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Climate change risk,resilience,and adaptation among rural farmers in East Africa:A literature review

Regional Sustainability 2023年第2期4卷 185-193页

作者： tobias ackerl Lemlem Fitwi WELDEMARIAM Mary NYASIMI Ayansina AYANLADE Department of Geography and Regional Research University of ViennaVienna1010Austria Haramaya University Dire DawaP.O.Box 103Ethiopia United Nations Educational Scientificand Cultural Organization(UNESCO)Regional Office in Eastern AfricaUnited Nations AveNairobiKenya Department of Geography Obafemi Awolowo UniversityIle-Ife220101Nigeria

This study assesses the literature evidence on climate change risk,resilience,and adaptation measures used among rural farmers in East Africa.A systematic literature review was conducted comprising 30 papers from the Web of Science database published during *** results of the literature review showed that climate change risks have direct impacts on agricultural practices,limit rural farmers’resilience,and exacerbate their food *** most prominent risks are increasingly shorter wet seasons and heat stress,which lead to droughts and food production *** to climate risks,farmers in East Africa adopt various adaptation strategies such as mixed-and inter-cropping,conservation tillage,early planting,crop diversification,***,this review summarizes the determinants of climate change adaptation strategy selection by farmers in East Africa,including age,gender,household size,economic status and household assets,landownership and livestock,education and training,***,the choice of adaptation strategies to climate change is strongly determined by the gender of household heads,the results of gender as a determinant of adaptation differ greatly between different case *** female-headed households(FHHs)tend to perceive changes in temperature more readily than male-headed households(MHHs),the latter are generally more likely to adopt different adaptation *** the resilience and adaptation measures used by rural farmers in East Africa now,improved weather forecasting and early warning systems are needed as a better direction towards the future.

关键词： Climate change Cliamte risk Adaptation Agriculture Resilience Farmer East Africa

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Performance Analysis of Plug-in Hybrid Passenger Vehicles

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Journal of Energy and Power Engineering 2014年第9期8卷 1599-1606页

作者： Harald Kraus Martin ackerl Paul Karoshi Jurgen Fabian Amo Eichberger Institute of Automotive Engineering Graz University of Technology Graz 8010 Austria

PHEVs （passenger plug-in hybrid electric vehicles） have shown significant fuel reduction potential. Furthermore, PHEVs can also improve longitudinal vehicle dynamics with respect to acceleration and engine elasticity. The objective of this study is to investigate potential of concurrent optimization of fuel efficiency and driving performance. For the studies, a backward vehicle model for a parallel PHEV was designed, where the power flow is calculated from the wheels to the propulsion units, the conventional ICE （internal combustion engine） and the EMG （electric motor/generator） unit. The hybrid drive train is according to a P2 layout, consequently the EMG is situated between the shifting clutch and the ICE. The implemented operation strategy distributes the power to both propulsion units depending on the vehicle speed, requested driving torque, the battery＇s SOC （state of charge） and SOP （state of power）. Additional information, such as the slope of the road, can be taken into account by the operation strategy. In the paper, the fuel saving potential as well as the longitudinal dynamics change of different PHEV configurations is presented as a function of battery capacity and EMG power. Consequently, applicable hybrid components can be defined. By using additional information of the environment like various sensor data, road slope amongst others, the fuel saving potential can be improved even more. By studying the dynamic model, the overall results of the backward model are confirmed. In conclusion, this study shows that it is possible to concurrently reduce fuel consumption and increase driving performance in PHEVs. The potential depends strongly on the configuration of the electric components and the implemented operation strategy. Consequently, the hybrid system configuration has to be chosen carefully and aligned to the vehicle performance.

关键词： Performance analysis electric vehicles hybrid vehicles battery state of charge state of power operation strategy.

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