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Egg discrimination by hosts and obligate brood parasites:a historical perspective and new synthesis

Chinese Birds 2012年第4期3卷 274-294页

作者： Spencer G.SEALY todd j.UNDERWOOD 加拿大曼尼托巴大学生物学系美国宾州库兹敦大学生物学系

With the knowledge that cuckoos and cowbirds lay their eggs parasitically,and that some hosts eject parasitic eggs,ornithologists began to ponder the question of how host females discriminate between a foreign egg and their own eggs,wondering how hosts 'know' which egg to *** of one of the rst uncontrolled experiments were inappropriately interpreted to imply ejection was based on discordancy,with hosts simply ejecting the egg in the minority,or the 'odd-looking' *** experiments eventually revealed that hosts rst learn the appearance of own their eggs and discriminate between them and any odd egg in their nest,regardless of which egg type is in the *** work has shown that discordancy may play a role in discrimination by males mated successively with females that lay polymorphic *** examine the details of the early experiments,in light of recent advances in studies of egg *** ability to recognize eggs also has been extended,implicitly,to include obligate brood parasites,as it underlies several hypotheses in explanation of the behavior of parasites toward their *** recognition in parasites,however,has not been experimentally con rmed,nor has a mechanism been identi ed by which parasites could discriminate between their own eggs and the other eggs in a *** review hypotheses(parasite competition,egg removal and multiple parasitism,ma a,farming) that require the ability of obligate brood parasites to discriminate eggs at di erent levels and the potential mechanisms used by parasites to recognize their own eggs and suggest experiments to test for egg *** assessment of the egg recognition ability of parasites is germane to our understanding of how parasites counteract defenses of hosts.

关键词： Cuculus canorus discordancy early experiments host egg ejection learning Molothrus ater obligate brood parasites template true-egg recognition

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Plasma Proteome Profiling with Monoclonal Antibody Libraries: A Pilot Biomarker Analysis for Nanomedicine-Induced Complement Activation

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Advances in Nanoparticles 2013年第2期2卷 133-144页

作者： jános Szebeni Zsóka Weiszhár Zoltán Rozsnyay todd Martinsky jános Kádas józsef Lázár László Takács István Kurucz Arrayit Corporation Sunnyvale USA Biosystems International Kft. Debrecen Hungary Nanomedicine Research and Education Center Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary Seroscience Ltd. Budapest Hungary

Complement (C) activation-related hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) represent an unsolved adverse immune effect of many i.v. administered “nanomedicines”, such as liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil/Caelyx). Because these pseudoallergic reactions can be severe or even lethal, it is an important clinical objective to find biomarkers for proneness for C activation by reactogenic nanoparticles that will allow the prediction of in vivo reactions by in vitro assays. With this goal in mind we identified a normal human blood donor who consistently showed high sensitivity to Caelyx-induced C activation in vitro, whose plasma (Caelyx sensitive plasma, CSP) was subjected to proteome profiling with a library of human plasma proteome specific mAbs. The chip (PlasmaScan-380TM) contained 380 non redundant (with respect to epitopes) mAbs. The analysis revealed 8 proteins that were differentially represented in CSP in comparison with Caelyx-insensitive control plasma. These proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and Western blot analyses to represent factor H (decreased in CSP), factor H related protein, serum amyloid P component, fibronectin, complement component C4, Apo B100, prothrombin and alpha-2-HS glycoprotein (all increased in CSP). Some of these protein changes are consistent with proneness for increased C activation, suggesting the potential use of this method in the search for biomarkers for liposome-induced or other types of nanomedicine-induced HSRs.

关键词： Hypersensitivity Reactions Complement Factor H Serum Amyloid P Proteome Profiling Biomarkers

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函数构造论导引

函数构造论导引

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1980年

作者：（美）托德（j. todd）冯慈璜译

本书是函数构造论的一本入门读物

ISBN: (纸本)13119·880

本书是函数构造论的一本入门读物

关键词：函数构造论

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Mechanistic insights into the key marine dimethylsulfoniopropionate synthesis enzyme DsyB/DSYB

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mLife 2022年第2期1卷 114-130页

作者： Chun-Yang Li jason C.Crack Simone Newton-Payne Andrew R.j.Murphy Xiu-Lan Chen Benjamin j.Pinchbeck Shun Zhou Beth T.Williams Ming Peng Xiao-Hua Zhang Yin Chen Nick E.Le Brun jonathan D.todd Yu-Zhong Zhang Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System College of Marine Life SciencesOcean University of ChinaQingdaoChina State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology Marine Biotechnology Research CenterShandong UniversityQingdaoChina Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and TechnologyQingdaoShandongChina School of Chemistry Centre for Molecular and Structural BiochemistryUniversity of East AngliaNorwich Research ParkNorwichUK School of Biological Sciences University of East AngliaNorwichUK School of Life Sciences University of WarwickCoventryUK

Marine algae and bacteria produce approximately eight billion tonnes of the organosulfur molecule dimethylsulfoniopropionate(DMSP)in Earth's surface oceans *** is an antistress compound and,once released into the environment,a major nutrient,signaling molecule,and source of climate-active *** methionine transamination pathway for DMSP synthesis is used by most known DMSP-producing algae and *** S-directed S-adenosylmethionine(SAM)-dependent 4-methylthio-2-hydroxybutyrate(MTHB)S-methyltransferase,encoded by the dsyB/DSYB gene,is the key enzyme of this pathway,generating S-adenosylhomocysteine(SAH)and 4-dimethylsulfonio-2-hydroxybutyrate(DMSHB).DsyB/DSYB,present in most haptophyte and dinoflagellate algae with the highest known intracellular DMSP concentrations,is shown to be far more abundant and transcribed in marine environments than any other known S-methyltransferase gene in DMSP synthesis ***,we demonstrate in vitro activity of the bacterial DsyB enzyme from Nisaea denitrificans and provide its crystal structure in complex with SAM and SAH-MTHB,which together provide the first important mechanistic insights into a DMSP synthesis *** and mutational analyses imply that DsyB adopts a proximity and desolvation mechanism for the methyl transfer *** analysis suggests that this mechanism may be common to all bacterial DsyB enzymes and also,importantly,eukaryotic DSYB enzymes from e.g.,algae that are the major DMSP producers in Earth's surface oceans.

关键词： catalytic mechanism DMSP synthesis marine sulfur cycle S-methyltransferase

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氮化硅陶瓷高温蠕变试验研究

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西南石油学院学报 1993年第3期15卷 110-116页

作者：徐志跃 j.A.todd 西南石油学院石油机械系美国南加利福尼亚大学

本文研究了以6wt%Y_2O_3和2wt%Al_2O_3为烧结添加剂的氮化硅材料在1300—1400℃温度范围内的蠕变特性。研究表明该材料系统的蠕变指数n等于2,激活能Q等于700kj mol^(-1) 。实验结果分析和计算都显示蠕变速率控制机理为氮沿晶界玻璃相扩... 详细信息

本文研究了以6wt%Y_2O_3和2wt%Al_2O_3为烧结添加剂的氮化硅材料在1300—1400℃温度范围内的蠕变特性。研究表明该材料系统的蠕变指数n等于2,激活能Q等于700kj mol^(-1) 。实验结果分析和计算都显示蠕变速率控制机理为氮沿晶界玻璃相扩散的扩散型控制机理。

关键词：陶瓷复合材料蠕变率氮化硅陶瓷

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Uptake of Phosphorus from Modified P-Enriched Douglas Fir Biochar and Its Effects on Crop Growth and P Use Efficiency

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journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection 2022年第9期10卷 207-229页

作者： Beatrice Arwenyo jac j. Varco Andrew Dygert jaime Berry julianna Mills Dinesh Mohan Charles U. Pittman jr. todd Mlsna Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University Mississippi State USA Department of Chemistry Gulu University Gulu Uganda Department of Plant and Soil Science Mississippi State University Mississippi State USA School of Environmental Sciences Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi India

The potential use of biochar as a sustainable soil amendment has recently gained global recognition. The use of biochar as a soil additive is attributed to its ability to improve soil chemical, physical and biological properties. Studies have shown that biochar amendments can enhance soil nutrient retention and availability, pH, water holding capacity, microbial activity and sequester carbon. In this study using corn (Zea mays L.) as an experimental crop, the influence of P availability from modified P enriched Douglas fir biochar (PEB), triple super phosphate fertilizer (SPF), and modified Douglas fir biochar (MB) on plant growth and P Use Efficiency (PUE) were compared. The rate of P applied (0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg·ha-1) was calculated based on % P content of each soil additive. Except for MB treatments, P recovery, crop growth and P Use Efficiency increased with application rates. The maximum above ground dry matter yields corresponding to PEB, SPF and MB treatments were estimated at 3488 kg·ha-1, 2449 kg·ha-1 and 639 kg·ha-1, while their respective agronomic P use efficiency (AGE) rates were 32 kg·kg-1, 17 kg·kg-1, 0.5 kg·kg-1. Also, recovery of K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe, Cu, B and Mn improved in both PEB (p value 0.9) and SPF (p value 2 > 0.9) treatments. More studies at field scale are needed to demonstrate the practicability of using modified P enriched Douglas fir biochar for soil amendments.

关键词： Macronutrients Dry Matter Yield Micronutrients Application Rate

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孔眼几何特性和表皮效应对油井产能的影响

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油气井测试 1989年第4期 38-48,112页

作者： B.j.todd D.j.Bradley 潘迎德

人们写出了基于径向离散方程的达西解的计算机模型,来评价油井射孔完井。该模型由标准井测试技术进行检验,优于以前写出的类似的模型。这项研究明确得出以下结论:1.一般程度的井眼和孔眼伤害,使孔密为4孔/ft 的井的产能降低到不能接受... 详细信息

人们写出了基于径向离散方程的达西解的计算机模型,来评价油井射孔完井。该模型由标准井测试技术进行检验,优于以前写出的类似的模型。这项研究明确得出以下结论:1.一般程度的井眼和孔眼伤害,使孔密为4孔/ft 的井的产能降低到不能接受的水平,建议以后采用12孔/ft 的孔密。2.射孔相位影响产能。60°相位角时产能最高。相位角增大,产能下降。3.应该牺牲孔径来尽量增加孔深,直到孔径减小到0.25in。4.小直径过油管枪的间隙减小穿深,故应尽量不用这种枪。

关键词：油井产能表皮效应射孔完井射孔弹位角垂向渗透率产能比达西射孔枪渗透率降低

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Cyclophosphamide induces an early wave of acrolein-independent apoptosis in the urothelium

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Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 2013年第8期4卷 9-14页

作者： Francis M. Hughes Alexa G. Corn Andrew R. Nimmich jeffery D. Pratt-Thomas j. todd Purves Department of Urology Medical University of South Carolina Charleston USA

Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) affects a significant number of patients undergoing cyclophosphamide (CP) chemotherapy despite treatment with 2-mercaptoethane sulfonate (Mesna) to inactivate the metabolite acrolein. While the mechanism is unknown, there is clearly acrolein-independent damage to the urothelium. In this study we have explored the induction of apoptosis in the urothelium as a marker of damage and the mechanism underlying the acrolein-independent apoptosis. Two waves of apoptosis (measured as caspase-3/7 activity and Poly (ADP-ribosyl) polymerase (PARP) cleavage) were detected following CP administration, one peaking at 2 h and a second at 48 h. The first wave was not blocked by Mesna, indicating it was independent of acrolein. Caspase-1 was also active at 2 h and activation of caspase-3/7 was blocked by a caspase-1 inhibitor, but not an IL-1 receptor antagonist, suggesting the direct activation of caspase-3/7 by caspase-1 without the need for IL-1 as an intermediate. Our results indicate that CP initiates an early, acrolein-independent wave of apoptosis that results from direct cleavage of caspase-3/7 by caspase-1.

关键词： Cystitis Cyclophosphamide Apoptosis Bladder Urothelium

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烘烤中,玻璃对水汽的吸收平衡

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电子器件 1979年第3期 57-61页

作者： B·j·todd 莫纯昌

实验证实水汽进出玻璃是一个可逆过程。就钠——石灰玻璃而言,水汽的平衡分压力,在500℃时为1O托;在550℃时为12托。在极干燥的大气中,水汽从玻璃中扩散出来的效果与真空环境中的一样。

关键词：水汽

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猪的霉菌性流产

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国外畜牧学(猪与禽) 1986年第4期 30-31页

作者：李凯年 j.N.todd 兽医研究中心英国

猪的霉菌性流产是一种罕见的疾病。Ainsworth等(1973)曾在其关于动物真菌病的综述中记载过本病,但只引证了一例报告(Mason,1971)。在关于英国猪死亡率和繁殖障碍的两项调查中也曾简要的提及本病(Anon,1960、1967)。诊断霉菌性流产必须... 详细信息

猪的霉菌性流产是一种罕见的疾病。Ainsworth等(1973)曾在其关于动物真菌病的综述中记载过本病,但只引证了一例报告(Mason,1971)。在关于英国猪死亡率和繁殖障碍的两项调查中也曾简要的提及本病(Anon,1960、1967)。诊断霉菌性流产必须证实侵入宿主组织的菌丝体。最好还伴有病理反应的表现。分离出霉菌并不能排除死后真菌污染的可能性,因为这种情况确实经常发生。

关键词：霉菌性兽医研究中心科学研究组织机构胎儿皮肤病变

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