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Rainfall erosivity and sediment dynamics in the Himalaya catchment during the Melamchi flood in Nepal

Journal of Mountain Science 2023年第10期20卷 2993-3009页

作者： Binod BANIYA TANG Qiu-hong Bhupati NEUPANE XU Xi-meng HE Li tirtha raj adhikari Seyed Rashid Fallah SHAMSI Yam Prasad DHITAL Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources ResearchChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 1oo101China Department of Environmental Science Patan Multiple CampusInstitute of Science and TechnologyTribhuvan UniversityKathmandu44613Nepal State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System Environment and ResourcesInstitute of Tibetan Plateau ResearchChine se Academy of SciencesBeijing 100101China Central Department of Hydrology and Meteorology Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal College of Applied Science Tribhuvan UniversityKathmandu 44613Nepal Department of Natural Resource and Environment College of AgricultureShiraz UniversityShiraz 71345Iran College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering Shihezi UniversityShihezi 832000China

Rainfall erosivity is an indicator of rainfall potential to cause soil *** Melamchi extreme flood occurred on June-15 and recurred on July-31,2021 in *** these flooding events,a large volume of sediments were eroded,transported and deposited due to the high rainfall erosivity of the *** this study,the temporal and the spatial distribution of rainfall erosivity within the Melamchi River Basin was estimated and further linked to sediment discharge and concentration at various sites along the river *** daily rainfall data for the event year 2021 of the entire basin were *** was performed by post-flooding grain size *** result showed that rainfall and rainfall erosivity exhibit pronounced intensity within the Melamchi River basin,particularly at Sermathang and Tarkeghang,both located in the middle section of the *** average annual rainfall in the Melamchi region was 3140.39 mm with an average annual erosivity of 18302.06(MJ mm)/(ha h yr).The average daily erosivity of the basin was 358.67(MJ mm)/(ha h)during the first event and 1241(MJ mm)/(ha h)for the second *** the upper section of sampling,the sediment size ranged from 0.1 mm to>8 mm and was poorly ***,the lower region had smaller sediment ranging from 0.075 mm to>4.75 mm and also well *** smaller size(100 mm)sediments were passed relatively higher from the Kiwil(8.20%)and Ambathan(8.39%)river *** premonsoon and monsoon seasons,the highest sediment concentration was found to be 563.8 g/L and 344.3 g/L in Bhimtar and the lowest was 238.5 g/L and 132.1 g/L at the Ambathan,*** sediment concentration during the pre-monsoon was found to be higher than the sediment concentration during the monsoon season in the Melamchi *** more erosive regions in the basin were associated with the presence of highly

关键词： Rainfall erosivity Sediment Extreme flood Melamchi Nepal

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Development of community-based landslide early warning system in the earthquake-affected areas of Nepal Himalaya

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Journal of Mountain Science 2019年第12期16卷 2701-2713页

作者： Prakash Singh THAPA Basanta raj adhikari Department of Forests and Soil Conservation Ministry of Forests and EnvironmentGovernment of NepalKathmandu 44600Nepal Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction Sichuan University-Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityChengdu 610207China Department of Civil Engineering Institute of EngineeringTribhuvan UniversityLalitpur 44600Nepal

In the central Nepal Himalaya,landslides form the major natural hazards annually resulting in many casualties and *** as well as non-structural measures are in place to minimize the risk of landslide *** reduce the landslide risk,a Landslide Early Warning System(LEWS)as a nonstructural measure has been piloted at Sundrawati village(Kalinchowk rural municipality,Dolakha district)to identify its *** discussions with stakeholders,aided by landslide susceptibility map,resulted in a better understanding of surface dynamics and the relationship between rainfall and surface *** led to the development of a LEWS comprised of extensometers,soil moisture sensors,rain gauge stations,and solar panels as an energy source that blows siren receiving signals via a micro-controller and interfacing *** data generated through the system is transmitted via a Global System for Mobile Communications(GSM)network to responsible organizations in realtime to circulate the warning to local *** LEWS is user-friendly and can be easily operated by a *** successful pilot early warning system has saved 495 people from 117 households in August ***,landslide monitoring and dissemination of warning information remains a complex process where technical and communications skill should work closely together.

关键词： Landslide Himalaya Early Warning System Community

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Decision-making process of Kala Azar care: results from a qualitative study carried out in disease endemic areas of Nepal

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Infectious Diseases of Poverty 2013年第1期2卷 105-111页

作者： Shiva raj adhikari Siripen Supakankunti M Mahmud Khan Department of Economics Patan Multiple CampusTribhuvan UniversityKathmanduNepal Faculty of Economics Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkokThailand Department of Health Services Policy and Management University of South CarolinaCarolinaUSA

Background:Analysis of consumer decision making in the health sector is a complex process of comparing feasible alternatives and evaluating the levels of satisfaction associated with the relevant *** paper makes an attempt to understand how and why consumers make specific decisions,what motivates them to adopt a specific health intervention,and what features they find attractive in each of the ***:The study used a descriptive-explanatory design to analyze the factors determining the choices of healthcare *** was collected through focus group discussions and in-depth ***:The results suggest that the decision making related to seeking healthcare for Kala Azar(KA)treatment is a complex,interactive *** and family members follow a well-defined road map for decision *** process of decision making starts from the recognition of healthcare needs and is then modified by a number of other factors,such as indigenous knowledge,healthcare alternatives,and available *** and individual characteristics also play important roles in facilitating the process of decision *** results from the group discussions and in-depth interviews are consistent with the idea that KA patients and family members follow the rational approach of weighing the costs against the benefits of using specific types of medical ***:The process of decision making related to seeking healthcare follows a complex set of steps and many of the potential factors affect the decision making in a non-linear *** analysis suggests that it is possible to derive a generalized road map of the decision-making process starting from the recognition of healthcare needs,and then modifying it to show the influences of indigenous knowledge,healthcare alternatives,and available resources.

关键词： Kala Azar Decision-making process Utilization Nepal

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Choice of providers for treating a neglected tropical disease:an empirical analysis of kala azar in Nepal

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Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine 2011年第3期4卷 234-240页

作者： Shiva raj adhikari Siripen Supakankunti M Mahmud Khan Patan Multiple Campus Tribhuvan UniversityNepal Faculty of Economics Chulalongkorn UniversityThailand Tulane University New OrleansUSA

Objective:To examine the choice of healthcare providers for treating kala azar(KA) in Nepal. Methods:Information was collected from clinically diagnosed KA patients seeking care from public hospitals located in KA endemic *** survey collected information from more than 25 percent of total KA cases in the *** empirical estimation of probability of choosing a provider-type as a first contact healthcare provider,a multinomial logit model was defined with five alternative options with self care as the reference ***:The empirical model found that price of medical care services,income of households,knowledge of patients on KA and KA treatment,borrowing money,age of patient,perceived quality of provider types,*** the likelihood of seeking care from the alternative options considered in the *** variables have expected signs and are *** with earlier *** price and income elasticity were found to be very high indicating that poorer households are very sensitive to price and income changes,even for a severe disease like *** the empirical models, we have analyzed two policy instruments:demand side financing and interventions to improve the knowledge index about ***:Due to high price elasticity of KA care and high spillover effects of KA on the society,policy makers may consider demand side financing as an instrument to encourage utilization of public hospitals.

关键词： Neglected tropical disease Kala azar Nepal

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Choices of health care financing schemes for resource poor country: An analysis of Nepal’s experiences

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Health 2013年第8期5卷 1295-1302页

作者： Shiva raj adhikari Department of Economics Patan Multiple Campus Tribhuvan University Lalitpur Nepal

An appropriate health care financing scheme can improve the efficient, equitable, and effective use of health care resources;however, each popular health care financing scheme has some advantages and disadvantages. The designing of health care financing strategy to fit with the country specific features is not straightforward. In resource poor country, allocation of resources for health care services are always critical and frequently unstable due to nuances annual budget process, small fiscal space, uncertainties in contributions of external development partners. Considerable quantities of country specific researches require for the choice of an appropriate health care financing scheme. The paper illustrates possible better options for the government to pursue the goal of ensuring that the poor receive more benefits. The paper compares the benefit incidences and cost of services with different options purposed for primary health care services by utilizing recently collected data from different hospitals in Nepal. The paper offers an alternative policy such as a universal free care below the district level services;but in the district level which is top level of primary care, “extended targeted free health care” may be an efficient, fair, and relatively simple approach.

关键词： Health Care Financing Benefit Incidence Cost Poor Nepal

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Manu Smriti as the Protection of Female in Hindu Philosophy:In the Dimension of Structural-Functionalism

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Journal of Philosophy Study 2020年第11期10卷 706-712页

作者： Shukra raj adhikari Tribhuvan University KathmanduNepal

In the evolutionary process of socio-cultural structure,various“memories”and codes have been created as a collection of interpretations,rules,and regulations made by various experts in social,cultural,political,and religious leaders including kings,emperors,and *** these contexts,this article is focused to analyze the status,power,and authority of females in terms of the explanation of Manu Smriti in the structural-functional *** secondary and qualitative data have been used in this *** data have been collected through the historical content analysis *** obtain the objective,the facts have been collected from the verses of Manu Smriti(which are related to female issues)and historical interpretation of ancient *** secondary data have been analyzed through the historical content analysis *** to the structural-functional point of view,due to the socio-cultural environment of the time in which the laws and regulations related to women have to be made,these issues seem to be more relevant,such as the permission of men for functioning,child marriage,*** the issues from a patriarchal point of view,the law of the time was in favor of women’s inequality and exploitation of *** theory of patriarchy mentions that women are oppressed,exploited,and subjugated by men in the patriarchal social *** facts of Manu Smriti,such as women as the gods,as an indicator of respect,as a symbol of the progress,etc.,are not congruent to the explanation of the theory of patriarchy.

关键词： Manu Smriti patriarchy protection structural-functionalism women

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Importance of Historicity in Analysis of Gender Issues

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Sociology Study 2020年第5期10卷 216-222页

作者： Shukra raj adhikari Ganga Acharya Tribhuvan University KathmanduNepal

On the basis of sex and biological categories,society assigns the socio-cultural authority and *** wises different socio-cultural responsibilities and authority;performances are recognized as *** of the socio-cultural creations are the factors of gender *** aim of this paper is to explore the discourses of gender in terms of historical circumstances and social ***,secondary data are used in this *** information is collected and analyzed by the historical content analysis method under the qualitative research *** is difficult to identify the real form of gender issues without analyzing the social structure according to the historical context,so it is possible to analyze the real gender issues only by analyzing the social structure in historical context.

关键词： construction discourse gender historical social structure

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The Compulsion of Foreign Employment: Socio-Economic Circumstances of Developing Country

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Sociology Study 2020年第4期10卷 184-191页

作者： Shukra raj adhikari Resham Khadka Tribhuvan University KathmanduNepal

Foreign employment is a burning issue for developing countries like Nepal. Nearly thousand Nepalese depart forforeign employment everyday. This paper is focused on exploring the reasons of foreign employment. Both primaryand secondary facts are used in this paper. Primary facts are collected through the case study and observationmethod. The purposive sampling method is used to select the cases. The cases are located in the Pokharametropolitan city of Nepal. Most people have gone abroad after marriage because of the financial burden and theresponsibility of earning money. Lack of cash, superstition, traditional beliefs, political and family conflicts,inter-caste marriages, and family structure have led to foreign employment. Most people go for foreign employmentwithout skills, and they work in construction, sanitation and, they get paid less and return home without *** facts are partially congruent to the theoretical explanation of Wallerstein.

关键词： employment family foreign globalization livelihood

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New contributions to Goodyerinae and Dendrobiinae(Orchidaceae)in the flora of China

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Plant Diversity 2021年第5期43卷 362-378页

作者： Ji-Dong Ya Ting Zhang tirtha raj Pandey Cheng Liu Zhou-Dong Han De-Ping Ye De-Ming He Qiang Liu Lan Yang Li Huang Rong-Zhen Zhang Hong Jiang Jie Cai Germplasm Bank of Wild Species Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesLanhei Road 132HeilongtanKunmingYunnan 650201China State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100093China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100864China National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories GodawariLalitpurNepal CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Biodiversity and Biogeography of East Asia Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingYunnan 650201China Forestry and Grassland Bureau of Pu'er Chacheng Avenue 48Pu'erYunnan 665000China Wenshan National Nature Reserve Administration WenshanYunnan 663000China Yunnan Forestry Technological College Jindian RoadKunmingYunnan 650000China Sichuan Wujiao Nature Reserve JiuzhaigouAbaSichuan 623400China Yunnan Laboratory for Conservation of Rare Endangered&Endemic Forest PlantsPublic Key Laboratory of the National Forestry and Grassland AdministrationYunnan Academy of Forestry and GrasslandKunmingYunnan 650201China

Eight new species from China,Cheirostylis chuxiongensis,***,Myrmechis lingulata,***,Bulbophyllum ximaense,***,*** and ***,are described and *** chuxiongensis differs from *** by having 5-9 irregular and papillae-like calli on each side in the sac of the lip,epichile with entire lobes,petals narrowly obliquely obovate and an apex that is not *** yei is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having a long stem,pubescent ovary and sepals,epichile lobes with irregular and undulate margins,a subquadrate callus without teeth in the saccate *** lingulata differs from *** by having a simple and lanceolate to ligulate lip,glabrous bracts and ovary,oblique and narrowly ovate *** longii differs from *** by having white-veined leaves,oblong-lanceolate epichile lobes,and viscidium attached to the middle of the *** ximaense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having distant pseudobulbs,shorter scape,an inflorescence with 9-16 orange-red flowers,shorter lateral sepals with a long acuminate apex,incurved and tubular apical margins,a papillate lip disk and triangular-subulate *** xizangense is easily distinguished from its relatives similar by having narrow lanceolate leaves,shorter inflorescence with 1-3 greenish-yellow flowers,falcate-ovoid lateral sepals,a lip with small lateral lobes and 3 keels at the *** retusum differs from *** by having shorter inflorescence,peduncles with 2 tubular sheaths,dorsal sepals with a retuse apex,lateral sepals with lower edges that are connate to each other and free and divergent toward the apex,obovate petals with an acute or slightly retuse *** pulcherissimum differs from *** by its 5-veined dorsal sepal,ovate-lanceolate lateral sepals,obliquely ovate-oblong petal,erose-toothed margins and obovate lip with a l

关键词： Bulbophyllum Cheirostylis China Myrmechis New species Taxonomy

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Diversity and Plant Growth Promoting Ability of Culturable Endophytic Bacteria in Nepalese Sweet Potato

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Advances in Microbiology 2018年第9期8卷 734-761页

作者： Ramesh raj Puri Sangharash raj Dangi Sabitri adhikari Dhungana Kazuhito Itoh The United Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences Tottori University Tottori Japan Nepal Agricultural Research Council Kathmandu Nepal Faculty of Life and Environmental Science Shimane University Shimane Japan

There is no information on Nepalese sweet potato endophytes. We isolated 243 endophytic bacteria belonging to 34 genera in six classes from 12 locations of Nepal. Among them, the predominant classes were Bacilli and Gammaproteobacteria. The principal component analysis revealed that the composition of bacterial classes was unrelated to the environmental parameters of the sampling sites. Regarding their plant growth promoting potentials, 57% of the strains demonstrated indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) producing ability while 5% strains had nitrogen fixing gene (nifH) and acetylene reduction assay (ARA) activity. The representative strains in all six classes showed antagonistic effect against bacterial pathogens while only Bacillus strain showed the effect against fungal pathogen. For endophytic traits, cellulase activity was observed in 5 classes, while pectinase activity was only in Proteobacteria. Fresh weight and vine length of sweet potato increased by inoculating mixed cultures of the isolates from each location.

关键词： Sweet Potato Endophytic Bacteria IAA Production Nitrogen Fixation Antagonistic Effects

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