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Effects of suppressing glucose transporter-1 by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2011年第1期10卷 72-77页

作者： tian-qi liu,jun fan,lin zhou and shu-sen zheng key laboratory of combined multi-organ trans-plantation,ministry of public health key laboratory of organ trans-plantation,Zhejiang Province and Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery,Department of Surgery State key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease,First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,China Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery,the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530021,China [a] key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health key laboratory of organ transplantation Zhejiang Province and Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of Surgery Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China [b] State key laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China [c] Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery the People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Nanning 530021 China

BACKGROUND:The glucose transporter-1(Glut-1),a key ratelimiting factor in the transport and metabolism of glucose in cancer cells,is over-expressed in many human cancer cells and this overexpression is correlated with poor biological behavior. The increased levels of Glut-1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cells functionally affect *** study was undertaken to investigate effects of suppressing Glut-1 by an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide(AS-ODN)on the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma(HepG-2)cells. METHODS:We used AS-ODN targeting against the Glut-1 gene in a HepG-2 cell *** were four experimental groups: empty pcDNA3.1 vector(mock transfection),pcDNA3.1-anti-Glut(+),pcDNA3.1-Glut(+),and non-transfected HepG-2 cells. The Glut-1 mRNA expression was detected by RT-PCR and the Glut-1 protein expression by Western blotting after cell culture, and the glucose uptake was detected after glucose stimulation in each group. RESULTS:Compared with non-transfected HepG-2 or Glut-1 pcDNA3.1,a down-regulation of Glut-1 mRNA in HepG-2 cells transfected with anti-Glut-1 pcDNA3.1 was noted(Ptransfected with Glut-1 AS-ODN was decreased compared with non-transfected HepG-2,Glut-1 pcDNA3.1,or empty vectors. Glucose uptake by the HepG-2 cells transfected with AS-ODN was decreased at 1 hour after glucose ***:The application of Glut-1 AS-ODN can down-regulate the expression of Glut-1 at mRNA and protein,and inhibit glucose uptake partially in HepG-2 *** Glut-1 gene maybe a potential therapeutic target for HCC.

关键词： hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cell glucose transporter-1 therapeutic target

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Hepatocellular SETDB1 Regulates Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury through Targeting Lysine Methylation of ASK1 Signal

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Research 2024年第3期6卷 305-317页

作者： Kang Xia tianyu Wang Zhongbao Chen Jiayu Guo Bo Yu qi Chen Tao qiu Jiangqiao zhou shusen zheng Department of organ transplantation Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina Department of Urology Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina. Department of general surgery Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public HealthHangzhouChina key laboratory of organ transplantation HangzhouZhejiang ProvinceChina key laboratory of the Diagnosis and Treatment of organ transplantation CAMSHangzhouChina.

Background: Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI) stands as an unavoidable complication arising from liver surgery, profoundly intertwined with its prognosis. The role of lysine methyltransferase SET domain bifurcated 1 (SETDB1) in HIRI remains elusive, despite its confirmation as a potential therapeutic target for diverse diseases. Here, we investigated the mechanism by which SETDB1 regulated HIRI. Methods: RNA sequencing data were used to identify the expression and potential targets of SETDB1 through bioinformatics analysis. To elucidate the impact of SETDB1 on HIRI, both an in vivo model of HIRI in mice and an in vitro model of hepatocyte hypoxia/reoxygenation were established. Biochemical and histological analyses were used to investigate the influence of SETDB1 on liver damage mediated by HIRI. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and coimmunoprecipitation were implemented to explore the in-depth mechanism of SETDB1 regulating HIRI. Results: We confirmed that hepatocellular SETDB1 was up-regulated during HIRI and had a close correlation with HIRI-related inflammation and apoptosis. Moreover, inhibition of SETDB1 could mitigate HIRI-induced liver damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Through our comprehensive mechanistic investigation, we revealed that SETDB1 interacts with apoptosis-signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) and facilitates the methylation of its lysine residues. Inhibition of SETDB1 resulted in reduced phosphorylation of ASK1, leading to a marked suppression of downstream c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/p38 signaling pathway activation. The therapeutic effect on inflammation and apoptosis achieved through SETDB1 inhibition was nullified by the restoration of JNK/p38 signaling activation through ASK1 overexpression. Conclusions: The findings from our study indicate that SETDB1 mediates lysine methylation of ASK1 and modulates the activation of the ASK1–JNK/p38 pathway, thus involved in HIRI-induced inflammation and apoptosis. These results suggest that SETD

关键词： SETDB1 inflammation ASK1

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Kupffer cells contribute to concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury through a Th1 but not Th17 type response-dependent pathway in mice

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2011年第2期10卷 171-178页

作者： lin Chen,Xiao-jun Xie,Yu-Fu Ye,lin zhou,Hai-Yang Xie,qin-Fen Xie, Jiong tian and shu-sen zhengZhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,Chinakey laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation,ministry of public health Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of Nephrology,First Affiliated Hospital,Zhejiang University School of Medicine,Hangzhou 310003,China [a] Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China [b] key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China [c] Department of Nephrology First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China

BACKGROUND:Increasing evidence suggests that a close interaction of Kupffer cells with T cells plays a central role in concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice,but the underlying mechanisms remain *** present study aimed to determine the relative roles of Th1 and Th17 type responses in concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury in mice, and to investigate whether or not Kupffer cells contribute to hepatic injury via a Th1 or Th17 type response-dependent pathway. METHODS:Immune-mediated hepatic injury was induced in C57BL/6 mice by intravenous injection of concanavalin A. Kupffer cells were inactivated by pretreatment with gadolinium chloride 24 hours before the concanavalin A *** interferon-gamma(IFN-γ)and interleukin-17(IL-17)pathways were blocked by specific neutralizing *** injury was assessed using serum transferase activity and pathological *** of inflammatory cytokines within the liver was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS:Neutralization of IFN-γsignificantly attenuated concanavalin A-induced hepatic ***,neutralization of IL-17 failed to suppress the *** of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride pretreatment protected against concanavalin A-induced injury and significantly reduced hepatic cytokine levels including TNF-α,IL-6 and IFN-γbut not ***:Our findings suggest that Kupffer cells contribute to concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury via a Th1 type response-dependent pathway and production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α,IL-6 and IFN-γ.

关键词： Kupffer cells interferon-gamma interleukin-17 concanavalin A hepatic injury hepatitis

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PNPLA3 I148M variant affects non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in liver transplant recipients

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2015年第34期21卷 10054-10056页

作者： zheng-Tao liu tian-Chi Chen Xiao-Xiao Lu jun Cheng Hai-Yang Xie lin zhou shu-sen zheng key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health and Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of Zhejiang Province Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalSchool of MedicineZhejiang University

De novo non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) is a common late complication for long-term survivors after liver transplantation. Genomic studies confirmed that PNPLA3 I148 M and TM6SF2 E167 K polymorphisms affected NAFLD susceptibility in the general population. However,this association was not validated in survivors after liver transplantation(LT). We performed a crosssectional survey to investigate this relationship. A comprehensive survey,including anthropometric measurements,fasting venous blood sampling,ultrasound,and questionnaires was performed in the shortterm. The clinical indications and patient's steatosis status before LT were collected from inpatient medical records. Sixty-five long-term recipients with a survival exceeding 10 years were enrolled in the final analysis. De novo NAFLD was more frequent in PNPLA3 GG carriers(0.33 vs 0.10 for GG vs CC + CG carriers,P = 0.018),while the genetic impact on NAFLD susceptibility was insignificant when categorized by the TM6SF2 polymorphism(0.19 in CC vs 0.14 in CT + TT carriers,P = 0.883). multi-covariate analysis revealed that PNPLA3 exerted a significant genetic effect on de novoNAFLD following a recessive model(GG vs CC + CG,OR = 14.2,95%CI:1.78-113,P = 0.012). Compared to recipients with only the PNPLA3 GG allele or obesity(defined as body mass index > 25 kg/m2),steatosis was highly prevalent(71.4%) in PNPLA3 GG carriers Table 1 Current status of long-term recipients surviving more than 10 years Univariate multivariate NAFLD(n = 12)Control(n = 53)P value OR P value Age(yr) 56.5 ± 8.4 53.6 ± 10.1 0.356 1.04(0.92-1.18)0.528Gender(M/F) 10/2 47/6 0.611 1.40(0.14-14.2)0.427 Indication for LT Hepatitis/cirrhosis/ cancer/others1/8/2/17/35/9/20.889 Survival time(yr) 11.2 ± 0.9 11.5 ± 1.4 0.541 BMI(kg/m2) 25.1 ± 3.0 22.5 ± 2.6 0.003 1.47(1.03-2.08)0.032 TG(mmol/L) 1.6 ± 1.1 1.1 ± 0.6 0.038 1.34(0.38-4.71)0.652 HDL-C(mmol/L) 1.2(1.0-1.4) 1.3(1.0-1.7) 0.267 FBG(mmol/L) 7.6 ± 3.4 5.7 ± 1.9 0.013 1.49(0.93-2.37)0.095

关键词： PNPLA3 TM6SF2 Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Li

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Application of machine learning models for predicting acute kidney injury following donation after cardiac death liver transplantation

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2021年第3期20卷 222-231页

作者： Zeng-Lei He jun-Bin zhou Zhi-Kun liu Si-Yi Dong Yun-Tao Zhang tian Shen shu-sen zheng Xiao Xu Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310003China key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Healththe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou 310003China

Background: Acute kidney injury(AKI) is a common complication after liver transplantation(LT) and is an indicator of poor prognosis. The establishment of a more accurate preoperative prediction model of AKI could help to improve the prognosis of LT. Machine learning algorithms provide a potentially effective approach. Methods: A total of 493 patients with donation after cardiac death LT(DCDLT) were enrolled. AKI was defined according to the clinical practice guidelines of kidney disease: improving global outcomes(KDIGO). The clinical data of patients with AKI(AKI group) and without AKI(non-AKI group) were compared. With logistic regression analysis as a conventional model, four predictive machine learning models were developed using the following algorithms: random forest, support vector machine, classical decision tree, and conditional inference tree. The predictive power of these models was then evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve(AUC). Results: The incidence of AKI was 35.7%(176/493) during the follow-up period. Compared with the nonAKI group, the AKI group showed a remarkably lower survival rate( P<0.001). The random forest model demonstrated the highest prediction accuracy of 0.79 with AUC of 0.850 [95% confidence interval(CI): 0.794–0.905], which was significantly higher than the AUCs of the other machine learning algorithms and logistic regression models( P<0.001). Conclusions: The random forest model based on machine learning algorithms for predicting AKI occurring after DCDLT demonstrated stronger predictive power than other models in our study. This suggests that machine learning methods may provide feasible tools for forecasting AKI after DCDLT.

关键词： Artificial intelligence algorithm Random forest Acute kidney injury Liver transplantation

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A modified protocol with rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin in emergent ABO-incompatible liver transplantation for acute liver failure

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2014年第4期13卷 395-401页

作者： tian Shen Bing-Yi lin jun-jun Jia Zhuo-Yi Wang Li Wang qi ling Lei Geng Sheng Yan shu-sen zheng key Lab of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine

BACKGROUND： The established procedure for ABO-incompatible liver transplantation（ABO-I LT） was too complicated to be used in case of emergency. We developed a protocol consisting of rituximab and intravenous immunoglobulin（IVIG） for ABO-I LT in patients with acute liver failure（ALF）.METHODS： The data from 101 patients who had undergone liver transplantation（LT） for ALF were retrospectively *** patients were divided into two groups： ABO-compatible liver transplantation group（ABO-C LT, n=66） and ABO-I LT group（n=35）. All the patients in the ABO-I LT group received a single dose of rituximab（375 mg/m2） and IVIG（0.4 g/kg per day） at the beginning of the operation. IVIG was administered for 10 consecutive days after LT. Plasma exchange, splenectomy and graft local infusion were omitted in the *** immunosuppressive therapy including basiliximab,corticosteroids, tacrolimus and mycophenolatemofetil was used to reinforce ***： The 3-year cumulative patient survival rates in the ABO-I LT and ABO-C LT groups were 83.1% and 86.3%,respectively（P〉0.05）, and the graft survival rates were 80.0%and 86.3%, respectively（P〉0.05）. Two patients（5.7%） suffered from antibody-mediated rejection in the ABO-I LT *** complications such as acute cellular rejection, biliary complication and infection displayed no significant differences between the two ***： The simplified treatment consisting of rituximab and IVIG prevented antibody-mediated rejection for LT of blood-type incompatible patients. With this treatment, the patients did not need plasma exchange, splenectomy and graft local infusion. This treatment was safe and efficient for LT of the patients with ALF.

关键词： ABO-incompatible liver transplantation rituximab intravenous immunoglobulin acute liver failure

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Remote ischemic perconditioning prevents liver transplantation-induced ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats: Role of ROS/RNS and e NOS

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2017年第5期23卷 830-841页

作者： Ning He jun-jun Jia Jian-Hui Li Yan-Fei zhou Bing-Yi lin Yi-fan Peng jun-Jie Chen tian-Chi Chen Rong-Liang Tong Li Jiang Hai-Yang Xie lin zhou shu-sen zheng key Lab of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of SurgeryFirst Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of Medicine

AIM To investigate the underlying mechanisms of the protective role of remote ischemic perconditioning (RIPerC) in rat liver transplantation. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham, orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), ischemic postconditioning (IPostC) or RIPerC. After 3 h reperfusion, blood samples were taken for measurement of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine (Cr) and creatinine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB). The liver lobes were harvested for the following measurements: reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2, mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta psi m) and total nitric oxide (NO). These measurements were determined using an ROS/H2O2, JC1 and Total NOx Assay Kit, respectively. Endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) was analyzed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) and western blotting, and peroxynitrite was semiquantified by western blotting of 3-nitrotyrosine. RESULTS Compared with the OLT group, the grafts subjected to RIPerC showed significantly improved liver and remote organ functions (P < 0.05). ROS (P < 0.001) including H2O2 (P < 0.05) were largely elevated in the OLT group as compared with the sham group, and RIPerC (P < 0.05) reversed this trend. The collapse of Delta psi m induced by OLT ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was significantly attenuated in the RIPerC group (P < 0.001). A marked increase of NO content and phosphoserine eNOS, both in protein and mRNA levels, was observed in liver graft of the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). I/R-induced 3-nitrotyrosine content was significantly reduced in the RIPerC group as compared with the OLT group (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the RIPerC and IPostC groups for all the results except Cr. The Cr level was lower in the RIPerC group than in the IPostC group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Liver graft protection by RIPerC is similar to or better than that of IPostC, and involves inhibition of oxidative stres

关键词： Liver transplantation Ischemia/reperfusion injury Remote ischemic perconditioning Endothelial nitric oxide synthase Reactive oxygen species

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A good prognostic predictor for liver transplantation recipients with benign end-stage liver cirrhosis

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Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International 2017年第2期16卷 164-168页

作者： qiang Wei Rahmeet Singh Nemdharry Run-zhou Zhuang Jie Li qi ling Jian Wu tian Shen lin zhou Hai-Yang Xie Min Zhang Xiao Xu shu-sen zheng key Lab of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery Department of Surgery First Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine Hangzhou 310003 China Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases Hangzhou 310003 China

BACKGROUND： Post-transplant model for predicting mortality（PMPM, calculated as-5.359＋1.988×ln（serum creatinine [mg/d L]）＋1.089×ln（total bilirubin [mg/d L]）） score has been proved to be a simple and accurate model for predicting the prognosis after liver transplantation（LT） in a single center study. Here we aim to verify this model in a large cohort of ***： A total of 2727 patients undergoing LT with endstage liver cirrhosis from January 2003 to December 2010 were included in this retrospective study. Data were collected from the China Liver transplant Registry（CLTR）. PMPM score was calculated at 24-h and 7-d following LT. According to the PMPM score at 24-h, all patients were divided into the low-risk group（PMPM score ≤-1.4, n=2509） and the high-risk group（PMPM score 〉-1.4, n=218）. The area under receiver operator characteristic curve（AUROC） was calculated for evaluating the prognostic ***： The 1-, 3-, and 5-year patient survival rates in the low-risk group were significantly higher than those in the high-risk group（90.23%, 88.01%, and 86.03% vs 63.16%, 59.62%, and 56.43%, respectively, P〈0.001）. In the high-risk group, 131 patients had a decreased PMPM score（≤-1.4） at 7-d, and their cumulative survival rate was significantly higher than the other 87 patients with sustained high PMPM score（〉-1.4）（P〈0.001）. For predicting 3-month mortality, PMPM score showed a much higher AUROC than post-transplant MELD score（P〈0.05）.CONCLUSION： PMPM score is a simple and effective tool to predict short-term mortality after liver transplantation in patients with benign liver diseases, and an indicator for prompt salvaging treatment as well.

关键词： cirrhosis liver transplantation post-transplant model for predicting mortality score prognosis

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''Minimizing tacrolimus' ' strategy and long-term survival after liver transplantation

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2014年第32期20卷 11363-11369页

作者： jun-jun Jia Bin-Yi lin Jiang-Juan He Lei Geng Dhruba Kadel Li Wang Dong-Dong Yu tian Shen Zhe Yang Yu-Fu Ye lin zhou shu-sen zheng key laboratory of combined multi-organ transplantation Ministry of Public Health Depart-ment of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine

AIM: To investigate the effect of the ‘‘minimizing tacrolimus' ' strategy on long-term survival of patients after liver transplantation(LT).METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study of 319 patients who received LT between January 2009 and December 2011 at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. Following elimination of ineligible patients, 235 patients were included in the study. The relationship between early tacrolimus(TAC)exposure and survival period was analyzed by Kaplan Meier curves. Adverse effects related to TAC were eval-uated by the χ2 test. Routine monitoring of blood TAC concentration(TC) was performed using the PRO-TracTM Ⅱ Tacrolimus Elisa Kit(Diasorin, United States). RESULTS: Of 235 subjects enrolled in the study, 124(52.8%) experienced adverse effects due to TAC. When evaluating mean TC, the survival time of patients with a mean TC 4, the survival time was not statistically different. Adverse effects experienced in all three groups were not statistically different. In Cox regression analysis, male patients and those with a primary diagnosis of benign disease, mean TC > 5 ng/mL and TC SD 2-4 had better ***: The early ‘‘minimizing tacrolimus' ' strategy with a mean TC of 5-10 ng/mL and SD of 2-4 was beneficial in terms of long-term survival after LT.

关键词： Tacrolimus Liver transplantation Outcome Minimizing tacrolimus Immunosuppressive drug

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multicolor photometry of the nearby galaxy cluster A119

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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 2012年第10期12卷 1381-1401页

作者： Jin-Tao tian qi-Rong Yuan Xu zhou Zhao-Ji Jiang jun Ma Jiang-Hua Wu Zhen-Yu Wu tian-Meng Zhang Hu Zou National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academy of Sciences Beiiing 100012 China Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China key laboratory of Optical Astronomy National Astronomical Observatories Chinese Academyof Sciences Beijing 100012 China Department of Physics Nanjing Normal University Nanjing 210046 China Department of Astronomy Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875 China

This paper presents multicolor optical photometry of the nearby galaxy cluster Abell 119 （z = 0.0442） with the Beijing-Arizona-Taiwan-Connecticut system of 15 intermediate bands. Within the BATC field of view of 58＇× 58＇, there are 368 galaxies with known spectroscopic redshifts, including 238 member galaxies （called sample I）. Based on the spectral energy distributions of 1376 galaxies brighter than iBATC ---- 19.5, the photometric redshift technique and the color-magnitude relation of early-type galaxies are applied to select faint member galaxies. As a result, 117 faint galaxies were selected as new member galaxies. combined with sample I, an enlarged sample （called sample II） of 355 member galaxies is obtained. Spatial distribution and localized velocity structure for two samples demonstrate that A119 is a dynami- cally complex cluster with at least three prominent substructures in the central region within 1 Mpc. A large velocity dispersion for the central clump indicates a merging along the line of sight. No significant evidence for morphology or luminosity segrega- tions is found in either sample. With the PEGASE evolutionary synthesis model, the environmental effect on the properties of star formation is confirmed. Faint galaxies in the low-density region tend to have longer time scales of star formation, smaller mean stellar ages, and lower metallicities in their interstellar medium, which is in agreement with the context of the hierarchical cosmological scenario.

关键词： galaxies: clusters: individual (A119)- galaxies: distances and redshifts-- galaxies: evolution-- galaxies: kinematics and dynamics-- methods: data analysis

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