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Daily activity rhythms, chronotypes, and risk-taking behavior in the signal crayfish

Current Zoology 2022年第2期68卷 177-183页

作者： Valerio SBRAGAGLIA thomas BREITHAUPT Department of Marine Renewable Resources Marine Science Institute(ICM-CSIC)Passeig Maritim de la Barceloneta3708003 BarcelonaSpain Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes Leibniz-lnstitute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesMüggelseedamm 31012587 BerlinGermany Department of Biological and Marine Sciences University of HullCottingham RoadHull HU67RXUK

Consistent inter-individual differences in daily activity rhythms(i.e.,chronotypes)can have ecological consequences in determining access to food resources and avoidance of predators.The most common measure to characterize chronotypes in animals as well as humans is the onset of activity(i.e.,early or late chronotypes).However,daily activity rhythms may also differ in the relative amount of activity displayed at particular time periods.Moreover,chronotypes may also be linked to other consistent inter-individual differences in behavior(i.e.,personality),such as the propensity to take risks.Here,we used the signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculusto test the presence of chronotypes and risk-taking personality traits and a potential behavioral syndrome between these traits.We first exposed crayfish to 5 days of light-darkness to measure daily activity rhythms and then we applied a visual predator-simulating stimulus in 2 different contexts(neutral and food).Our results showed consistent(i.e.,across 5 days)inter-individual differences in the relative nocturnal activity displayed in the early and middle,but not in the late part of darkness hours.Moreover,while crayfish displayed inter-individual differences in risk-taking behavior,these were not found to be consistent across 2 contexts.Therefore,we were not able to formally test a behavioral syndrome between these 2 traits.In conclusion,our study provides the first evidence of chronotypes in the relative amount of activity displayed at particular time periods.This could be a valuable information for applied ecological aspects related to the signal crayfish,which is a major invasive species of freshwater ecosystems.

关键词： behavioral syndrome biological rhythms boldness feeding locomotor activity

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Heuristic solution of a joint electric control reserve and wholesale market model

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International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 2019年第2期10卷 1-20页

作者： Timo breithaupt thomas Leveringhaus Lutz Hofmann Institute of Electric Power Systems Leibniz Universit¨at Hannover Welfengarten 1 30167 HanoverGermany

A mixed integer linear programming(MILP)approach for the joint simulation of electric control reserve and electricity wholesale markets is presented.This generation dispatch model extends an existing integrated grid and electricity market(IGEM)model covering the Continental European electric power system.By explicitly incorporating the markets for primary and secondary control reserves(PCR and SCR),the model can reproduce the decisions of generating unit operators on which markets get involved.Besides,the introduction of the integrality conditions allows considering start-up costs and the calculus of generating units to pass through the economically unattractive periods with low or even negative prices in order to avoid another start-up.Since this model is too large to be solved with common MILP solvers for the intended simulation time of one year,temporal and geographical interdependencies are used to solve it heuristically.The heuristic therefore splits the model into various sub-problems so that on the one hand,the number of variables,especially of integer variables,per sub-problem is reduced significantly and on the other hand,the relevant interdependencies remain considered.The heuristic is evaluated in terms of accuracy and computation time by means of two case studies.Both case studies show satisfactory accuracy and significant advantages in computation time.

关键词： Mixed-integer linear programming unit commitment rolling horizon heuristic

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