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Role of pancreatography in the endoscopic management of encapsulated pancreatic collections-review and new proposed classification

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World Journal of Gastroenterology 2020年第45期26卷 7104-7117页

作者： Igor Mendonca Proença Marcos Eduardo Lera dos Santos Diogo Turiani Hourneaux de Moura Igor Braga Ribeiro Sergio Eiji Matuguma spencer Cheng thomas R McCarty Epifanio Silvino do Monte Junior Paulo Sakai Eduardo Guimaraes Hourneaux de Moura Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit Department of GastroenterologyHospital das ClinicasUniversity of Sao PauloSao Paulo 05403000Brazil Division of Gastroenterology Hepatology and EndoscopyBrigham and Women’s Hospital-Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA 02115United States

Pancreatic fluids collections are local complications related to acute or chronic pancreatitis and may require intervention when symptomatic and/or *** the last decade,endoscopic management of these collections via endoscopic ultrasound-guided transmural drainage has become the gold standard treatment for encapsulated pancreatic collections with high clinical success and lower morbidity compared to traditional surgery and percutaneous *** understanding of anatomic landmarks,including assessment of the main pancreatic duct and any associated lesions–such as disruptions and strictures-are key to achieving clinical success,reducing the need for reintervention or recurrence,especially in cases with suspected disconnected pancreatic duct ***,proper review of imaging and anatomic landmarks,including collection location,are pivotal to determine type and size of pancreatic stenting as well as approach using long-term transmural indwelling plastic *** to adequately assess the main pancreatic duct may be performed by two methods:Either non-invasively using magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography or endoscopically via retrograde *** the critical need to understand anatomy via pancrea tography and assess the main pancreatic duct,a standardized approach or uniform assessment strategy has not been described in the ***,the aim of this review was to clarify the role of pancreatography in the endoscopic management of encapsulated pancreatic collections and to propose a new classification system to aid in proper assessment and endoscopic treatment.

关键词： Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography Endoscopy Endoscopic ultrasound Pseudocyst Endosonography Pancreatic ducts

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Evolving mantle convection from bottom up to top down

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The Innovation 2022年第6期3卷 13-14页

作者： Ross N.Mitchell Michael Brown thomas M.Gernon Christopher J.spencer State Key Laboratory of Lithospheric Evolution Institute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing 100029China Laboratory for Crustal Petrology Department of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege ParkMD 20742USA School of Ocean and Earth Science University of SouthamptonSouthampton SO224JRUK Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering Queen’s UniversityKingstonON K7L 2N8Canada

When it comes to convection,what goes up must come *** is it,what goes down must come up?The truth is,it *** convection must be mass-balanced,there is no reason that it must be force-balanced:the positive and negative buoyancy forces driving convection up and down,respectively,do not necessarily need to be *** balance,or imbalance,all depends on the top and bottom boundary layers.

关键词： necessarily boundary hough

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你猜亚马逊当下最缺谁?

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商业周刊（中文版） 2019年第1期 16-18页

作者： spencer Soper thomas Black 王湛(译) 程玺(译) 不详

亚马逊并未规划一个淘汰驾驶员的未来,而是十分依赖这些司机当杰夫·贝索斯(Jeff Bezos)在哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)的《60分钟》(60 Minutes)节目里誓言要让快递无人机满天飞时,他颠覆了全世界的想象。五年过去了,这位亚马逊公司(*** Inc.... 详细信息

亚马逊并未规划一个淘汰驾驶员的未来,而是十分依赖这些司机当杰夫·贝索斯(Jeff Bezos)在哥伦比亚广播公司(CBS)的《60分钟》(60 Minutes)节目里誓言要让快递无人机满天飞时,他颠覆了全世界的想象。五年过去了,这位亚马逊公司(*** Inc.)的首席执行官如今正在押注一种更接地气的技术:驾驶员。就是人类驾驶员。

关键词：亚马逊公司哥伦比亚广播公司《60分钟》首席执行官驾驶员 .com 贝索斯无人机

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Anticancer Effects of Curcumin, Artemisinin, Genistein, and Resveratrol, and Vitamin C: Free Versus Liposomal Forms

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Advances in Biological Chemistry 2017年第1期7卷 27-41页

作者： Jerry T. Thornthwaite Hare R. Shah spencer R. England Lee H. Roland Seth P. Thibado thomas K. Ballard Brandon T. Goodman Cancer Research Institute of West Tennessee Henderson TN USA Union University Department of Chemistry Jackson TN USA University of Tennessee Department of Biochemistry Knoxville TN USA

Cancer prevention supplements, which also provide effective treatment with minimal side effects, are urgently needed. An accurate, fast assay system is described that reveals the ability of chemically defined products, such as curcumin, genistein, resveratrol, artemisinin, and vitamin C, to kill K562 Erythroleukemic cells in vitro. In addition, curcumin and vitamin C were encapsulated into fatty acid micelles named NutraNanoSpheresTM (NNS) using all natural products. A unique viability stain, which allows the rapid staining of dead cells by membrane penetration using Propidium Iodide, was used to measure the cell viability by flow cytometry. Cell death by alteration of the cell membranes could be seen within 30 s of exposure to curcumin. The other free components required 0.5 - 70 h to see maximum killing, suggesting a more metabolic and/or apoptotic route of cancer cell destruction. Vitamin C up to 1 × 104 μmol/well did not affect K562 cell viability. The vitamin C-NNS (3.2 nm diameter-60 mg/50 μL) showed an LD50 = 133 μmol/well ± 11 SD (n = 4), which was over 75 times more potent than the free vitamin C. The curcumin-NNS (7.4 nm diameter-25 mg/50 μL) resulted in an LD50 = 41.3 μmol/well ± 5.6 SD (n = 8) and represented a 264 fold increase in activity to destroy the cancer cells. The clinical goal is to develop water-soluble mixtures of anti-cancer compounds in the NNS with their high bioavailability (>90%) and without degradation in the stomach for preventing and curing cancer.

关键词： Curcumin Artemisinin Cancer Micelle Natural

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A continental back-arc setting for the Namaqua belt:Evidence from the Kakamas Domain

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Geoscience Frontiers 2022年第4期13卷 193-221页

作者： P.H.Macey R.J.thomas A.F.M.Kisters J.F.A.Diener M.Angombe S.Doggart C.A.Groenewald C.W.Lambert J.A.Miller H.Minnaar H.Smith H.F.G.Moen E.Muvangua A.Nguno G.Shifotoka J.Indongo D.Frei C.spencer P.le Roux R.A.Armstrong C.Tinguely Council for Geoscience P.O.Box 572BellvilleSouth Africa Department of Geology University of StellenboschSouth Africa Department of Geological Sciences University of Cape TownSouth Africa Geological Survey of Namibia WindhoekNamibia Department of Geology University of Free StateSouth Africa Department of Earth Sciences University of the Western CapeSouth Africa The Institute of Geoscience Research Dept.Applied GeologyCurtin UniversityPerthAustralia Department of Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering Queen’s UniversityKingstonCanada Geochronology and Tracers Facility British Geological SurveyNottingham NG125GGUK RSES Australian NationalUniversityCanberraACTAustralia

A study of the NW Kakamas Domain in South Africa/Namibia provides a new,unified lithostratigraphy and evolutionary history applicable to the whole Namaqua *** Mesoproterozoic history ranges from~1350 Ma to 960 Ma,but isotopic evidence suggests it was built upon pre-existing Paleoproterozoic continental crust that extended west from the Archaean *** eastern Namaqualand,early rift-related magmatism and sedimentation at~1350 Ma occurred in a confined ocean *** tectonic reversal and subduction at~1290–1240 Ma led to establishment of the Areachap,Konkiep and Kaaien *** the Kakamas Domain,widespread deposition of pelitic sediments occurred at~1220 Ma(Narries Group).These contain detrital zircons derived from proximal crust with ages between~2020 Ma and 1800 Ma(western Palaeoproterozoic domains)and 1350–1240 Ma(eastern early Namaqua domains),suggesting pre-sedimentation *** pelites underwent granulite grade metamorphism at~1210 Ma(peak conditions:4.5–6 kbar and 770–850°C),associated with voluminous,predominantly S-type granitoid orthogneisses between~1210 Ma and 1190 Ma(Eendoorn and Ham River Suites)and low-angle ductile(D_(2))deformation which continued until~1110 Ma,interspersed with periods of *** enduring P-T regime is inconsistent with the expected crustal over-thickening associated with the generally-accepted collision-accretion Namaqualand ***,we propose the Namaqua Sector is a‘hot orogen’developed in a wide continental back-arc with subduction west of the present-day *** observed high geotherm resulted from thinned back-arc lithosphere accompanied by an influx of mantle-derived *** D_(2)deformation resulted from"bottom-driven"tectonics and viscous drag within the crust by convective flow in the underlying asthenospheric *** extended tectonothermal regime ceased at~1110 Ma when SW-directed thrusting stacked the Namaqua Domains into their current positions,constrained in

关键词： Kakamas Namaqua Geodynamics Geochronology Hot orogeny Mesoproterozoic

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显微切割技术联合聚合酶链反应在淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

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中华病理学杂志 2001年第1期30卷 66-68页

作者：苏文 Jo spencer 王菁山西肿瘤研究所血液研究室太原030013 英国St thomas医院组织病理科

霍奇金病（HD）的分型比较明确，并因其含有典型的R-S细胞而比较容易诊断，但非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的诊断，特别是与淋巴细胞反应性增生的鉴别诊断, 一直是临床病理诊断工作中的难点。免疫组织化学染色技术是区分B细胞和 T细胞淋巴瘤... 详细信息

霍奇金病（HD）的分型比较明确，并因其含有典型的R-S细胞而比较容易诊断，但非霍奇金淋巴瘤（NHL）的诊断，特别是与淋巴细胞反应性增生的鉴别诊断, 一直是临床病理诊断工作中的难点。免疫组织化学染色技术是区分B细胞和 T细胞淋巴瘤的重要手段，但该技术在多数情况下并不能鉴别淋巴细胞的良性和恶性增生。90年代，随着聚合酶链反应（PCR）技术的问世和发展，分析免疫球蛋白重链（IgH）基因和T细胞受体（TCR）基因重排，为鉴别淋巴细胞单克隆增生以及微小残留病灶检测和发现早期转移提供了一种有效的方法，对指导临床治疗和判断预后也有重要意义，已广泛应用于临床工作。但由于淋巴瘤组织，除了淋巴瘤细胞以外，还包括反应性增生的B细胞或T细胞，以及基质细胞等非肿瘤细胞，这些非瘤组织细胞的基因组DNA会掩盖瘤细胞基因组DNA的扩增，从而导致PCR假阴性结果。

关键词：淋巴瘤诊断显微切割技术聚合酶链反应

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显微切割技术在原发性皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤诊断中的应用

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中华肿瘤杂志 2001年第2期23卷 141-141页

作者：苏文王跃华 Jo spencer 山西肿瘤研究所血液学研究室太原030013 英国St thomas医院组织病理科

原发性皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤（PCBCL）局部病变通常只作手术切除或局部放疗,因此，为避免不必要的联合化疗，PCBCL的确诊十分重要。我们采用显微切割技术，在免疫组化的基础上直接分离出肿瘤细胞，再进行IgH基因重排分析，以探讨显微切割技... 详细信息

原发性皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤（PCBCL）局部病变通常只作手术切除或局部放疗,因此，为避免不必要的联合化疗，PCBCL的确诊十分重要。我们采用显微切割技术，在免疫组化的基础上直接分离出肿瘤细胞，再进行IgH基因重排分析，以探讨显微切割技术在原发性皮肤淋巴瘤诊断中的应用价值。

关键词：原发性皮肤B细胞淋巴瘤淋巴瘤诊断显微切割技术

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柠檬酸的转运对胞液脂肪酸的合成既提供了乙酰基又提供了NADPH吗?

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生命的化学 1987年第5期 46-47页

作者： thomas E.Conover 曾驰

凭借繁琐的化学计算和主观的推理经常寻致一些生化论文发生错误,将一些代谢途径人为地联系起来.遗憾的是,此类论文往往频繁地出现在教科书里,使学生很少怀疑其真实性.关于丙酮酸在线粒体中氧化产生的乙酰基须经转位作用移至胞浆中才能... 详细信息

凭借繁琐的化学计算和主观的推理经常寻致一些生化论文发生错误,将一些代谢途径人为地联系起来.遗憾的是,此类论文往往频繁地出现在教科书里,使学生很少怀疑其真实性.关于丙酮酸在线粒体中氧化产生的乙酰基须经转位作用移至胞浆中才能用于脂肪酸的重新合成这一问题,最普遍的描述是:线粒体中积聚的乙酰CoA和草酰乙酸先缩合形成柠檬酸,然后随柠檬酸转运到胞浆中,有ATP和CoA时,柠檬酸裂解酶将柠檬酸重新裂解成乙酰CoA和草酰乙酸.此途经首先由spencer和Lowen-stein提出.为了维持此种机制,草酰乙酸必须重新返回线粒体以便重复此循环.所有教科书对这一过程描述(如图1示)为:草酰乙酸经苹果酸脱氢酶催化还原生成苹果酸,后者随即在苹果酸酶作用下,氧化脱羧生成丙酮酸,同

关键词： NADPH 丙酮酸脱氢酶胞液柠檬酸抗氧化剂线粒体粒线体脂肪酸提供

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人类小肠IgA反应在集结的肠黏膜相关淋巴组织中产生,并非在固有膜中产生

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世界核心医学期刊文摘（胃肠病学分册） 2005年第10期1卷 28-28页

作者： Boursier L. Gordon J.N. Thiagamoorthy S. J. spencer 王铮 Department of Immunobiology GKT Medical School New Guy's House St. Thomas Street London SE1 9RT United Kingdom Dr.

Background &Aims: The intestinal lamina propria has traditionally been viewed as the effector site of mucosal immune responses. However, this view has been challenged with the identification, in the murine lamina propria, of an in situ class switch DNA recombination pathway to IgA. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that in situ class switching occurs in the human lamina propria. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was used to analyze tissue microenvironments and RT-PCR to look for molecular evidence of Ig class switching and to track clonally related cells of B lineage. Results: We found no evidence of proliferation of either lamina propria CD20+or CD19+cells or evidence of activation-induced cytidine deaminase mRNA expression outside the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissue, although Iα-Cαimmunoglobulin germ-line gene transcript expression could be identified in the lamina propria. We identified clonally related cells, including IgA and IgM isotype-switched variants, in multiple samples known to be free of activation-induced cytidine deaminase, organized lymphoid tissue, or cellular proliferation. For 4 groups of cells, the patterns of somatic mutations on the rearranged IgVH5 gene segment were more similar between cells from distant sites than from their immediate neighbors, implying dissemination of cells from a common set of precursors. Conclusions: Our data are inconsistent with a model in which precursors of human IgA-secreting plasma cells are induced or expanded in the lamina propria. The human lamina propria is therefore likely to solely be an effector site of intestinal secretory IgA responses that originate from the organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues.

关键词：固有膜 IgA 类别转换固有层组织微环境黏膜免疫免疫组化技术免疫球蛋白分子学胞嘧啶核苷

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现代证据法的兴起

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证据科学 2008年第1期16卷 49-90页

作者： T.P.加兰尼斯吴洪淇明尼苏达大学证据科学教育部重点实验室(中国政法大学)

本文对这样一种传统观点提出了挑战,即现代证据法是从民事诉讼——律师长期以来活跃于这一领域——中发展而来的,直至律师经常性地现身于普通刑事案件的时候,现代证据法才扩展至刑事审判领域。通过运用新近获得的记录民事和刑事审判的... 详细信息

本文对这样一种传统观点提出了挑战,即现代证据法是从民事诉讼——律师长期以来活跃于这一领域——中发展而来的,直至律师经常性地现身于普通刑事案件的时候,现代证据法才扩展至刑事审判领域。通过运用新近获得的记录民事和刑事审判的报道册子,本文则认为现代对证据的排除性方式最早形成于刑事审判的竞技场(rough-and-tumble arena),随着那些熟悉刑事实务的律师为其民事委托人的利益而开始对证据采用一种更富攻击性的方式,对证据的排除性方式逐渐从刑事案件扩展至民事案件。

关键词：证据法起源对抗制传闻证据异议

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