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Felsenstein＇s ＂one-allele model＂ of speciation： The role of philopatry in the initial stages of host plant mediated reproductive isolation in Enchenopa binotata

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Current Zoology 2013年第5期59卷 658-666页

作者： Frank W. STEARNS kelley J. TILMON thomas k. wood Department of Biology Biology-Psychology Building University of Maryland College Park MD 20742 USA Department of Plant Science Plant Science Building South Dakota State University Brookings SD 57007 USA Department of Entomology and Applied Ecology 250 Townsend Hall University of Delaware Newark DE 19716 USA

The study of speciation genetics is primarily concerned with identifying the genetic traits that allow divergent selec- tion to overcome the homogenizing effects of gene flow. Felsenstein reviewed this race between gene flow and selection, con- cluding that speciation with gene flow was unlikely under a ＂two-allele model＂（where two traits were necessary for reproductive isolation） but that divergence could occur quite easily under a ＂one-allele model.＂ Despite this finding, much of the sympatric speciation research involving phytophagous insects has relied on a two-trait model, where insects evolve both preferences for and increased performance on novel host plants. Philopatry （a tendency to remain where one was born） is known to occur in phyto- phagous insects and is a single trait isolation mechanism. However, it is traditionally invoked as simply augmenting reproductive isolation. Species in the Enchenopa binotata complex are believed to have speciated in sympatry. They exhibit host plant prefe- rences, host specific performance advantages and strong philopatry. We experimentally shifted E. binotata to evolutionarily novel host plants. Previous research has demonstrated that the experimental population of insects possesses genetic variation in prefe- rence and performance to the novel host. The degree of philopatry at mating and egg-laying was assayed for the first four years under full choice conditions. Host plant preference and performance was assayed after eight years. Philopatry was an immediate and strong isolating mechanism, while preference for and performance on the novel host lagged. We therefore suggest that philo- patry may be a more important mechanism in the early stages of a host shift than previously believed [Current Zoology 59 （5）： 658-666, 2013].

关键词： Philopatry Enchenopa Ecological Speciation Sympatric Speciation

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Role of quorum sensing in bacterial infections

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World Journal of Clinical Cases 2015年第7期3卷 575-598页

作者： Israel Castillo-Juárez Toshinari Maeda Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco María Tomás Berenice Pérez-Eretza Silvia Julieta García-Contreras thomas k wood Rodolfo García-Contreras Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Montecillo Department of Biological Functions and Engineering Kyushu Institute of Technology Epigenetics of Cancer Laboratory Division of Basic ResearchNational Institute of Genomic Medicine Department of Microbiology Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña(INIBIC)Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña(CHUAC)SergasUniversidade da Coruña(UDC)15006 A CoruñaSpain Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología Facultad de MedicinaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Centro Médico Coyoacán Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park

Quorum sensing(QS) is cell communication that is widely used by bacterial pathogens to coordinate the expression of several collective traits, including the production of multiple virulence factors, biofilm formation, and swarming motility once a population threshold is reached. Several lines of evidence indicate that QS enhances virulence of bacterial pathogens in animal models as well as in human infections; however, its relative importance for bacterial pathogenesis is still incomplete. In this review, we discuss the present evidence from in vitro and in vivo experiments in animal models, as well as from clinical studies, that link QS systems with human infections. We focus on two major QS bacterial models, the opportunistic Gram negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus, which are also two of the main agents responsible of nosocomial and wound infections. In addition, QS communication systems in other bacterial, eukaryotic pathogens, and even immune and cancer cells are also reviewed, and finally, the new approaches proposed to combat bacterial infections by the attenuation of their QS communication systems and virulence are also discussed.

关键词： Quorum sensing Virulence Infections Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Animal models

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Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to enhance acetol production from glycerol

Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to enhance acetol ...

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中国生物工程学会第六次全国会员代表大会暨第九届学术年会

作者：姚瑞莲 Qing Liu Hongbo Hu thomas k.wood Xuehong Zhang 上海交通大学微生物代谢国家重点实验室 State key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism School of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyShanghai Jiao Tong University Department of Chemical Engineering Pennsylvania State University

Acetol,a C3 keto alcohol,is an important intermediate used to produce polyols and *** enhance acetol production from glycerol by Escherichia coli,a mutant(HJ02) was constructed by replacing the native glpk gene with t...

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Curcumin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles for neuro-protection in neonatal rats with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

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Nano Research 2018年第10期11卷 5670-5688页

作者： Andrea Joseph thomas wood Chih-Chung Chen kylie Corry Jessica M. Snyder Sandra E. Juul Pratik Parikh Elizabeth Nance Department of Chemical Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Division of Neonatology Department of Pediatrics University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Department of Comparative Medicine University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA Department of Radiology University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is the leading cause of permanent brain injury in term newborns and currently has no cure. Inflammatory processes play a key role in the progression of this disease and may be amenable to a targeted pharmaceutical intervention. Curcumin is a dietary compound with potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties but is limited in therapeutic applications due to its low aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, and rapid first-pass hepatic metabolism. To address these limitations, loading curcumin into poly（lactic-co-glycolic acid）-poly（ethylene glycol）（PLGA-PEG） nanoparticles may increase relevant pharmacokinetic parameters and allow for effective drug delivery to the brain. Using the Vannucci model of unilateral hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats, we studied the in vivo effect of curcumin-loaded PLGA-PEG nanoparticles on brain uptake and diffusion of curcumin and on neuroprotection. The curcumin-loaded nanoparticles were able to overcome the impaired blood-brain barrier, diffuse effectively through the brain parenchyma, localize in regions of injury, and deliver a protective effect in the injured neonatal brain. The application of curcumin and PLGA-PEG nanoparticle-mediated delivery to a clinically relevant model of neonatal brain injury provides greater opportunities for clinical translation of targeted therapies for hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

关键词： drug delivery neuroprotection brain penetrating neonatal hypoxia-ischemia curcumin nanotherapeutics

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Radiography of Clavicle Fractures— A Review of the Literature —Do Various Radiographic Views of Clavicle Fractures Affect the Management Plan?

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Open Journal of Radiology 2014年第3期4卷 235-240页

作者： Njalalle Baraza thomas wood Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics Alexandra Hospital Redditch Worcestershire UK

Introduction: Fractures of the clavicle are common and make up 5% - 10% of all fractures. Treatment options in part depend on the location of the fracture along the bone and degree of displacement. These two parameters are best determined by good quality, standardized radiographs of the clavicle. We reviewed the literature to determine the optimal radiographs of clavicle fractures and their influence on the treatment plan. Methods: A comprehensive search of Medline? database was undertaken with the following search terms and MeSH headings: clavicle, fractures, bone, radiography, and X-ray. We included articles in English published from 1950 to present. We ruled out fractures in children, fracture dislocations, open fractures, those with neurological and vascular injuries and fractures involving the acromioclavicular or sternoclavicular joints. Findings: Of the 821 citations obtained, only four studies proved eligible. In the most pertinent, four orthopaedic surgeons were shown standard views (antero-posterior and 20°cephalic tilt) of 50 clavicle fractures and then additional two views (45°cephalic and caudal tilt), and found that alternative views influenced their decision making, with more surgeons opting for surgical fixation. In a different study, it was shown that orthogonal views of the clavicle increased surgeons’ understanding and improved their treatment of these fractures. The third paper was a case series on clavicle fractures that were missed on the initial antero-posterior radiograph, and the fourth paper postulated that postero-anterior views of the thorax were most accurate in determining length of the clavicle. Conclusion: Studies showing an optimal view for assessment of clavicle fractures with a decision to then progressing to operative fixation are few, but the evidence points towards surgical fixation when alternative views of mid-shaft clavicle fractures are present.

关键词： Clavicle Fractures X-Ray Radiographs Clavicle Surgery

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A Systems Biology Approach for Studying Heterotopic Ossification： Proteomic Analysis of Clinical Serum and Tissue Samples

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Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics 2018年第3期16卷 212-220页

作者： Erin L. Crowgey Jennifer T. Wyffels Patrick M. Osborn thomas T. wood Laura E. Edsberg Nemours Biomedical Research Nemours Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington DE 19803 USA Natural and Health Sciences Researeh Center Center for Wound Healing Research Daemen College Amherst NY 14226 USA Department of Computer and Information Sciences Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology University of Delaware Newark DE 19711 USA San Antonio Military Medical Center San Antonio TX 78219 USA

Heterotopic ossification （HO） refers to the abnormal formation of bone in soft tissue. Although some of the underlying processes of HO have been described, there are currently no clinical tests using validated biomarkers for predicting HO formation. As such, the diagnosis is made radiographically after HO has formed. To identify potential and novel biomarkers for HO, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation （iTRAQ） and high-throughput antibody arrays to produce a semi-quantitative proteomics survey of serum and tissue from subjects with （HO ＋） and without （HO-） heterotopic ossification. The resulting data were then analyzed using a systems biology approach. We found that serum samples from subjects experiencing traumatic injuries with resulting HO have a different proteomic expression controls. Subsequent quantitative ELISA identified profile compared to those from the matched five blood serum proteins that were differentially regulated between the HO-- and HO- groups. Compared to HO- samples, the amount of insulin-like growth factor I （IGF1） was up-regulated in HO＋ samples, whereas a lower amount of osteopontin （OPN）, myeloperoxidase （MPO）, runt-related transcription factor 2 （RUNX2）,and growth differentiation factor 2 or bone morphogenetic protein 9 （BMP-9） was found in HO ＋ samples （Welch two sample t-test; P 〈 0.05）. These proteins, in combination with potential serum biomarkers previously reported, are key candidates for a serum diagnostic panel that may enable early detection of HO prior to radiographic and clinical manifestations.

关键词： Heterotopic ossification Proteomics Runt-related transcriptionfactor 2 Extracellular matrixorganization keratinization

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Compatibility and complementarity of indigenous and scientific knowledge of wild plants in the highlands of southwest Saudi Arabia

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Journal of Forestry Research 2014年第2期25卷 437-444页

作者： A.k.Hegazy A.A.Alatar J.thomas M.Faisal A.H.Alfarhan k.krzywinski Department of Botany and Microbiology College of ScienceKing Saud University Department of Biology University of Bergen

This study presents a survey of wild plants commonly used by local inhabitants in the highlands of southwest Saudi Arabia. Based upon literature review, direct observation of local inhabitants, and questionnaire interviews, 36 plant species were assessed and given scores according to their use. The gaps between scientific and indigenous knowl- edge on the use of plants were estimated using a ＂compatibility ratio＂. The score values were estimated based on seven different use categories of ecosystem services, including food, forage, medicine, wood, beekeeping, research, and education. Additional structural categories include source of materials, shade, hedges, ornamental plantings, and soil stabilization. There are discrepancies between indigenous knowledge （Ik） and scien- tific knowledge （Sk） but in most cases, Sk of the species supports the Ik and plant users preference. The results also provide information that challenges assumptions about the consistency of Ik with Sk. Our study highlights the importance of understanding the cultural context and uses of wild plants. Biodiversity-based knowledge holds promise for contributing to sustainable use of wild plant resources and related traditions. The success of such endeavours depends on the compatibility and complementarity of indigenous and scientific knowledge.

关键词： multipurpose use plants importance value compatibility ratio Sarawat mountains arid lands

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Primary care providers should prescribe aspirin to prevent cardiovascular disease based on benefit−risk ratio,not age

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2021年第4期9卷 1-4页

作者： kyungmann kim Charles H Hennekens Lisa Martinez J Michael Gaziano Marc A Pfeffer Bianca Biglione Alexander Gitin Jeanne Bell McCabe thomas D Cook David L DeMets Sarah k wood Biostatistics and Medical Informatics University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA Medicine and Population Health and Social Medicine Florida Atlantic UniversityCharles E Schmidt College of MedicineBoca RatonFloridaUSA Medicine Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA Medicine University of Florida College of MedicineGainesvilleFloridaUSA

Recent guidelines restricted aspirin(ASA)in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease(CVD)to patients10%,benefits of ASA will generally outweigh risks of significant *** should be considered only after implementati... 详细信息

Recent guidelines restricted aspirin(ASA)in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease(CVD)to patientsk ratios at older *** Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines,four trials were added to an updated *** produced a statistically significant 13%reduction in CVD with 95%confidence limits(0.83 to 0.92)with similar benefits at older ages in each of the *** care providers should make individual decisions whether to prescribe ASA based on benefit−risk ratio,not simply *** the absolute risk of CVD is>10%,benefits of ASA will generally outweigh risks of significant *** should be considered only after implementation of therapeutic lifestyle changes and other drugs of proven benefit such as statins,which are,at the very least,additive to *** perspective is that individual clinical judgements by primary care providers about prescription of ASA in primary prevention of CVD should be based on our evidence-based solution of weighing all the absolute benefits and risks rather than *** strategy would do far more good for far more patients as well as far more good than harm in both developed and developing *** new and novel strategy for primary care providers to consider in prescribing ASA in primary prevention of CVD is the same as the general approach suggested by Professor Geoffrey Rose decades ago.

关键词： prevention aspirin absolute

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Staphylococcus lugdunensis in children:A retrospective analysis

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Pediatric Investigation 2022年第3期6卷 163-170页

作者： thomas Patrick Bowman Ashutosh Deshpande Alison Balfour kathleen Harvey-wood Department of Microbiology Queen Elizabeth University HospitalGlasgowUK

Importance:Staphylococcus lugdunensis(***)is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus(CoNS),found commonly as skin flora in *** most species of CoNS are clinically benign,*** can exhibit a similar virulence to that ***,there is scant data *** infection in the pediatric ***:To ascertain *** infection rates and sensitivity patterns in the pediatric ***:A retrospective analysis was undertaken of *** isolates across a 6-year period from 2015 to *** were collected from electronic patient notes and laboratory ***-assisted laser desorption ionization and time of flight mass spectrometry were used to identify ***:Ninety-six isolates *** were identified from 86 *** these,34 isolates were treated as an ***-three(67.6%)were found to have skin as the primary source of *** the observed number was small,central nervous system(CNS)sources *** infection appear to be a significant source:all three isolates cultured from cerebrospinal fluid were clinically managed as *** three were associated with ventriculoperitoneal(VP)shunt *** cases *** infective endocarditis were *** 18.6%*** isolates were resistant to ***:*** is an uncommon but significant cause of infection in the pediatric population and appears to be a rising cause of CNS infection,particularly when associated with VP *** is recommended locally as the first choice of antibiotic.

关键词： Children Infection Pediatrics Staphylococcus lugdunensis

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Laser-Induced Recoverable Fluorescence Quenching of Perovskite Films at a Microscopic Grain Scale

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Energy & Environmental Materials 2022年第4期5卷 1189-1199页

作者： Yuren Xiang Yameng Cao Wenqiang Yang Rui Hu Sebastian wood Bowei Li Qin Hu Fan Zhang Jujie He Mozhgan Yavari Jinlai Zhao Yunlong Zhao Jun Song Junle Qu Rui Zhu thomas P.Russell S.Ravi P.Silva Wei Zhang Center for Biomedical Optics and Photonics(CBOP)&College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and SystemsShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China Advanced Technology Institute University of SurreyGuildford GU27XHUK National Physical Laboratory Hampton RoadTeddington TW110LWUK Department of Polymer Science and Engineering University of MassachusettsAmherst MA 01003USA State key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics School of PhysicsPeking UniversityBeijing 100871China College ofmaterials science and engineering Shenzhen Key laboratory of Polymer Science and TechnologyGuangdong Research Center for interfacial Engineering of FunctionalMaterialsShenzhen UniversityShenzhen 518060China

Understanding the fundamental properties of metal-halide perovskite materials is driving the development of novel optoelectronic ***,we report the observation of a recoverable laser-induced fluorescence quenching phenomenon in perovskite films with a microscopic grain-scale restriction,accompanied by spectral *** fluorescence quenching depends on the laser intensity and the dwell time under Auger recombination dominated *** features indicate that the perovskite lattice deformation may take the main responsibility for the transient and show a new aspect to understand halide perovskite *** further modulate this phenomenon by adjusting the charge carrier recombination and extraction,revealing that efficient carrier transfer can improve the bleaching resistance of perovskite *** results provide future opportunities to attain high-performance devices by tuning the perovskite lattice disorder and harvesting the energetic carriers.

关键词： fluorescence quenching perovskite photophysics stability

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