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SWG: an architecture for sparse weight gradient computation

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Science China(Information Sciences) 2024年第2期67卷 302-321页

作者： weiwei WU Fengbin TU Xiangyu LI Shaojun WEI Shouyi YIN School of Integrated Circuits Tsinghua University Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

On-device training for deep neural networks(DNN) has become a trend due to various user preferences and scenarios. The DNN training process consists of three phases, feedforward(FF), backpropagation(BP), and weight gradient(WG) update. WG takes about one-third of the computation in the whole training process. Current training accelerators usually ignore the special computation property of WG and process it in a way similar to FF/BP. Besides, the extensive data sparsity existing in WG, which brings opportunities to save computation, is not well explored. Nevertheless, exploiting the optimization opportunities would meet three underutilization problems, which are caused by(1) the mismatch between WG data dimensions and hardware parallelism,(2) the full sparsity, i.e., the sparsity of feature map(Fmap),error map(Emap), and gradient, and(3) the workload imbalance resulting from irregular sparsity. In this paper, we propose a specific architecture for sparse weight gradient(SWG) computation. The architecture is designed based on hierarchical unrolling and sparsity-aware(HUSA) dataflow to exploit the optimization opportunities of the special computation property and full data sparsity. In HUSA dataflow, the data dimensions are unrolled hierarchically on the hardware architecture. A valid-data trace(VDT) mechanism is embedded in the dataflow to avoid the underutilization caused by the two-sided input sparsity. The gradient is unrolled in PE to alleviate the underutilization induced by output sparsity while maintaining the data reuse opportunities. Besides, we design an intra-and inter-column balancer(IIBLC) to dynamically tackle the workload imbalance problem resulting from the irregular sparsity. Experimental results show that with HUSA dataflow exploiting the full sparsity, SWG achieves a speedup of 12.23× over state-of-the-art gradient computation architecture, Train Ware. SWG helps to improve the energy efficiency of the state-of-the-art training accelerator LNPU from

关键词： CNN training gradient computation sparsity architecture

Genome-wide SNP markers provided insights into the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species Ulva prolifera in China

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Journal of Oceanology and Limnology 2024年第2期42卷 533-543页

作者： Song SUN weiwei MA Nan WANG Song FENG Yan SUN CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences Institute of OceanologyChinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laoshan LaboratoryQingdao 266237China Jiaozhou Bay Marine Ecosystem Research Station Chinese Academy of SciencesQingdao 266071China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China

Ulva prolifera is the causative species of the annually occurring large-scale green tides in China since *** specific biological features on reproductivity strategies,as well as intra-species genetic diversity,are still largely unknown,especially at the genome level,despite their importance in understanding the formation and outbreak of massive green *** the present study,the restriction site-associated DNA genotyping approach(2b-RAD)was adopted to identify the genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)of 54 individual thalli including samples collected from Subei Shoal in 2019 and Qingdao coast from 2019 to *** genotype results revealed that most of the thalli in 2019 and 2020 were haploid gametophytes,while only half of the thalli were gametophytes in 2021,indicating flexibility in the reproductive strategies for the formation of the green tides among different years and the dominance of asexual and vegetative reproductive mode for the floating ***,population analysis was conducted,and it revealed a very low genetic diversity among samples from Subei Shoal and the Qingdao coast in the same year and a higher divergence among samples in different *** results showed the efficiency of 2b-RAD in the exploration of SNPs in *** and provided the first genome-wide scale evidence for the origin of the large-scale green tides on the Qingdao *** study improved our understanding of the reproductive strategy and genetic diversity of the green tide causative species and will help further reveal the biological causes of the green tide in China.

关键词： green tide Ulva prolifera 2b-RAD single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP) reproductive strategy genetic diversity

Persistent radical anion of perylene dianhydride:an emerging metal-free photocatalyst for near-infrared photocontrolled RAFT polymerization

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Science China Chemistry 2024年第2期67卷 677-686页

作者： Haitao Zhao Guoqing Bian Xiang Xu weiwei He Lifen Zhang Zhenping Cheng State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and ApplicationSuzhou Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Design and Precision SynthesisCollege of ChemistryChemical Engineering and Materials ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123China

Developing a new type of photocatalyst(PC) and catalytic mechanism for near-infrared(NIR) photocontrolled reversibledeactivation radical polymerization(RDRP) system is charming but ***,a novel PC of the persistent radical anion(PRA)(possessing the properties of both radical and anion) was developed for NIR photocontrolled reversible additionfragmentation chain transfer(RAFT) polymerization,enabling successful polymerization while gaining a deep insight into the mechanism of photo-induced electron transfer RAFT(PET-RAFT) *** from the conventional and wellaccepted reductive quenching(RQ) pathway,in which the radical anion intermediates of PCs(PCs^(·-)) must be generated in an excited state(ES),here,the PRA(3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic dianhydride radical anion(PTCDA^(·-))) could generate conveniently in situ in the ground state(GS) and subsequently serve as highly efficient PC in the NIR region(740–850 nm).The successful implementation of this strategy elucidates the peculiar role played by light and the real way of electron transfer *** fact,the transfer of a single electron from PRA to chain transfer agent(CTA) and cleavage of the C–S bonds is a process from ES to GS,rather than always from GS(PCs^(·-)) to GS(CTA) in the RQ pathway as is well known to *** addition,the excellent spatial-temporal control and powerful penetration ability of the NIR light were also confirmed by this PRAcatalyzed polymerization system.

关键词： photocatalyst persistent radical anion(PRA) near-infrared(NIR)light reversible-deactivation radical polymerization(RDRP) photo-induced electron transfer RAFT(PET-RAFT)polymerization

Dynamic Coupling Analysis of Semisubmersible Platform Float-over Method for Docking Case

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Journal of Ocean University of China 2024年第2期23卷 345-357页

作者： DING Hongyan QIN Licheng ZHANG Puyang SONG Zhengrong XIE weiwei State Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Engineering Simulation and Safety Tianjin UniversityTianjin 300072China Offshore Oil Engineering Co. Ltd.Tianjin 300461China

In this paper,the multi-body coupled dynamic characteristics of a semisubmersible platform and an HYSY 229 barge were ***,coupled hydrodynamic analysis of the HYSY 229 barge and the semisubmersible platform was *** hydrodynamic parameters were obtained using the retardation function method of three-dimensional frequency-domain potential flow *** results of the hydrodynamic analysis were highly consistent with the test findings,verifying the accuracy of the multifloating hydrodynamic coupling analysis,and key hydrodynamic parameters were solved for different water depths and the coupling *** to the obtained results,the hydrodynamic influence was the largest in shallow waters when the coupling effect was ***,the coupled motion equation combined with viscous damping,fender system,and mooring system was established,and the hydrodynamics,floating body motion,and dynamic response of the fender system were *** analysis revealed good agreement among the surge,sway,and yaw motions of the two floating ***,when the wave period reached 10 s,the motion of the two floating bodies showed severe shock,and a relative motion was also ***,excessive constraints should be added between the two floating bodies during construction to ensure construction *** numerical analysis and model test results of the semisubmersible platform and HYSY 229 barge at a water depth of 42 m and sea conditions of 0°,45°,and 90° were in good agreement,and the error was less than 5%.The maximum movement of the HYSY 229 barge reached 2.61 m in the sway direction,whereas that of the semisubmersible platform was 2.11 *** construction,excessive constraints should be added between the two floating bodies to limit their relative movement and ensure construction safety.

关键词： float-over method semisubmersible platform coupling hydrodynamic fender system time-domain analysis

On the longitudinal shifts of the Agulhas retroflection point

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Acta Oceanologica Sinica 2024年第5期43卷 16-29页

作者： weiwei Zhang Xiaoyi Yang Wei Zhuang Xiaohai Yan State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science College of Ocean and Earth SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamen 361002China Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai) Zhuhai 519082China Center for Remote Sensing College of EarthOcean and EnvironmentUniversity of DelawareNewarkDE 19716USA Joint Center for Remote Sensing University of Delaware-Xiamen UniversityNewarkDE 19716USA and Xiamen 361002China

The Agulhas system is the strongest western boundary current system in the Southern Hemisphere and plays an important role in modulating the Indian-to-Atlantic Ocean water exchange by the Agulhas *** is difficult to measure in situ transport of the Agulhas leakage as well as the Agulhas retroflection position due to their intermittent *** this study,an innovative kinematic algorithm was designed and applied to the gridded altimeter observational data,to ascertain the longitudinal position of Agulhas retroflection,the stability of Agulhas jet stream,as well as its *** results show that the east-west shift of retroflection is related neither to the strength of Agulhas current nor to its *** analysis uncovers the connection between the westward extension of Agulhas jet stream and an anomalous cyclonic circulation at its northern side,which is likely attributed to the local wind stress curl *** confirm the effect of local wind forcing on the east-west shift of retroflection,numerical sensitivity experiments were *** results show that the local wind stress can induce a similar longitudinal shift of the retroflection as altimetry *** statistical and case study indicates that whether an Agulhas ring can continuously migrate westward to the Atlantic Ocean or re-merge into the main flow depends on the retroflection ***,the westward retroflection may contribute to a stronger Agulhas leakage than the eastward retroflection.

关键词： Agulhas system Agulhas leakage retroflection position local wind stress curl

Estimation of free core nutation parameters and availability of computing options

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Geodesy and Geodynamics 2024年第1期15卷 61-74页

作者： weiwei Yang Xiaoming Cui Jianqiao Xu Qingchao Liu Ming Qin State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesWuhan 430077China University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China Hubei Luojia Laboratory Wuhan 430079China

The Earth’s Free Core Nutation(FCN) causes Earth tides and forced nutation with frequencies close to the FCN that exhibit resonance ***-precision superconducting gravimeter(SG) and very long baseline interferometry(VLBI) provide good observation techniques for detecting the FCN ***,some choices in data processing and solution procedures increase the uncertainty of the FCN *** this study,we analyzed the differences and the effectiveness of weight function and ocean tide corrections in the FCN parameter detection using synthetic data,SG data from thirty-one stations,and the 10 celestial pole offset(CPO) *** results show that significant discrepancies are caused by different computing options for a single SG *** stacking method,which results in a variation of0.24-5 sidereal days(SDs) in the FCN period(T) and 10^(3)-10^(4) in the quality factor(Q) due to the selection of the weighting function and the ocean tide model(OTM),can effectively suppress this *** statistical analysis results of synthetic data shows that although different weight choices,while adjusting the proportion of diurnal tidal waves involved,do not significantly improve the accuracy of fitted FCN parameters from gravity *** study evaluated a series of OTMs using the loading correction *** fitting of FCN parameters can be improved by selecting the mean of appropriate OTMs based on the evaluation *** the estimation of the FCN parameters based on the forced nutation,it was found that the weight function P_(1) is more suitable than others,and different CPO series(after 2009) resulted in a difference of 0.4 SDs in the T and of 103 in the *** estimated the FCN parameters for SG(T=430.4±1.5 SDs and Q=1.52×10^(4)±2.5×10^(3)) and for VLBI(T=429.8±0.7 SDs,Q=1.88×10^(4)±2.1×10^(3)).

关键词： Free core nutation Superconducting gravimeter Very long baseline interferometry Weight function Ocean tide model

Biocatalytic enhancement of laccase immobilized on ZnFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles and its application for degradation of textile dyes

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Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering 2024年第4期68卷 216-223页

作者： Yuhang Wei Qingpeng Zhu weiwei Xie Xinyue Wang Song Li Zhiming Chen School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Anhui Laboratory of Functional Coordinated Complexes for Materials Chemistry and ApplicationAnhui Polytechnic UniversityWuhu 241000China School of Biology and Food Engineering Anhui Polytechnic UniversityWuhu 241000China

Efficient and convenient treatment of industrial dyeing wastewater is of great significance to guarantee human and animal *** work presented the enhanced catalytic activity at pH 3.0 of laccase immobilized on amino-functionalized ZnFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles(ZnFe_(2)O_(4)-laccase)and its application for the degradation of textile *** to the existence of a large number of oxygen vacancies on the surface of the ZnFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles,negative ions accumulated on the magnetic carriers,which resulted in a harsh optimal pH value of the ZnFe_(2)O_(4)-*** activity assays revealed that the ZnFe_(2)O_(4)-laccase possessed superior pH and thermal stabilities,excellent reusability,and noticeable organic solvent ***,the ZnFe_(2)O_(4) laccase presented efficient and sustainable degradation of high concentrations of textile *** initial decoloration efficiencies of malachite green(MG),brilliant green(BG),azophloxine,crystal violet(CV),reactive blue 19(RB19),and procion red MX-5B were approximately 99.1%,95.0%,93.3%,87.4%,86.1%,and 85.3%,*** 10 consecutive reuses,the degradation rates of the textile dyes still maintained about 98.2%,92.5%,83.2%,81.5%,79.8%and 65.9%,*** excellent dye degradation properties indicate that the ZnFe_(2)O_(4)-laccase has a technical application in high concentrations of dyestuff treatment.

关键词： ZnFe_(2)O_(4)-laccase Catalytic activity Stability and reusability Degradation of textile dye

Botrytis cinerea-induced F-box protein 1 enhances disease resistance by inhibiting JAO/JOX-mediated jasmonic acid catabolism in Arabidopsis

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Molecular Plant 2024年第2期17卷 297-311页

作者： Min Zhang weiwei Li Tingyu Zhang Yueyan Liu Lijing Liu The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology Ministry of EducationSchool of Life SciencesShandong UniversityQingdao 266237China

Jasmonic acid(JA)is a crucial phytohormone that regulates plant *** endogenous JA level is determined by the rates of its biosynthesis and catabolism in *** activation of JA biosynthesis has been well documented;however,how plants repress JA catabolism upon pathogen infection remains *** this study,we identified and characterized Botrytis cinerea-induced F-box protein 1(BFP1)in *** expression of BFP1 was induced by *** in a JA signaling-dependent manner,and BFP1 protein was critical for plant defense against *** and plant response to *** addition,BFP1 overexpression increased plant defenses against broad-spectrum pathogens without fitness *** experiments demonstrated that BFP1 interacts with and mediates the ubiquitination and degrada-tion of jasmonic acid oxidases(JAOs,also known as jasmonate-induced oxygenases,JoXs),the enzymes that hydroxylate JA to *** with this,BFP1 affects the accumulation of JA and 12OH-JA during *** ***,mutation of JAo2 complemented the phenotypes of the bfp1 ***,our results unveil a new mechanism used by plants to activate immune responses upon path-ogeninfection:suppressing JA catabolism.

关键词： plant immunity BFP1 JAO/JOXs JA catabolism ubiquitination-mediated degradation

Striking a growth–defense balance:Stress regulators that function in maize development

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Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 2024年第3期66卷 424-442页

作者： Shiyi Xie Hongbing Luo Wei Huang weiwei Jin Zhaobin Dong Maize Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hunan Province College of AgronomyHunan Agricultural UniversityChangsha 410128China State Key Laboratory of Maize Bio-breeding National Maize Improvement CenterFrontiers Science Center for Molecular Design BreedingChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing 100193China Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Breeding of Major Crops Fresh Corn Research Center of BTHCollege of Agronomy&Resources and EnvironmentTianjin Agricultural UniversityTianjin 300384China

Maize(Zea mays)cultivation is strongly affected by both abiotic and biotic stress,leading to reduced growth and *** has recently become clear that regulators of plant stress responses,including the phytohormones abscisic acid(ABA),ethylene(ET),and jasmonic acid(JA),together with reactive oxygen species(ROS),shape plant growth and *** their well established functions in stress responses,these molecules play crucial roles in balancing growth and defense,which must be finely tuned to achieve high yields in crops while maintaining some level of *** this review,we provide an in-depth analysis of recent research on the developmental functions of stress regulators,focusing specifically on *** unraveling the contributions of these regulators to maize development,we present new avenues for enhancing maize cultivation and growth while highlighting the potential risks associated with manipulating stress regulators to enhance grain yields in the face of environmental challenges.

关键词： stress regulators maize development ABA ET JA ROS