subseafloor biosphere.

关键词： Hadal subseafloor Deep water sediment Mariana Trench Radiocarbon Microbial community Redox potential

Circulating microRNA expression and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescents with severe obesity

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2024年第4期30卷 332-345页

作者： Yi-Jie Li Brittney O Baumert Nikos stratakis Jesse A Goodrich Hao-Tian Wu Jing-Xuan He Yin-Qi Zhao Max T Aung Hong-Xu Wang sandrah P Eckel Douglas I Walker Damaskini Valvi Michele A La Merrill Justin R Ryder Thomas H Inge todd Jenkins stephanie sisley Rohit Kohli stavra A Xanthakos Andrea A Baccarelli Rob McConnell David V Conti Lida Chatzi Department of Population and Public Health sciences Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90032United States Barcelona Institute of Global Health Barcelona Institute of Global HealthBarcelona 08036Spain Department of Environmental Health sciences Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNY 10032United States Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health Rollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGA 30329United States Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNY 10029United States Department of Environmental Toxicology University of CaliforniaDavisCA 95616United States Department of surgery Lurie Children’s Hospital of ChicagoChicagoIL 60611United States Northwestern University Feinberg school of Medicine Northwestern UniversityChicagoIL 60611United States Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH 45229United States Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of MedicineCincinnatiOH 45229United States Department of Pediatrics Children’s Nutrition Research Center USDA/ARSBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTX 77030United States Department of Gastroenterology Children’s Hospital Los AngelesLos AngelesCA 90027United States Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and NutritionCincinnati Children's Hospital Medical CenterCincinnatiOH 45229United States

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in children and *** ranges in severity from isolated hepatic steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis(NAsH),wherein hepatocellular inflammation and/or fibrosis coexist with *** microRNA(miRNA)levels have been suggested to be altered in NAFLD,but the extent to which miRNA are related to NAFLD features remains *** analysis tested the hypothesis that plasma miRNAs are significantly associated with histological features of NAFLD in *** To investigate the relationship between plasma miRNA expression and NAFLD features among adolescents with *** This study included 81 adolescents diagnosed with NAFLD and 54 adolescents without NAFLD from the Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric surgery ***-operative core liver biopsies were collected from participants and used to characterize histological features of *** samples were collected during surgery for miRNA profiling.A total of 843 plasma miRNAs were profiled using the HTG Edgeseq *** examined associations of plasma miRNAs and NAFLD features using logistic regression after adjusting for age,sex,race,and other key *** Pathways Analysis was used to identify biological functions of miRNAs that were associated with multiple histological features of *** We identified 16 upregulated plasma miRNAs,including miR-193a-5p and miR-193b-5p,and 22 downregulated plasma miRNAs,including miR-1282 and miR-6734-5p,in adolescents with ***,52,16,15,and 9 plasma miRNAs were associated with NAsH,fibrosis,ballooning degeneration,and lobular inflammation,***,16 miRNAs were associated with two or more histological features of *** those miRNAs,miR-411-5p was downregulated in NAsH,ballooning,and fibrosis,while miR-122-5p,miR-1343-5p,miR-193a-5p,miR-193b-5p,and miR-7845-5p were consistently and posi

关键词： MicroRNA Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis Liver fibrosis Lobular inflammation Ballooning degeneration

New Methodological Approach to Investigation of Kinetics of REE Extraction in Nonstationary Conditions

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Journal of Rare Earths 2007年第4期25卷 385-391页

作者： Kopyrin A A Fomichev A A Afonin M A todd T A saint-Petersburg Institute of Technology Idaho National Laboratory

The influence of periodical oscillations of the temperature on extraction and stripping processes in the extraction systems was studied. Two extraction systems were investigated：（1） 6 mol · L^-1 NaNO3-Nd（NO3）3-Pr（NO3）3-TBP kerosene and （2） [Nd（NO3）3 · 3TBP] -[ Pr（NO3）3 · 3TBP] -kerosene - 0.1 mol · L^-1 HNO3. Mathematical modeling of the nonstationary membrane extraction has been enhanced by including the dependence of the extraction rate constants on temperature. The values of activation energy for direct and reverse extraction and stripping reactions of Pr and Nd were calculated from experimental temporal dependencies of metal concentration and temperature by solving the reverse kinetics problem using the proposed mathematical model, A series of experiments with periodical oscillations of the temperature on the extraction system for the separation of rare earth elements （REE） using bulk liquid membrane between two extractors were performed. The mathematical model adequately describes the experimental data. The optimization of the extraction process for separation of REE by liquid membrane, under the influence of periodical oscillation of the temperature, was made based on the extraction rate constants and activation energies. The optimal conditions of separation by liquid membrane were found： frequency and amplitude of thermal oscillations, liquid membrane flow rate, and optimal ratio between organic and aqueous phase in extractors.

关键词： kinetics extraction non-stationary rare earths

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Upper bounds on a two-term exponential sum

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science China Mathematics 2001年第8期44卷 1003-1015页

作者： todd COCHRANE 郑志勇 Department of Mathematics Kansas State University Manhattan KS 66506 USA Department of Mathematics Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China

We obtain upper bounds for mixed exponential sums of the type $s(\chi ,f,p^m ) = \sum\nolimits_{x = 1}^{p^n } {\chi (x)e} _{p^m } (ax^n + bx)$ where pm is a prime power with m? 2 and X is a multiplicative character (mod pm). If X is primitive or p?(a, b) then we obtain |s(χ,f,p m)| ?2np 2/3 m . If X is of conductor p and p?( a, b) then we get the stronger bound |s(χ,f,p m)|?np m/2.

关键词： exponential sums primitive character weil’sbound

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Between Human and Animal： A study of New Year＇s sacrifice, Kong YijL and Diary of a Madman

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Frontiers of Literary studies in China-selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2012年第3期6卷 374-392页

作者： todd Foley Department of East Asian studies New York University New York NY 10003 USA

A subtle aspect of Lu Xun＇s writing, running through several of his works of fiction, is his animalistic portrayal of some of his most well-known characters. scraping away their humanity as he writes, Lu Xun depicts Kong Yiji, Xianglin sao, and the infamous Madman crawling on their hands and knees, working like draught animals, and abandoning all rational thought. In short, all three end up occupying an ambiguous space between the realms of human and animal. This paper attempts to examine how Lu Xun＇s description and situation of these characters suggests, aside from the standard agendas of May Fourth writing in general, a certain, shared metaphysical conundrum. Drawing on the work of Giorgio Agamben to take the hiatus between human and animal as an occasion for ontological possibility, I will investigate how the dehumanized portrayal of these characters situates them at the threshold of a new becoming： one which has not yet been realized, but which is also rendered impossible either through the character＇s death or return to health. Examining Lu Xun＇s works in this way not only recognizes his major emphasis on social critique, but suggests both that his thought on Chinese society pierces through to the level of metaphysical inquiry, and that the relationship between human and animal marks a productive entry point for this sort of questioning.

关键词： Lu Xun animality Agamben metaphysics Kong Yiji Xianglin sao Madman