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Microwave torrefaction of empty fruit bunch pellet:Simulation and validation of electric field and temperature distribution

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Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts 2022年第4期7卷 270-277页

作者： Peter Nai Yuh Yek sieng Huat Kong Ming Chiat Law Changlei Xia Rock Keey Liew teck sung sie Jun Wei Lim Su Shiung Lam Centre for Research of Innovation and Sustainable Development University of Technology SarawakJalan UniversitySibuSarawak 96000Malaysia School of Foundation Studies University of Technology SarawakJalan UniversitySibuSarawak 96000Malaysia Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering and ScienceCurtin University Malaysia CampusMiriSarawak 98009Malaysia Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and MaterialsCollege of Materials Science and EngineeringNanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing 210037China NV WESTERN PLT GeorgetownPenang 10400Malaysia Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical ResearchInstitute of Self-Sustainable BuildingUniversity Technology PETRONASDarul RidzuanSeri IskandarPerak 32610Malaysia Higher Institution Centre of Excellence(HICoE) Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries(AKUATROP)University Malaysia TerengganuKuala NerusTerengganu 21030Malaysia Sustainability Cluster School of EngineeringUniversity of Petroleum&Energy StudiesDehradunUttarakhand 248007India

Microwave simulation is significant in identifying a reactor design allowing the biomass to be heated and processed *** study integrated the radio frequency and transient heat transfer modules to simulate the microwave distribution and investigated the performance of microwave heating in the *** simulation results were compared with the experimental findings us-ing the finite element analysis software of COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS to predict the temperature profile and electric field of microwave in the biomass(empty fruit bunch pellets).The higher temperature distribution was observed at the bottom and centre section of the empty fruit bunch pellet bed in the reactor,showing the uniqueness of microwave *** to the simula-tion results,the temperature profile obtained through the specific cavity geometry and dielectric properties agreed with the experimental temperature *** simulated temperature profile demonstrated a logarithmic increase of 120°C/min at the first 50 s followed by 50°C/min until 350 *** experimental temperature profile showed three different heating rates before reaching 300°C,including 78.3°C/min(50-120°C),30.6°C/min(121-250°C),and 105°C/min(250-300°C).The results of this study might contribute to the improvement of microwave heating in biomass torrefaction.

关键词： Microwave Torrefaction Simulation Energy Temperature

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Synthesis and mesomorphic behavior of benzothiazole-based liquid crystals having terminal methoxyl group

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2009年第12期20卷 1449-1452页

作者： sie Tiong Ha teck Ming Koh siew Teng Ong Yasodha Sivasothy Department of Chemical Science Faculty of ScienceEngineering & TechnologyUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat 31900 KamparPerakMalaysia Department of Science Faculty of Engineering & ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak 53300 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Chemistry Department Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Malaya 50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia

A homologous series of benzothiazole derivatives, 6-methoxy-2-（4-alkanoyloxybenzylidenamino）benzothiazoles, were synthesized and characterized using FT-IR, ^1H and ^13C NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis. Enantiotropic nematic phase was observed throughout the entire series. Smectic C phase only emerged from the decanoyloxy derivative onwards. The terminal methoxyl group and the ester linkage influenced the mesomorphic behavior of the present series.

关键词： Benzothiazole Schiff bases Nematic Smectic C Liquid crystal

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New mesomorphic benzothiazol derivatives: Synthesis and characterization

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2013年第10期24卷 926-928页

作者： teck-Ming Koh sie-Tiong Ha Guan-Yeow Yeap Hong-Cheu Lin Faculty of Engineering & Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak Faculty of Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Universiti Centre for Biodiversity Research Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Universiti Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia Department of Materials Science & Engineering National Chiao Tung University

In this paper, the synthesis of new mesomorphic benzothiazolyl derivatives, 6-ethoxy-2-[4-（4- alkyloxybenzoyloxy）benzylidenamino]benzothiazoles, is presented. The structures of the title compounds were elucidated using spectroscopic techniques, such as FT-IR, NMR （1H and 13C）, elemental analysis and El-MS. The mesomorphic behaviours of these compounds were determined by differential scanning calorimetric and polarizing optical microscopic techniques. Compounds exhibited nematic and tilted smectic phases upon heating from crystal phase. An obvious odd-even effect was observed in this homologous series.

关键词： Benzothiazole Nematic Smectic C Mesomorphic

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Synthesis and mesomorphic evaluation of new calamitic liquid crystals containing benzothiazole core

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2011年第5期22卷 619-622页

作者： teck Ming Koh sie Tiong Ha teck Leong Lee siew Ling Lee Guan Yeow Yeap Hong Cheu Lin Ramesh T.Subramaniam Department of Science Faculty of Engineering & ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak53300 Kuala Lumpur.Malaysia Department of Chemistry National University of SingaporeSingapore 117543Singapore Department of Chemical Science Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat31900 KamparPerakMalaysia Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 UTM SkudaiJohorMalaysia Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia11800 MindenPenangMalaysia Department of Materials Science & Engineering National Chiao Tung UniversityHsinchu 300Taiwan Center for Ionics University Malaya Department of Physics Faculty of ScienceUniversity of Malaya50603 Kuala LumpurMalaysia

The design and synthesis of new calamitic benzothiazole-based liquid crystals,2-[4-（4-alkyloxybenzoyloxy）-phenyl]ben-zothiazoles are *** target compound was characterized using spectroscopic techniques,such as FT-IR,NMR（~1H and ^（13）C）,microanalysis and *** liquid crystalline behaviours of these compounds were thoroughly examined by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscope *** materials exhibited enantiotropic nematic phase with high thermal stability（168℃）.Smectic A phase starts to emerge as monotropic（metastable） phase from C10 member and changes into enantiotropic（stable） phase from C12 and persists up to C16 members.

关键词： Benzothiazole Alkoxy chain Nematic Smectic A Liquid crystal

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Mesomorphic behavior of new azomethine liquid crystals having terminal iodo group

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2011年第3期22卷 260-263页

作者： sie-Tiong Ha teck-Leong Lee Guan-Yeow Yeap Masato M.Ito Ayumu Saito Masaaki Watanabe Department of Chemical Science Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat31900 KamparPerakMalaysia Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia11800 MindenPenangMalaysia Faculty of Engineering Soka University1-236 Tangi-choHachiojiTokyo 192-8577Japan

A series of azomethine esters,3-hydroxy-4-{[（4-iodophenyl）imino]methyl}phenyl alkanoates possessing even number of carbon atoms at the terminal alkanoyloxy chain（C_（n-1）H_（2n-1）COO-,n = 4,6,8,10,12,14） was synthesized.n-Butanoyloxy was found non-mesogenic,whilst n-hexanoyloxy to n-tetradecanoyloxy exhibited enantiotropic smectic A phase with fan-shaped *** was found that the length of terminal alkanoyloxy chain influenced the mesomorphic properties.

关键词： Liquid crystals Azomethine ester Enantiotropic Smectic A

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Mesomorphic behaviour of new azomethine liquid crystals having terminal bromo substituent

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2012年第2期23卷 177-180页

作者： sie Tiong Ha teck Leong Lee siew Ling Lee Guan Yeow Yeap Yip Foo Win siew Teng Ong Department of Chemical Science Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat31900 KamparMalaysia Ibnu Sina Institute for Fundamental Science Studies Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 UTM SkudaiMalaysia Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia11800 MindenMalaysia Department.of Chemical Science Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat31900 KamparMalaysia

A homologous series of azomethine esters,4-n-alkanoyloxybenzylidene-4＇-bromoanilines possessing even number of carbon atoms at the terminal alkanoyloxy chain（C_（n-1）H_（2n-1）COO- n = 8,10,12,14,16,18） was synthesized and *** n-octanoyloxy to n-dodecanoyloxy derivatives exhibited enantiotropic smectic A and smectic B phases,n-tetradecanoyloxy to n-octadecanoyloxy derivatives possessed enantiotropic smectic A and monotropic smectic B properties.n-Decanoyloxy derivatives demonstrated the optimum exhibition for both smectic A and smectic B *** was found that the length of terminal alkanoyloxy chain has an influence on mesomorphic properties.

关键词： Liquid crystals Schiff base ester Enantiotropic Smectic A Smectic B

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New mesogenic Schiff base esters comprising benzothiazole moiety:Synthesis and mesomorphic properties

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2009年第9期20卷 1081-1084页

作者： sie Tiong Ha teck Ming Koh Guan Yeow Yeap Hong Cheu Lin Jun Kit Beh Yip Foo Win Peng Lim Boey Faculty of Engineering & Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak 53300 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia 11800 MindenPenangMalaysia Department of Materials Science & Engineering National Chiao Tung University1001 Ta-Hsueh RoadHsinchu 300Taiwan Faculty of Science Engineering & TechnologyUniversiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln UniversitiBandar Barat 31900 KamparPerakMalaysia

A homologous series of Schiff base esters, 6-methoxy-2-（2-hydroxy-4-alkanoyloxybenzylidenamino）benzothiazoles, compris- ing a benzothiazole moiety as the core was synthesized. All the members of this series exhibited an enantiotropic nematic phase. The azomethine linkage along with the lateral hydroxyl and terminal methoxyl groups were found to exert an effect on the mesomorphic properties. 2009 sie Tiong Ha. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： Schiff bases Benzothiazoles Mesomorphic Nematic Structure-liquid crystal property relationship

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Synthesis and mesomorphic properties of new Schiff base esters with different alkyl chains

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Chinese Chemical Letters 2009年第7期20卷 767-770页

作者： sie Tiong Ha Lay Khoon Ong siew Teng Ong Guan Yeow Yeap Joanna Pik Wan Wong teck Ming Koh Hong Cheu Lin Faculty ofEngineering & Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak 53300 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Faculty of Engineering & Science Universiti Tunku Abdul RahmanJln Genting KlangSetapak 53300 Kuala LumpurMalaysia Liquid Crystal Research Laboratory School of Chemical SciencesUniversiti Sains Malaysia 11800 MindenPenangMalaysia Department of Chemistry University of YorkHeslingtonYork YO10 5DDUnited Kingdom.

A new series of Schiff base esters, 4-（dimethylamino）benzylidene-4＇-alkanoyloxyanilines containing even number of carbons at the end group of the molecules （Cn-1H2n-1COO, n = 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18） were synthesized. The present compounds were monotropic liquid crystals. It was also found that the end groups of the molecules had effect on the mesomorphic properties. C 2009 sie Tiong Ha. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society. All rights reserved.

关键词： Liquid crystals Schiff base esters Monotropic compounds Mesomorphic properties

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