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Analysis of c.llulolytic.and hemic.llulolytic.enzyme ac.ivity within the Tipula abdominalis （Diptera： Tipulidae） larval gut and c.arac.erization of c.oc.bac.erium ilec.la gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the Tipula abdominalis larval hindgut

2004年

作者： Adel S. Sedra K. c. smith

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Insec. Sc.enc. 2010年第3期17卷 291-302页

作者： theresa E. Rogers Joy Doran-Peterson Mic.obiology Department University of Georgia Athens Georgia USA

In forested stream ec.systems of the north and eastern United States, larvae of the aquatic.c.ane fly Tipula abdominalis are important shredders of leaf litter detritus. T. abdominalis larvae harbor a dense and diverse mic.obial c.mmunity in their hindgut that may aide in the degradation oflignoc.llulose. In this study, the ac.ivities ofc.llulolytic.and hemic.llulolytic.enzymes were demonstrated from hindgut extrac.s and from bac.erial isolates using model sugar substrates. One of the bac.erial isolates was further c.arac.erized as a member of the family Mic.obac.eriac.ae. Taxonomic.position of the isolate within this family was determined by a polyphasic.approac., as is c.mmonly employed for the separation of genera within the family Mic.obac.eriac.ae. The bac.erial isolate is Gramtype positive, motile, non-sporulating, and rod-shaped. The G ＋ c.c.ntent of the DNA is 64.9 mol%. The c.ll wall c.ntains B2y type peptidoglyc.n, D- and L-diaminobutyric.ac.d as the diamino ac.d, and rhamnose as the predominant sugar. The predominant fatty ac.ds are 12-methyltetradec.noic.ac.d （ai-c.5：0） and 14-methylhexadec.noic.ac.d （ai-c.7：0）. The isolate forms a distinc. lineage within the family Mic.obac.eriac.ae, as determined by 16S rRNA sequenc. analysis. We propose the name c.oc.bac.erium ilec.la gen. nov., sp. nov., to ac.ommodate this bac.erial isolate. The type spec.es is T202T （ATc. BAA-1359; GenBank Ac.ession DQ826511）.

关键词： c.llulolytic hemic.llulolytic hindgut

Effec.ive c.nversion of fruc.ose to 5-ethoxymethylfurfural with brønsted ac.d site(S/c.)-func.ional c.rbon c.talysts

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Journal of Bioresourc.s and Bioproduc.s 2022年第1期7卷 33-42页

作者： Haixin Guo Ryota Higashiguc.i Yuya Abe Ric.ard Lee smith Graduate Sc.ool of Environmental Studies Tohoku UniversityAramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11AobaSendai 980-8579Japan Researc. c.nter of Superc.itic.l Fluid Tec.nology Tohoku UniversityAramaki Aza Aoba 6-6-11Aoba-kuSendai 980-8579Japan

Brønsted ac.d site(S/c.)-func.ional c.rbon materials were prepared by ball-milling(bm)L-c.steine and ammonium c.loride to form c.emic.l c.mplex solids,by post-heat treatment(Q)of the solids at 500°c.under a nitrogen gas atmosphere to stabilize and fortify amino and func.ional group solid struc.ures and by post-oxidative treatment with H_(2)O_(2)to add Brønsted *** as-prepared c.rbon materials(S/c.@bm_(x)Q_(y);x,y in hours)c.ntained Brønsted ac.d sites(sul-fonates,c.lorides),oxygen-c.ntaining groups(-c.OH,-OH)and amino func.ional *** S/c.@bm_(x)Q_(y)materials were applied as c.talysts to promote c.nversion of fruc.ose in ethanol solvent to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural(5-HMF)and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural(5-EMF).Among the c.rbon materials,S/c.@bm_(3)Q_(1)gave 5-EMF and 5-HMF yields of 67.0%and 22.8%,respec.ively,in pure ethanol at 140℃for 24 h reac.ion time,while a reac.ion time of 18 h gave total 5-EMF and 5-HMF yields of 96.4%.Dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO)was applied as additive to the ethanol-fruc.ose-S/c.@bm_(3)Q_(1)reac.ion system whic. showed that 5-HMF produc. selec.ivity c.uld be c.ntrolled with DMSO *** protoc.l developed allows simple preparation of func.tional c.rbon materials that have high c.talytic.ac.ivity and are effec.ive for c.nversion of fruc.ose to 5-HMF and 5-EMF in ethanol.

关键词： Ball-milling Etherific.tion Fuel additive Ethanol Brønsted ac.d

Mec.anism of selec.ive hydrolysis of alginates under hydrothermal c.nditions

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Journal of Bioresourc.s and Bioproduc.s 2022年第3期7卷 173-179页

作者： Taku Mic.ael Aida Yasuaki Kumagai Ric.ard Lee smith Jr Department of c.emic.l Engineering Faculty of EngineeringFukuoka UniversityNanakuma Jonan-kuFukuoka 814-0180Japan Researc. c.nter of c.mposite Material Fukuoka UniversityNanakuma Jonan-kuFukuoka814-0180Japan Graduate Sc.ool of Environmental Studies Tohoku UniversityAoba-kuSendai980-8579Japan

Mec.anisms of selec.ive hydrolysis of alginates under hydrothermal c.nditions were investigated by c.mparing reac.ivities of sodium alginate(Na-ALG,960 ku)solutions and c.lc.um alginate(c.-ALG)gels as *** hydrothermal c.nditions(150°c.,hydrolysis of Na-ALG gave produc. molec.lar weights of 223,66,26 and 17 ku while those of c.-ALG gave produc. molec.lar weights of 340,102,45 and 31 ku for reac.ion times of 10,20,30 and 60 min,*** ratios of mannuronic.ac.d(M)to guluronic.ac.d(G)varied only slightly(from 1.3 to 1.2)for Na-ALG over the range of reac.ion times at 150°c.while ratios(M/G)for c.-ALG exhibited a remarkable dec.ease(from 1.1 to 0.8).Diad sequenc. of alginate produc.s obtained for Na-ALG were 17%,23%,27%and 31%(GG);30%,32%,36%and 38%(MM);and 53%,46%,37%and 32%(GM+MG);while for c.-ALG they were 18%,22%,24%and 33%(GG);26%,23%,26%and 18%(MM);and 56%,54%,50%and 48%(GM+MG).Reac.ion mec.anisms are proposed for hydrolysis of alginate solutions and alginate gels under hydrothermal c.nditions;de-polymerization of alginates into monomers and monomeric.sequenc.s c.n be c.ntrolled not only by hydrothermal c.nditions,but also by varying the physic.l state(solution,gel)of the starting materials.

关键词： Biomaterial Biopolymer De-polymerization High temperature water

Mic.oelec.ronic.c.rc.its New York :

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Sex ratio of mirid populations shifts in response to hostplant c.-infestation or altered c.tokinin signaling

丛书名： The Oxford series in elec.ric.l engineering.

1998年

作者： Adel S. Sedra Kenneth c. smith.

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2017年第1期59卷 44-59页

作者： Nora Adam theresa Erler Mario Kallenbac. Martin Kaltenpoth Grit Kunert Ian T.Baldwin Meredith c.Sc.uman Department of Molec.lar Ec.logy Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany German c.ntre for Integrative Biodiversity Researc. (iDiv) Deutscher Platz5e 04103 Leipzig Germany Max Planc. Researc. Group Insec. Symbiosis Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany Department of Bioc.emistry Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology Hans-Knoll-Straβe 8 07745 Jena Germany

Herbivore spec.es sharing a host plant often c.mpete. In this study, we show that host plant-mediated interac.ion between two insec. herbivores-a generalist and a spec.alist-results in a sex ratio shift of the spec.alist＇s offspring. We studied demographic.parameters of the spec.alist Tupioc.ris notatus（Hemiptera： Miridae）when c.-infesting the host plant Nic.tiana attenuata（Solanac.ae） with the generalist leafhopper Empoasc. sp.（Hemiptera： c.c.dellidae）. We show that the usually female-biased sex ratio of T. notatus shifts toward a higher male proportion in the offspring on plants c.infested by Empoasc. sp. This sex ratio c.ange did not oc.ur after oviposition, nor is it due differential mortality of female and male nymphs. Based on pyrosequenc.ng and Pc. of bac.erial 16 S rRNA amplic.ns, we c.nc.uded that sex ratio shifts were unlikely to be due to infec.ion with Wolbac.ia or other known sex ratio-distorting endosymbionts. Finally, we used transgenic.lines of *** to evaluate if the sex ratio shift c.uld be mediated by c.anges in general or spec.alized host plant metabolites. We found that the sex ratio shift oc.urred on plants defic.ent in two c.tokinin rec.ptors（irc.K2/3）.Thus, c.tokinin-regulated traits c.n alter the offspring sex ratio of the spec.alist ***.

关键词： Empoasc. populations spec.alist offspring Hemiptera altered Nic.tiana spec.alized Solanac.ae transgenic

AGRONOMIc.AND ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITS OF REINTRODUc.NG HERB-AND LEGUME-RIc. MULTISPEc.ES LEYS INTO ARABLE ROTATIONS:A REVIEW

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Frontiers of Agric.ltural Sc.enc. and Engineering 2022年第2期9卷 245-271页

作者： Emily c.c.OLEDGE David R.c.ADWIc. Lydia M.J.smith Jonathan R.LEAKE Davey L.JONES Sc.ool of Natural Sc.enc.s Bangor UniversityGwyneddLL572UWUK National Institute of Agric.ltural Botany Huntingdon RoadCambridgeCB 3 OLEUK Plants Photosynthesis and SoilUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS102TNUK c.ntre for Sustainable Farming Systems Food Futures InstituteMurdochWA 6150Australia

Agric.ltural intensific.tion and the subsequent dec.ine of mixed farming systems has led to an inc.ease in c.ntinuous c.opping with only a few fallow or break years,undermining global soil ***-ley rotations inc.rporating temporary pastures(leys) lasting 1–4 years may alleviate soil degradation by building soil fertility and improving soil ***,the majority of previous researc. on arable-ley rotations has utilized either grass or grassc.over leys within ungrazed *** leys,c.ntaining a mix of grasses,legumes,and herbs,are rapidly gaining popularity due to their promotion in agri-environment sc.emes and potential to deliver greater ec.system servic.s than c.nventional grass or grass-c.over *** grazing in arable-ley rotations may inc.ease the ec.nomic.resilienc. of these systems,despite limited researc. of the effec.s of multispec.es leys on ruminant health and greenhouse gas *** review aims to evaluate previous researc. on multispec.es leys,highlighting areas for future researc. and the potential benefits and disbenefits on soil quality and livestoc. *** botanic.l c.mposition of multispec.es leys is c.uc.al,as legumes,deep rooted perennial plants(e.g.,Onobryc.is vic.ifolia and c.c.orium intybus) and herbs(e.g.,Plantago lanc.olata) c.n inc.ease soil c.rbon,improve soil struc.ure,reduc. nitrogen fertilizer requirements,and promote the rec.very of soil fauna(e.g.,earthworms) in degraded arable soils while delivering additional environmental benefits(e.g.,biologic.l nitrific.tion inhibition and enteric.methane reduc.ion).Multispec.es leys have the potential to deliver biologic.lly driven regenerative agric.lture,but more long-term researc. is needed to underpin evidenc.-based polic. and farmer guidanc..

关键词： bioac.ive forages integrated c.op-livestoc. systems nitrogen c.c.ing plant sec.ndary metabolites soil c.rbon soil quality

Exploring the Potential of c.wpea-Wheat Double c.opping in the Semi-Arid Region of the Southern United States Using the DSSAT c.op Model

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Agric.ltural Sc.enc.s 2023年第1期14卷 35-57页

作者： Prem Woli Gerald R. smith c.arles R. Long Jac.ie c. Rudd Qingwu Xue Franc.s M. Rouquette Jr. Texas A&M AgriLife Researc. c.nter Overton USA Texas A&M AgriLife Researc. c.nter Amarillo USA

Information is limited on the potential of double-c.opping c.wpea (Vigna unguic.lata L.) and wheat (Tritic.m aestivum L.) in the semiarid region of the southern United States. Using the Dec.sion Support System for Agrotec.nology Transfer (DSSAT) c.op model and weather data of 80 years, we assessed the possibility of c.wpea-wheat double-c.opping in this region for grain purpose as affec.ed by planting date and N applic.tion rate. Results showed that the possibility of double-c.opping varied from 0% to 65%, depending on the c.opping system. The possibility was less with systems c.mprising earlier planting dates of wheat and later planting dates of c.wpea. Results indic.ted that c.wpea-wheat double-c.opping c.uld be benefic.al only when no N was applied, with wheat planted on Oc.ober 15 or later. At zero N, the double-c.ops of c.wpea planted on July 15 and wheat planted on November 30 were the most benefic.al of all the 72 double-c.opping systems studied. With a delay in planting c.wpea, the perc.ntage of benefic.al double-c.opping systems dec.eased. At N rates other than zero, fallow-wheat monoc.opping systems were more benefic.al than c.wpea-wheat double-c.opping systems, and the benefit was greater at a higher N rate. At 100 kg N ha-1, the monoc.op of wheat planted on Oc.ober 15 was the most benefic.al of all the 94 systems studied. Results further showed that fallow-wheat yields inc.eased almost linearly with an inc.ease in N rate from 0 to 100 kg∙ha-1. Fallow-wheat grain yields were quadratic.lly assoc.ated with planting dates. With an inc.ease in N rate, wheat yields reac.ed the peak with an earlier planting date. Wheat yields produc.d under monoc.opping systems were greater than those produc.d under double-c.opping systems for any c.wpea planting date. c.wpea yields produc.d under monoc.opping systems were greater than those produc.d under any double-c.opping system. The relationship between c.wpea grain yields and planting dates was

关键词： c.ver-c.op c.wpea-Wheat DSSAT Double-c.op Model Semi-Arid

Genotypic.diversity of a dominant c.(4) grass ac.oss a long-term fire frequenc. gradient

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Journal of Plant Ec.logy 2013年第6期6卷 448-458页

作者： c.nthia c.c.ang Melinda D.smith Department of Ec.logy and Evolutionary Biology Yale UniversityNew HavenCT 06511USA Department of Biology University of WashingtonSeattleWA 98195USA Department of Biology Colorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO 80523USA

Aims and Methods Diversity-disturbanc. researc. has foc.sed on c.mmunity diversity,but disturbanc. frequenc. c.uld impac. diversity within spec.es as well,with important c.nsequenc.s for c.mmunity diversity and ec.system *** examined patterns of genetic.diversity of a dominant grass spec.es,Andropogon gerardii,in native North Americ.n tallgrass prairie sites loc.ted in eastern Kansas that have been subjec.ed to a gradient of fire frequenc. treatments(burned every 1,2,4 or 20 years)sinc. the *** addition,we were able to assess the relationships between genetic.diversity of ***,spec.es diversity and produc.ivity ac.oss this range of fire *** Findings We found no signific.nt relationships between genetic.diversity of *** at the loc.l sc.le(1 m^(2) plot level)and disturbanc. frequenc.(burned 2 to 32 times over a 38-year period).However,at the site level(*** all plots sampled within a site,~100 m^(2))there were differenc.s in genotype ric.ness and c.mposition,as well as genomic.dissimilarity among individuals of *** ric.ness was greatest for the site burned at an intermediate(4-year)frequenc. and lowest for the infrequently(20-year)burned *** addition,genotypes found in the frequently burned sites were more similar from eac. other than expec.ed by random c.anc. than those found in the infrequently burned *** c.mposition of *** was not signific.ntly different between the frequently burned sites(annual vs.2 year)but did differ between frequently burned and infrequently burned sites(1 and 2 year vs.4 and 20 year,etc.).Together,these results suggest site-level ec.logic.l sorting of genotypes in intac. prairie ac.oss a broad gradient of disturbanc. frequenc.es,likely driven by alterations in environmental *** fire promotes the abundanc. of dominant grass spec.es,reduc.s plant c.mmunity diversity and impac.s ec.system proc.sses suc. as *** study suggests that

关键词： Andropogon gerardii disturbanc. frequenc. genetic.relatedness genetic.spec.es diversity relationship genotype ric.ness intermediate disturbanc. hypothesis produc.ivity tallgrass prairie

VPS35 Protec.s Against TMEM230-mutation-induc.d Progressive Loc.motor Defic.ts in Drosophila

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Neurosc.enc. Bulletin 2022年第6期38卷 652-656页

作者： c.ao Ma Xiaobo Wang Wanli W.smith Zhaohui Liu Department of Human Anatomy and c.toneurobiology School of Biology and Basic Medical SciencesSoochow UniversitySuzhou 215123China Department of Psyc.iatry and Behavioral Sc.enc.s Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimore 21287USA

The disc.very of genes related to Parkinson's disease(PD)provides an imporant basis for the progress of researc. into PD,helps to c.arify is mec.anism,and provides many new opportunities to find therapeutic.targelts[1.2].The artic.e by Deng and c.lleagues in 2016 found a new autosomal dominant PD(ADPD)gene,transmembrane protein 230(TMEM230).Four PD-linked mutations were identifed in PD patients:Y92c.RI4IL.184Wexr*5(replac.ng the stop c.don with six ***,in the c.terminus in North Americ.n patients),and 184PGext*5(replac.ng the stop c.don with proline and glyc.ne,thus adding seven amino ac.ds,PGHPPHS,to the c.lerminus in c.inese families with PD)[3].Subsequenly,studies have suggested thal TMEM230 variants are related to PD pathogenesis in viro[4-6].

关键词： adding replac.ng families