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Impact of Background Dynamic and Thermodynamic states on Distinctive Annual Cycle of Near-Equatorial Tropical Cyclogenesis over the Western North Pacific

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2020年第4期34卷 822-835页

作者： Liyuan DENG tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological DisastersNanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI 96822USA

In a sharp contrast to tropical cyclone(TC) genesis over the main development region of the western North Pacific(WNP), near-equatorial(0°-5°N) TCs exhibit a distinctive annual cycle, peaking in boreal winter and being inactive in boreal summer. The relative roles of dynamic and thermodynamic background states on near-equatorial TCs formation were investigated based on the observational diagnosis of the genesis potential index(GPI) and high-resolution model simulations. It is found that the background vorticity makes a major contribution to the distinctive annual cycle, while mean temperature and specific humidity fields are not critical. Numerical simulations further indicate that seasonal mean cyclonic vorticity in boreal winter has three effects on TC genesis near the equator. First, the environmental cyclonic vorticity interacts with TC vortex to promote a mid-level outflow, which strengthens boundary layer friction induced ascending motion and thus condensational heating. second, it produces an equivalent Coriolis effect(via enhanced absolute vorticity), which strengthens positive feedback between primary and secondary circulation. Third, it helps to merge small-scale vortical hot towers(VHTs) into a mesoscale core through vorticity segregation process. However, background vorticity in boreal summer has an opposite effect on TC development near the equator.

关键词： near-equatorial tropical cyclone(TC) equivalent Coriolis effect vorticity segregation

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New Record Ocean Temperatures and Related Climate Indicators in 2023

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Advances in Atmospheric sciences 2024年第6期41卷 1068-1082页

作者： Lijing CHENG John ABRAHAM Kevin E.TRENBERTH tim BOYER Michael EMANN Jiang ZHU Fan WANG Fujiang YU Ricardo LOCARNINI John FAsULLO Fei ZHENG Yuanlong LI Bin ZHANG Liying WAN Xingrong CHEN Dakui WANG Licheng FENG Xiangzhou sONG Yulong LIU Franco REsEGHETTI simona sIMONCELLI Viktor GOURETsKI Gengxin CHEN Alexey MIsHONOV Jim REAGAN Karina VON sCHUCKMANN Yuying PAN Zhetao TAN Yujing ZHU Wangxu WEI Guancheng LI Qiuping REN Lijuan CAO Yayang LU International Center for Climate and Environment sciences Institute of Atmospheric PhysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China University of st.Thomas School of EngineeringMinnesota 55105USA NsF National Center for Atmospheric Research BoulderColorado 80307USA University of Auckland Auckland 1010New Zealand National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Centers for Environmental InformationSilver SpringMaryland 20910USA Department of Earth and Environmental science University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvania 19104USA Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China National Marine Environmental Forecasting Center Ministry of Natural Resources of ChinaBeijing 100081China Oceanographic Data Center Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China College of Oceanography Hohai UniversityNanjing 210098China National Marine Data and Information service Tianjin 300171China Italian National Agency for New Technologies Energy and Sustainable Economic DevelopmentS.Teresa Research CenterLerici 19032Italy Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia Sede di BolognaBologna 40128Italy south China sea Institute of Oceanology Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou 510301China EssIC/CIsEss-MD University of MarylandCollege ParkMD20740USA Mercator Ocean International Toulouse 31400France Eco-Environmental Monitoring and Research Center Pearl River Valley and South China Sea Ecology and Environment AdministrationMinistry of Ecology and EnvironmentPRCGuangzhou 510611China National Meteorological Information Center China Meteorological AdministrationBeijing 100081China International Research Center of Big Data for sustainable Development Goals Beijing 100094China

The global physical and biogeochemical environment has been substantially altered in response to increased atmospheric greenhouse gases from human *** 2023,the sea surface temperature(ssT)and upper 2000 m ocean heat content(OHC)reached record *** 0–2000 m OHC in 2023 exceeded that of 2022 by 15±10 ZJ(1 Zetta Joules=1021 Joules)(updated IAP/CAs data);9±5 ZJ(NCEI/NOAA data).The Tropical Atlantic Ocean,the Mediterranean sea,and southern oceans recorded their highest OHC observed since the *** with the onset of a strong El Niño,the global ssT reached its record high in 2023 with an annual mean of~0.23℃ higher than 2022 and an astounding>0.3℃ above 2022 values for the second half of *** density stratification and spatial temperature inhomogeneity indexes reached their highest values in 2023.

关键词： ocean heat content salinity stratification global warming climate

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Conservation and behavior of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂

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Current Zoology 2014年第4期60卷 486-499页

作者： tim CARO Jason RIGGIO Department of Wildlife Fish and Conservation Biology University of California Davis CA 95616 USA

We examine the conservation status of Africa＇s ＂Big Five＂： lion, leopard, buffalo, black and white rhinoceros and elephant, and the role of behavioral knowledge in their conservation. Efforts to conserve these flagship species consist of in situ conservation, captive breeding and reintroductions. With a few exceptions, we find limited evidence that knowledge of behavior informs conservation programs targeted at these species. For management in the wild, knowledge of infanticide and ranging can provide guidelines for realistic hunting quotas and corridors between protected areas, respectively. For ex situ and reintroduction programs, behavioral knowledge is chiefly focused on improved animal husbandry. Despite a formidable understanding of these species＇ behavior, the practicalities of using such knowledge may be diminished because exploitation of these species is so forceful and the bulk of efforts aimed at conserving these species （and indeed most other African species） are primarily in situ where behaviorally driven interventions are limited. Our comparative findings suggest that behavior has been of rather narrow use in the conservation of these flagship species [Current Zoology 60 （4）： 486--499, 2014].

关键词： African elephant Black rhinoceros Buffalo Flagship species Leopard Lion White rhinoceros

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The second law of geography for a spatially enabled economy

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International Journal of Digital Earth 2017年第10期10卷 979-995页

作者： tim Foresman Ruth Luscombe International Center for Remote sensing Education(ICRsED) ElkridgeMDUSA

Location has proven axiomatic as an economic variable throughout human ***’s first law of geography introduced the importance of location;in that,near things are more related than far *** an age of digital economies,a new research frontier exists where everything is more related to everything else and has an increased economic value from spatially enabled *** accessibility of digital-spatial information has brought economic geographers to a new understanding of markets within a Digital Earth *** importance of location to economic value can be expected to grow as the Internet of Things develops in *** business models enter and disrupt established markets with innovative spatially enabled approaches.A successful penetration of established markets suggests a new business model for financial and functional utility by engaging spatially enabled *** second law of geography is introduced as a conceptual framework to comprehend the economic potential of spatially enabled information.A comparative analysis of non-spatial versus spatial web agents provides a quantitative framework to demonstrate the benefits of the Digital Earth economy.

关键词： spatial data transacting agents linear programming economic geography Internet of Things Digital Earth economy

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Analysis of roof and pillar failure associated with weak floor at a limestone mine

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International Journal of Mining science and Technology 2016年第3期26卷 471-476页

作者： Murphy Michael M. Ellenberger John L. Esterhuizen Gabriel s. Miller tim Office of Mine safety and Health Research National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health East Fairfield Company

A limestone mine in Ohio has had instability problems that have led to massive roof falls extending to the surface. This study focuses on the role that weak, moisture-sensitive floor has in the instability *** NIOsH research related to this subject did not include analysis for weak floor or weak bands and recommended that when such issues arise they should be investigated further using a more advanced analysis. Therefore, to further investigate the observed instability occurring on a large scale at the Ohio mine, FLAC3 D numerical models were employed to demonstrate the effect that a weak floor has on roof and pillar stability. This case study will provide important information to limestone mine operators regarding the impact of weak floor causing the potential for roof collapse, pillar failure, and subsequent subsidence of the ground surface.

关键词： Underground limestone Ground control Case study Weak floor Instability

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Intraseasonal Variability of summertime surface Air Temperature over Mid-High-Latitude Eurasia and Its Prediction skill in s2s Models

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2021年第5期35卷 815-830页

作者： Jing CUI shuangyan YANG tim LI Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of HawaiiHonoluluHI 96822USA

Features of the dominant modes of surface air temperature(sAT)on the intraseasonal timescale over the mid-highlatitude Eurasia(MHE)during boreal summer(June-september)are investigated based on the ERA5 reanalysis data from 1979 to *** intraseasonal variability(IsV)of sAT over MHE is primarily characterized by an eastward propagation along 60°N,which is found to impact the regional weather in China,including summertime extreme hot and cool *** forecast skill and potential predictability of the IsV of sAT over MHE are assessed for 5 dynamical models that have participated in the subseasonal-to-seasonal(s2 s)prediction project,by analyzing12 years’(1999-2010)model reforecast/hindcast *** using the principal component(PC)index of the leading intraseasonal sAT modes as a predictand,we found that the forecast skill for IsV of sAT can reach out to 11-17 days,and the ECMWF model exhibits the best *** the s2 s models tend to show 1)a relatively higher skill for strong intraseasonal oscillation(IsO)cases,2)a systematic underestimate of the amplitude of the sAT IsV signal,and 3)different skills during different phases of IsO *** of potential predictability based on the perfectmodel assumption reveals a 4-6-day skill gap for most models,and the skill gap also varies among different phases of IsO *** results imply the need for continued development of operational forecasting systems to improve the actual prediction skills for the IsV of sAT over MHE.

关键词： surface air temperature(sAT) intraseasonal variability(IsV) mid-high-latitude Eurasia(MHE) subseasonal-to-seasonal(s2s)prediction prediction skill predictability

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Understorey species distinguish late successional and ancient forests after decades of minimum human intervention: A case study from slovenia

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Forest Ecosystems 2023年第1期10卷 92-101页

作者： Mirjana sipek tim Ravnjak Nina sajna University of Maribor Faculty of Natural Sciences and MathematicsKoroska c.1602000MariborSlovenia

The main species composition drivers in temperate deciduous forests are environmental conditions, a stand?s age and the site history, e.g., the succession stage and past land use, as well as disturbance regime and current management. We compared plant species diversity and composition in late successional and ancient forests, cooccurring on the same small river island applying species accumulation curves and nonmetric multidimensional scaling, respectively. Given the island?s geomorphological characteristics, we expected these to be very similar before human intervention in the past. The forests experienced differing disturbance regimes in the past, while over the last 30 years, human intervention has been the same and reduced to a minimum. The ancient forest in this study had two major characteristics defining it as old, mature forest: continuity of presence for more than 200years and specific composition. The late successional forest experienced major disturbance in the 20th century and was allowed natural regeneration by bordering on the ancient forest, representing a potential species pool,and by decades of minimum human intervention. Our results showed that, even though there was no difference in species richness, we could still detect differences between the forests, particularly in the abundance and species composition of the understorey, among which geophytes had the most indicative importance. To make our results useful on a broader scale, we composed from the literature a species list of plants indicative for ancient forest and tested its application. These results are important for distinguishing between old and mature secondary stands and particularly for identifying old forest stands, which should be conserved and, in the case of fragmented landscapes, included in a network connecting forest fragments.

关键词： Forest community successional forest Indicator plants Plant diversity Understorey Geophytes

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LiDAR mapping of ground damage in a heading re-orientation case study

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International Journal of Mining science and Technology 2021年第1期31卷 67-74页

作者： Nicole Evanek Brent slaker Anthony Iannacchione tim Miller National Institute for Occupational safety and Health Pittsburgh Mining Research DivisionPittsburghPA 15236USA University of Pittsburgh PittsburghPA 15260USA East Fairfield Coal Company North LimaOH 44452USA

The subtropolis Mine is a room-and-pillar mine extracting the Vanport limestone near Petersburg,Ohio,*** February of 2018,mine management began implementing a heading re-orientation to better control the negative effects of excessive levels of horizontal *** conditions in the headings improved,but as expected,stress-related damage concentrated within *** mine operator has worked to lessen the impact of the instabilities in the outby crosscuts by implementing several engineering *** the implementation of each control,conditions were monitored and analyzed using observational and measurement techniques including 3D LiDAR *** the heading re-orientation,several 3D LiDAR surveys have been conducted and analyzed by researchers from the National Institute for Occupational safety and Health(NIOsH).This study examines(1)the characteristics of each 3D LiDAR survey,(2)the change in the detailed strata conditions in response to stress concentrations,and(3)the change detection techniques between 3D LiDAR surveys to assess entry ***,the 3D LiDAR surveys proved to be a useful tool for characterizing ground instability and assessing the effectiveness of the engineering controls used in the heading re-orientation at the subtropolis Mine.

关键词： Ground control Limestone Horizontal stress stress control layout Crosscut Windows

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GekkoFs—A Temporary Burst Buffer File system for HPC Applications

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Journal of Computer science & Technology 2020年第1期35卷 72-91页

作者： Marc-AndréVef Nafiseh Moti tim süβ Markus Tacke Tommaso Tocci Ramon Nou Alberto Miranda Toni Cortes AndréBrinkmann Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung Johannes Gutenberg University MainzMainz 55128Germany Barcelona supercomputing Center Barcelona 08034Spain Computer Architecture Department Universitat Politècnica de CatalunyaBarcelona 08034Spain

Many scientific fields increasingly use high-performance computing(HPC)to process and analyze massive amounts of experimental data while storage systems in today's HPC environments have to cope with new access *** patterns include many metadata operations,small I/O requests,or randomized file I/O,while general-purpose parallel file systems have been optimized for sequential shared access to large *** buffer file systems create a separate file system that applications can use to store temporary *** aggregate node-local storage available within the compute nodes or use dedicated ssD clusters and offer a peak bandwidth higher than that of the backend parallel file system without interfering with ***,burst buffer file systems typically offer many features that a scientific application,running in isolation for a limited amount of time,does not *** present GekkoFs,a temporary,highly-scalable file system which has been specifically optimized for the aforementioned use *** provides relaxed POsIX semantics which only offers features which are actually required by most(not all)*** is,therefore,able to provide scalable I/O performance and reaches millions of metadata operations already for a small number of nodes,significantly outperforming the capabilities of common parallel file systems.

关键词： distributed file system high-performance computing(HPC) burst buffer POsIX(portable operating system interface)

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Asymmetry of Atmospheric Responses to Two-Type El Nino and La Nina over Northwest Pacific

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Journal of Meteorological Research 2019年第5期33卷 826-836页

作者： Mingcheng CHEN tim LI Xiaohui WANG Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster Ministry of Education(KLME)/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change(ILCEC)/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters(CIC-FEMD)Nanjing University of Information Science&TechnologyNanjing 210044China International Pacific Research Center and Department of Atmospheric sciences School of Ocean and Earth Science and TechnologyUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonoluluHI96822USA

The mechanism for asymmetric atmospheric responses to the central Pacific(CP) El Ni?o and La Ni?a over the western North Pacific(WNP) is studied in this paper. The negative anomalies of rainfall over the key region of WNP are explained by diagnosing the column-integrated equations of moisture and moist static energy(MsE). It is revealed that the nonlinear advection of moist enthalpy is critical to introduce negative rainfall anomalies over the region. The anomalous easterly(westerly) in La Ni?a(CP El Ni?o) causes negative advection of anomalous moist enthalpy, inducing negative heating anomaly and an anticyclone anomaly in the WNP, which weakens(strengthens) the cyclone(anticyclone) in La Ni?a(CP El Ni?o). The MsE budget analysis shows a larger nonlinear term in CP El Ni?o than in eastern Pacific(EP) El Ni?o, inconsistent with the amplitudes of sea surface temperature anomalies. The reason is that the nonlinear term transforms to positive above 700 h Pa in EP El Ni?o, offsetting the negative advection below 700 h Pa and thus making the nonlinear term smaller. The nonlinear term is negative at low levels in CP El Ni?o, resulting in a larger nonlinear term. The stronger precipitation anomalies in the WNP during EP El Ni?o can be attributed to the linear moist enthalpy advection. The mean easterly wind at mid levels causes a larger(smaller) positive moist enthalpy advection in CP(EP) El Ni?o, due to a larger(smaller) moist enthalpy gradient, resulting in a positive(negative) linear moist enthalpy advection, which weakens(strengthens) the negative precipitation anomalies in the key region.

关键词： asymmetry La Nina eastern Pacific(EP) El Nino central Pacific(CP) El Nino moist enthalpy

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