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Embryology of Maldives Clownfish, Amphiprion nigripes (Amphiprioninae)

Journal of Ocean University of China 2012年第2期11卷 174-180页

作者： Swagat Ghosh thipramalai thankappanpillai ajith kumar Thangavel Balasubramanian Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502Tamil NaduIndia

This study investigated the embryonic development of Maldives clownfish Amphiprion nigripes under natural conditions (28 - 30℃) at a lagoon of Agatti Island, Lakshadweep, India. The newly deposited fish egg was capsule-shaped and orange-red, with a (0.73 ± 0.04) mm3 yolk containing 5 - 10 fat globules. The embryonic development of fertilized eggs was divided into 26 stages and the time elapsing for each stage was recorded. Results showed that the cleavage was rapid, with the first division observed 1 h 20 min after fertilization. Blastulation occurred 4 h later, followed by gastrulation 12 h after fertilization, with a yolk volume of (0.61 ± 0.06) mm3. The organogenesis process started 22 h after fertilization when the blastopores closed and notochord formation began. The embryonic stage was recorded 24 h later, with the appearance of forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, melanophores on yolk-sac and 22 somites, and a decreased yolk volume of (0.54 ± 0.08) mm3. Other organs developed well 31 h after fertilization, whereas the heart started beating and blood circulation began 78 h later. Red pigmentation (erytrophores) appeared 96 h after fertilization, with a small yolk volume of (0.22 ± 0.02) mm3. Mouth developed well and eyes were noticeable 120 h later, with head, pectoral fin and tail frequently moving 144 h after fertilization. The embryo reached the pre-hatching stage 168 h later and started to hatch after 170 - 180 h incubation. This study first detailed the embryonic development and yolk absorption of A. nigripes under natural conditions.

关键词： Amphiprion nigripes clownfish embryonic development spawning yolk volume

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Coral Reef Bleaching at Agatti Island of Lakshadweep Atolls,India

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2012年第1期11卷 105-110页

作者： Ramar Vinoth Mohan Gopi thipramalai thankappanpillai ajith kumar Thirunavukarassu Thangaradjou Thangavel Balasubramanian Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine ScienceAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502TamilnaduIndia

A survey on coral bleaching was carried out at Agatti Island of Lakshadweep from May to June *** sea surface temperatures(SSTs)of the region exceeded the seasonal average and delayed the onset of monsoon,which triggered widespread bleaching of *** Agatti reefs showed an average of 73%bleached corals with apparent bleaching-related mortality of sea anemones(87%)and giant clams(83%).The SST increased up to 34℃with an average maximum SST of 32.5℃ during the study period between May and June *** reefs on the southern side of the island are fully or partially exposed to sun light during low tide in contrast to the other *** suggests that the mortality is more likely due to the low tide exposure than exclusively due to the elevated *** indicated a clear increase in coral bleaching during April 2010,at levels higher than that in normal summer.

关键词： coral bleaching sea surface temperature mortality sea anemone

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Breeding and mass scale rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula: feeding and rearing in brackishwater

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Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2012年第4期30卷 528-534页

作者： DHANEESH Kottila Veettil ajith kumar thipramalai Thankappan SWAGAT Ghosh BALASUBRAMANIAN Thangavel Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai University

Breeding and mass scale larval rearing of clownfish Amphiprion percula is very limited in brackishwater. We designed an indoor program of A. percula culture in brackishwater with a salinity of 24±1, during which the impacts of feed type, water temperature, and light intensity, on the efficiency of its reproduction, were revealed. The fish were accommodated along with sea anemones in fibre glass tanks to determine the influence of brooder diet on breeding efficiency. Higher reproductive efficiency [number of eggs laid （276±22.3 eggs）] was observed when fish were fed live Acetes sp. rather than clam （204±16.4 eggs）, trash fish （155±12 eggs） and formulated feed （110±10 eggs）. The spawning rate was increased during September and October （water temperature, 28.74±0.55℃） on average of 2.4 spawning per month; and low spawning rate was in January （water temperature, 24.55±0.45℃） on average of I spawning per month. Among three light intensities （100, 500, and 900 1x） set to evaluate larval survival rate, larvae showed the highest survival rate （65.5%） at 900 lx. The breeding method specifically in brackishwater developed in the present study is a new approach, will help the people from the regions of estuary and backwater to enhance their livelihood and it will lead to reduce the exploitation from the wild habitat.

关键词： Amphiprion percula brackishwater feed larval rearing light intensity

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Effect of fucoidan from Turbinaria ornata against marine ornamental fish pathogens

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013年第4期 282-286页

作者： Thangapandi Marudhupandi thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502India

Objective:To evaluate the antimicrobial capacity of fucoidan from the brown seaweed Turbinaria ornata against the marine ornamental fish bacterial ***:Fucoidan was isolated by the ethanol extraction method and the functional groups were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ***,structural characterization was done by 1H NMR *** vitro antibacterial activity of fucoidan was performed by the agar plate diffusion method and Minimum Inhibitory ***:The characteristic C-0-S bending vibration of sulfate substituent the axial C-4 was observed at 839 cm^(-1).Characterisitic signal of the fucoidan was detected in a different ppm of 1H NMR *** maximum antibacterial activity(16.23±0.11)mm was obtained for Vibrio parahaemolyticus and the minimum activity(5.1±0.24)mm was recorded for Yersinia *** Minimum Inhibitory Concentration value was recorded between 2.5 to 10 mg/mL to the respective ***:The present study proved that fucoidan possessed the significant antibacterial activity against the tested fish bacterial *** could be further used as a natural antibiotic in an aquaculture system to control the bacterial ***,the present study suggested that the further in vivo study is required to get the better understanding of the mode of action of fucoidan.

关键词： Turbinaria ornata Fucoidan Antimicrobial activity Fish bacterial pathogens FTIR NMR

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Antibacterial and antioxidant effects from seaweed,Sargassum wightii(Greville,1848)against marine ornamental fish pathogens

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第10期 773-783页

作者： Karuppiah Nanthini devi thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Thangavel Balasubramanian CAS in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityTamil NaduIndia

Objective:To screen seaweed Sargassum wightii(***)for bioactive natural substance against marine ornamental fish bacterial pathogens,and also study the antioxidant properties,brine shrimp toxicity ***:Crude extract was made using three solvents(acetone,ethanol and methanol)and screened for antibacterial activity and purified by column chromatography,purified fractions obtained were tested for the *** 1st fraction of acetone extract showed maximum activity,this was again subjected for purification and obtained three sub-fractions also tested for the *** phenols and flavonoid contents,reducing power,free radical scavenging activities(DPPH and H_(2)O_(2))and brine shrimp toxicity were also studied using purified acetone extract followed by standard ***:The purified acetone extract showed maximum activity against eight pathogens among ***-MS results revealed two major compounds such as 24-methylene cholesterol(79.9%)and methyl oleate(30.3%)which presented in higher percentage in purified extract and had highest phenols and flavonoid contents,reducing power,free radical scavenging activities,and also showed less toxicity *** he present study,the purified extract of *** had potential antibacterial activity against Aeromonas hydrophila[(22.25±0.35)mm]and minimum activity against Streptococcus sp.[(10.00±0.00)mm].The purified extract of *** also had potential total antioxidant activity of(3.87±0.04)μg at 100μg/mL concentration and the lowest activity was exhibited(1.52±0.01)μg at 25μg/***:The present study concluded that the brown seaweed,*** has potential antimicrobial and antioxidant activities,which can be used in aquaculture industry for treated bacterial diseases in infected fishes.

关键词： Seaweed Bioactive compounds Antibacterial activity Silica gel column chromatography GC-MS analysis Antioxidant activity assays Brine shrimp toxicity

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Evaluation of antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweed Chondrococcus hornemanni(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish pathogens

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第1期 64-69页

作者： Raghunathan Ganeshamurthy Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Saravanan kumaresan Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502Tamil NaduIndia

Objective:To evaluate the antibacterial activity and immunostimulant of red seaweedChondrococcus hornemanni ***:(***)(Kuetzing,1847)against marine ornamental fish antimicrobial activity against two fish pathogens and the partially purified potential compound was characterized by *** seaweed extract was injected to the clownfish,Amphiprion sebae to study the innate immune response of these ***:In the present study,seaweed extract of *** showed significant Aeromonas hydrophila(20 mm)and Vibrio parahaemolyticus(19 mm)at a concentration(25 mg/mL)shown higher antimicrobial *** white blood cell count and respirator burst activity was significantly increased in the experimental tanks(E1)and(E2)when compared with *** extracts was found effective and had more than 80%inhibitory activity against Conclusions:Hence,it is concluded that the seaweed extracts of *** had potential bioactive compounds and act an immunostimulant and improve the immune response to fish.

关键词： Seaweed Fish pathogen Antimicrobial activity GC-MS analysis Immunostimulants

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A study on the effect of using mangrove leaf extracts as a feed additive in the progress of bacterial infections in marine ornamental fish

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013年第3期 217-224页

作者： Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Thangavelu Balasubramanian Kapila Tissera Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine Sciences Annamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502Tamil NaduIndia Kerala Aqua Venture International Ltd. CochinKeralaIndia

Objective:To ascertain the feasibility of using sustainable natural resources in maintaining disease free fish in such ***:causative bacteria were identified by morphology and biochemical *** antibacterial activity and disease resistant capability of mangrove plant leaf extract were investigated against fish ***:The infected marine ornamental fishes were collected from the hatchery condition and inhibition activity at the concentration of 220,200,175 and 150μg/mL against Pseudomonas fluorescens,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Vibrio parahaemolyticus,and Vibrio anguillarum *** experimental trial reveals feeding marine ornamental fish with feed incorporated with a methanol leaf extract of Avicennia marina,increases their survival and reduces their susceptibility to infections from the isolated *** on the in vitro assay,methanol extract of Avicennia marina was exhibited good Conclusions:The mangrove leaves have potential to control the infections caused by Pseudomonas fluorescens,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio anguillarum.

关键词： Infected fish Challenge experiment Leukocytes Disease resistance Mangrove herbal Bacterial infections

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Marine natural product,Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione,hexahydro-(C_(7)H_(10)N_(2)O_(2))of antioxidant properties from Bacillus species at Lakshadweep archipelago

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第8期 632-637页

作者： Mohan Gopi Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi Karuppaiah Nanthini Devi thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai–608502Tamil NaduIndia Centre for Marine Living Resources and Ecology-Field Research Station Agatti Island-682553LakshadweepIndia

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated bacteria Bacillus ***:The potential active compound was subjected for assay of total antioxidant activity,α,α-diphenyl-α-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical scavenging activity,nitric oxide radical scavenging activity,hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))scavenging activity and total reducing ***,the 16S rRNA gene sequence was carried out to identify the sponge symbiotic ***:The results showed linear increase of total antioxidant activity,DPPH radical scavenging activity,nitric oxide radical scavenging activity,H_(2)O_(2)scavenging activity and total reducing ***_(50)value of the active compound for DPPH activity,H_(2)O_(2)scavenging activity,nitric oxide scavenging activity was recorded as 15.025μg/mL,23.73μg/mL,and 41.70μg/mL *** potential strain was identified as Bacillus species from GenBank database(GenBank Accession number JX985748).Conclusions:The present study has reported the antioxidant property of purified bioactive compound from sponge associated Bacillus *** report will be helpful to pharmaceutical and antioxidant researchers for further studies.

关键词： Secondary metabolites Antioxidant activity Bacillus species Lakshadweep archipelago

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Evaluation of antibacterial activity of bioactive compounds obtained from the seaweed Chondrococcus hornemanni on ichthyopathogenic bacteria affecting marine ornamental fish

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2013年第1期1卷 34-38页

作者： Raghunathan Ganeshamurthy thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Nagarajan Balachandran Dhayanithi Kapila Tissera Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502Tamil NaduIndia E–Tropical Fish International Sri Lanka

Objective:To investigate antibacterial effects of extracts from the seaweed Chondrococcushornemanni(***)on bacterial pathogens of marine ornamental ***:Methanol extract obtained from *** showed a broad and high antibacterial activity against four fish pathogens including Providencia rettgeri,Aeromonas hydrophila,Vibrioalginoticus and Vibrio *** crude extract obtained from the dried seaweeds was fractionated and purified using column *** extracts were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR)for identifying the functional *** of the active fraction were further identified by means of gas chromatography and mass spectrometric(GC-MS)***:The first fraction of the extracts showed effective inhibitory activity against Aeromonashydrophila and Vibrio parahaemolyticus at a concentration of 100μ***,Vibrio alginolyticus and Providencia rettgeri had shown a moderately lesser inhibitory response to the ***:Hence,it is concluded that extracts of seaweed ***,contain potential bioactive compounds with a considerable antibiotic activity.

关键词： Seaweed Fish pathogen Antibacterial activity FTIR analysis GC-MS analysis

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Histopathological study of lymphocystis disease virus(LCDV)in cultured false clownfish,Amphiprion ocellaris(Cuvier,1830)and true clownfish,Amphiprion percula(Lacepede,1802)

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Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 2014年第4期 264-269页

作者： Muthuramalingam Uthaya Siva Thangapandi Marudhupandi Mohideen Abdul Badhul Haq thipramalai Thankappan ajith kumar Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology Faculty of Marine SciencesAnnamalai UniversityParangipettai-608502TamilnaduIndia National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources(Indian Council of Agricultural Research) Canal Ring RoadDilkusha PostLucknow-226002Uttar PradeshIndia

Objective:To study the lymphocystis disease virus(LCDV)in two species of marine ormamental fishes through histopathological investigation along with control for differentiating the tissue ***:Six naturally infected fishes were *** were anaesthetized and subsequently killed by organ *** infected fish organs were aseptically cut off and stored with 10%formalin solution for histological *** were examined for gross pathology including location,distribution,shape,size,colour,consistency and special features of typical external lesions by standard ***:The diameter of the tumor nodules ranged from 1 to 2 mm(Amphiprion ocellaris)and 2.5 to 3.5 mm(Amphiprion percula).Light microscopic observation showed over growth of tumor like nodules on the skin or scales and ventral side as *** hy pertrophied cells with basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies were in the connective tissues of dermis and between scales on two *** nucleus of lymphocystis cell were enlarged,irregular and containing basophilic marginated ***,the similarities among cellular patterns of different fish LCDV isolates from different hosts indicated that these profiles do not depend on the host ***:In conclusion,this current study of histopathological statement of LCDV may be adequate for a presumptive diagnosis of lymphocystis disease from both marine as well as fresh water fish *** findings of asymptomatic carriers by histology using infected skin and fin sampling,which does not imply animal killing,could be important tool to epizootics caused by *** study may be very useful for further molecular studies.

关键词： Clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris Amphiprion percula Lymphocystis disease virus Histopathology

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