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Performance of generative pre-trained transformers (GPTs) in Certification Examination of the College of Family Physicians of Canada

第十二届全国体育科学大会

作者：莫仕围 Roy th cheung Mei-Zhen Huang 王琳深圳大学 Western Sydney University University of Maryland School of Medicine 上海体育学院

研究背景:足触地角(Foot strike angle,FSA)是指跑步时足落地瞬间足底与地面之间的夹角,常用于区分前足、中足、后足落地模式。准确区分这3种跑步落地模式对步态训练及跑步运动损伤预防有重要意义,是当前研究的热点。但是,现有基于FSA... 详细信息

研究背景:足触地角(Foot strike angle,FSA)是指跑步时足落地瞬间足底与地面之间的夹角,常用于区分前足、中足、后足落地模式。准确区分这3种跑步落地模式对步态训练及跑步运动损伤预防有重要意义,是当前研究的热点。但是,现有基于FSA区分跑步落地模式的标准参差不齐,而且,已发表研究中采用的FSA标准或基于小样本计算得到,或未做信效度分析。另外,跑者的跑步经验也会影响FSA,进而可能影响区分跑步落地模式的FSA标准。因此,本研究的目的是:重新定义区分3种跑步落地模式的FSA标准并探讨FSA标准是否因跑者的跑步经验而改变。研究方法:三组被试(经验跑者15人、新手跑者14人和非跑者14人)均用舒适速度在测力跑台上完成4次3 min跑测试:首次测试不作任何干预以获取被试惯用跑步落地模式;剩余3次测试被试随机顺序选择用前、中或后足落地模式。3个反光标记球分别贴于被试右侧跑鞋的鞋跟、第2跖趾关节和鞋尖处,利用三维动作捕捉系统和测力系统记录每次测试最后30 s反光标记球和足底压力中心(COP)的运动轨迹,进而计算FSA和触地指数(Strike index,SI)。以SI为金标准,两次利用接收者操作特征(ROC)曲线和约登指数(YI)定义区分3种跑步落地模式的最佳FSA标准,并比较3组被试之间的差异。研究结果:3.1 FSA和SI的关系本研究累计记录并分析7359步,其中,经验跑者2625步,新手跑者2504步,非跑者2230步。回归分析显示,SI能较好地预测FSA:FSA=0.31*SI+18.57,R2=0.74(所有被试);FSA=0.33*SI+19.06,R2=0.80(经验跑者);FSA=0.32*SI+19.13,R2=0.75(新手跑者);FSA=0.28*SI+17.23,R2=0.65(非跑者)。与现有研究结论一致,我们也发现,FSA与SI呈线性相关:SI越大,FSA越小。这可能是因为,虽然SI和FSA的计算方法不一样(SI通过计算COP相对足跟的位置得到;FSA通过计算足底相对地面的空间位置得到),但两者都与足踝关节的运动密切相关:当足踝背伸时,COP更靠近足跟区域;当足踝跖屈时,COP则向前脚掌部位移动。3.2区分3种跑步落地模式的FSA标准依据SI这一金标准,在跑步测试中,经验跑者、新手跑者和非跑者以中足落地的步数分别为:791步、1000步和667步。根据ROC曲线及YI,整合所有被试的FSA和SI数据,计算得到的FSA标准为:-0.8°-7.4°;依次对3个不同组别进行分析,得到的FSA标准分别为:-1.0°-7.3°(经验跑者),-1.9°-8.9°(新手跑者)和-1.2°-7.4°(非跑者)。FSA标准在3组被试之间的差异较小(0°为后足落地,FSA=0°为中足落地,FSA<0°为前足落地。本研究基于大样本数据计算得到的FSA标准为-0.8°-7.4°,明显不同于现有研究中采用的标准,如,-1.6°-8.0°,-0.3°-5.6°,-1.0°-1.0°,-8.0°-0°。我们的FSA标准,尤其是新手跑者(-1.9°-8.9°),与Altman等采用的标准(-1.6°-8.0°)接近。这可能归因于相近的被试特征:新手跑者的跑龄和周跑量分别为1.3±0.6years和8.8±4.8km;Altman等招募的20名业余跑者的周跑量为20.7±13.0min。我们还发现,经验跑者(-1.0°-7.3°)和非跑者(-1.2°-7.4°)的FSA标准比Altman等采用的标准更窄。Altman等基于小样本(共9步:6步穿鞋跑;3步赤足跑)计算得到FSA标准,可能不能反映总体样本的实际分布;其它文献中采用的FSA标准未做信效度验证;本研究中,每个组的中足落地步数都超过650步,合计达2458步,能反映总体样本分布,具有代表性,基于此,我们认为,本研究中计算得到的FSA标准更科学,参考和应用价值更高。研究结论:本研究招募的被试涵盖不同跑步经验的跑者(非跑者、新手和经验跑者),能较好地代表整体跑步人群,通过记录的大样本跑步数据并结合运用分类模型统计分析方法(ROC曲线及YI),重新定义了区分3种跑步落地模式的FSA标准。此新标准不受跑者的经验影响,建议学者将来采用此新的FSA标准(-0.8°-7.4°)来区分前足、中足和后足落地模式。

关键词：足触地角触地指数跑步落地模式

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Family Medicine and Community Health 2024年第S1期12卷 12-19页

作者： Mehdi Mousavi Shabnam Shafiee Jason M Harley Jackie Chi Kit cheung Samira Abbasgholizadeh Rahimi Department of Family Medicine Faculty of MedicineUniversity of SaskatchewanNipawinSaskatchewanCanada Department of Family Medicine Saskatchewan Health AuthorityRiverside Health ComplexTurtlefordSaskatchewanCanada Department of Surgery Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre MontrealQuebecCanada Institute for Health Sciences Education Faculty of Medicine and Health SciencesMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada McGill University School of Computer Science MontrealQuebecCanada CIFAR AI Chair Mila-Quebec AI InstituteMontrealQuebecCanada Department of Family Medicine McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada Mila Quebec AI-Institute MontrealQuebecCanada Faculty of Dentistry Medicine and Oral Health Sciences McGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research Jewish General HospitalMontrealQuebecCanada

Introduction the application of large language models such as generative pre-trained transformers(GPTs)has been promising in medical education,and its performance has been tested for different medical *** study aims to assess the performance of GPTs in responding to a set of sample questions of short-answer management problems(SAMPs)from the certification exam of the College of Family Physicians of Canada(CFPC).Method Between August 8th and 25th,2023,we used GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 in five rounds to answer a sample of 77 SAMPs questions from the CFPC *** independent certified family physician reviewers scored AI-generated responses twice:first,according to the CFPC answer key(ie,CFPC score),and second,based on their knowledge and other references(ie,Reviews’score).An ordinal logistic generalised estimating equations(GEE)model was applied to analyse repeated measures across the five *** According to the CFPC answer key,607(73.6%)lines of answers by GPT-3.5 and 691(81%)by GPT-4 were deemed ***’s scoring suggested that about 84%of the lines of answers provided by GPT-3.5 and 93%of GPT-4 were *** GEE analysis confirmed that over five rounds,the likelihood of achieving a higher CFPC Score Percentage for GPT-4 was 2.31 times more than GPT-3.5(OR:2.31;95%CI:1.53 to 3.47;pthe Reviewers’Score percentage for responses provided by GPT-4 over 5 rounds were 2.23 times more likely to exceed those of GPT-3.5(OR:2.23;95%CI:1.22 to 4.06;p=0.009).Running the GPTs after a one week interval,regeneration of the prompt or using or not using the prompt did not significantly change the CFPC score *** In our study,we used GPT-3.5 and GPT-4 to answer complex,open-ended sample questions of the CFPC exam and showed that more than 70%of the answers were accurate,and GPT-4 outperformed GPT-3.5 in responding to the *** language models such as GPTs seem promising for assisting candidates of the CFPC exam by pr

关键词： Canada prompt education

On a non-abelian invariant on complex surfaces of general type Dedicated to Professor Sheng GONG on the occasion of his 75th birthday

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Science China Mathematics 2006年第12期49卷 1897-1900页

作者： cheung Wing-Sum WONG Bun Department of Mathematics University of Hong Kong Department of Mathematics University of California at Riverside

In this paper,we give certain homotopy and diffeomorphism versions as a generalization to an earlier result due to ***,Bun Wong and Stephen *** concerning a local rigidity problem of the tangent bundle over compact su... 详细信息

关键词： Chern numbers complex surfaces of general type coholomogy group local moduli local deformation space Miyaoka-Yau inequality Yau's global rigidity theorem Yau's uniformization theorem.

Laser Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy of IrN

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics 2009年第2期22卷 157-161页

作者： H. F. Pang A. S. C. cheung Department of Chemistry The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Hone Kong China

High resolution laser induced fluorescence, spectra of IrN in the spectral region between 394 and 520 nm were recorded using laser vaporization/reaction free jet expansion and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy. Seven new vibronic transition bands were observed and analyzed. Two Ω=1 and five Ω=0 new states were identified. Least squares fit of rotationally resolved transition lines yielded accurate molecular constants for the upper states. Spectra of isotopic molecules were observed, which provided confirmation for the vibrational assignment. Comparison of the observed electronic states of IrB, IrC, and IrN provides a good understanding of the chemical bonding of this group of molecules.

关键词： Electronic transition Rotational analysis Iridium mononitride Laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

Intracellular signaling mechanisms regulating the activation of human eosinophils by the novel th2 cytokine IL-33:implications for allergic inflammation

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Cellular & Molecular Immunology 2010年第1期7卷 26-34页

作者： Joyce YS Chow Chun K Wong Phyllis FY cheung Christopher WK Lam Department of Chemical Pathology The Chinese University of Hong KongPrince of Wales HospitalShatinNTHong KongChina Macao Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health Macao University of Science and Technology FoundationMacaoChina

the novel interleukin(IL)-1 family cytokine IL-33 has been shown to activate T helper 2(th2)lymphocytes,mast cells and basophils to produce an array of proinflammatory cytokines,as well as to mediate blood eosinophilia,IgE secretion and hypertrophy of airway epithelium in *** the present study,we characterized the activation of human eosinophils by IL-33,and investigated the underlying intracellular signaling ***-33 markedly enhanced eosinophil survival and upregulated cell surface expression of the adhesion molecule intercellular adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 on eosinophils,but it suppressed that of ICAM-3 and *** addition,IL-33 mediates significant release of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and the chemokines CXCL8 and *** found that IL33-mediated enhancement of survival,induction of adhesion molecules,and release of cytokines and chemokines were differentially regulated by activation of the nuclear factor(NF)-KB,p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK)and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK)***,we compared the above IL-33 activities with two structurally and functionally related cytokines,IL-1 B and ***-1β,but not IL-18,markedly upregulated cell surface expression of ***-1βand IL-18 also significantly enhanced eosinophil survival,and induced the release of IL-6 and chemokines CXCL8 and CCL2 via the activation of the NF-κB,p38 MAPK and ERK *** efects on the release of IL-6 were also observed in combined treatment withIL-1B,IL-18 and *** together,our findings provide insight into IL-33-mediated activation of eosinophils via differential intracellular signaling cascades in the immunopathogenesis of allergic inflammation.

关键词： allergy cytokines eosinophils signal transduction

Why Doesn＇t the Hong Kong Government Sell More Public Land？

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Frontiers of Economics in China-Selected Publications from Chinese Universities 2016年第3期11卷 367-389页

作者： Saku Aura Francis K. cheung Shawn Ni Department of Economics University of Missouri Columbia MO 65211 USA Department of Decision Sciences & Managerial Economics Chinese University of Hong KongHong Kong China

Why doesn＇t the Hong Kong government sell more of its enormous land holding to lower the city＇s high housing price and increase the residents＇ small living space？ We answer the question in an overlapping generations framework. We show that while a rapid and complete privatization of government land is efficient in the absence of externalities; it is made politically difficult by a compensation gap, when the losses of current property owners are greater than the government revenue from land sales. We argue that the cross-country diversity of government land ownership owes to historical incidents in some countries （such as the U.S. in the 19th century） that allowed disposal of government land without filling the compensation gap and the absence of such incidents in others （such as Hong Kong）.

关键词： Hong Kong government land housing price privatization,land ownership

Teachers Should Avoid Teaching Le Chatelier’s Principle

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Teachers Should Avoid Teaching Le Chatelier’s Principle

13th Asian Chemical Congress

作者： cheung,Derek Department of Curriculum and Instruction The Chinese University of Hong Kong

＜正＞Teachers cannot help their students understand what they themselves do not understand. However,research has found that many high school chemistry teachers have a limited conceptual understanding of chemical equilibrium（cheung,2009a,2009b;cheung,Ma ＆ Yang,in press）.For example,chemistry teachers generally hold the misconception that one can always cause an equilibrium system to shift to the right by increasing the concentration of a *** teachers also have the misconception that adding an inert gas never affects the position of *** improve the teaching and learning of chemical equilibrium in school,efforts should be made to enhance chemistry teachers’ subject matter knowledge and pedagogical content *** recent years,Hong Kong chemistry teachers have been encouraged to apply the concept of reaction quotient and van’t Hoff law to teach chemical equilibrium more effectively in *** purpose of this presentation is to summarize the major findings of the research project conducted in Hong *** examples of chemical equilibrium problems are discussed to show how the effects of concentration, pressure,inert gases,volume,and temperature on chemical equilibrium can be accurately predicted without the use of Le Chatelier’s *** lesson plans are also shown to illustrate the appropriate teaching sequence.

关键词： high school chemistry chemical equilibrium teacher misconceptions instructional strategies curriculum design

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營養衛教對血液透析患者高血磷的影響

镜湖医学 2024年第1期24卷 34-36页

作者：周惠碧冼詠萱黃懿茵張振榮澳門鏡湖醫院家庭醫學科中国

目的觀察營養衛教對高血磷的血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)患者飲食行為以及血磷水平的影響。方法選取經充分HD治療以及口服降磷藥物治療3個月後平均血磷值仍大於1.78mmol/L的患者,隨機分為研究組和對照組,營養師分别於第2和第4個月對研究... 详细信息

目的觀察營養衛教對高血磷的血液透析(hemodialysis,HD)患者飲食行為以及血磷水平的影響。方法選取經充分HD治療以及口服降磷藥物治療3個月後平均血磷值仍大於1.78mmol/L的患者,隨機分為研究組和對照組,營養師分别於第2和第4個月對研究組患者實施2次一對一個别式高磷血症飲食指導。分析比較衛教前後的知識、態度、行為問卷分數、血磷水平和血磷達標率。結果40例患者資料完整並完成研究,平均年齡64.6±12.1歲,平均每人每週外出用餐6次;75%的患者經常飲用咖啡、奶茶或茶。經衛教干預,研究組患者對加工食品是高磷食物的認知比例由66.7%顯著提升至90.5%(P<0.05);干預後對低磷飲食的知識(P=0.014)評分較干預前明顯提高,行為評分亦見有提高,但未達統計學差異。研究組患者干預後血磷值有下降趨勢,血磷達標率有上升趨勢,但未達統計學差異。結論營養衛教對改善患者對高磷食物的認知以及低磷飲食的知識和行為有一定幫助,但未能改善血磷水平。

关键词：血磷血液透析營養教育飲食行為

BEAUCOUP DE BONBONS Festival Croisements celebrates 10 years

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城市漫步（GBA版） 2015年第5期 28-29页

作者： TOM LEE TRISTIN cheung 不详

Every year,the Consulate General of France supports a series of events up and down China to celebrate the wonders of French *** celebrating its 10th edition,the Festival Croisements is bigger and more diverse than ever,with everything from sultry chanteuses and classical virtuosos to film retrospectives and even an exhibition on architectural great Le ***,we've rounded up some of the most interesting or unusual events taking place around the Pearl River Delta.

关键词： Pearl architectural celebrate