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Review:Botnet detection techniques: review, future trends, and issue

Journal of Zhejiang University-Science C(Computers and Electronics) 2014年第11期15卷 943-983页

作者： Ahmad Ka.iM Rosli Bin SALLEH Muhammad SHiRAZ syed Adeel a.i shah irfan AWAN Nor Badrul ANUAR Faculty of Computer Science and informa.ion Technology University of Malaya Kuala Lumpur Malaysia Department of Computer Science University of Bradford Bradford BD7 1DP UK

in recent years, the internet has enabled access to widespread remote services in the distributed computing environment; however, integrity of data transmission in the distributed computing platform is hindered by a number of security issues. For instance, the botnet phenomenon is a prominent threat to internet security, including the threat of ma.icious codes. The botnet phenomenon supports a wide range of criminal activities, including distributed denial of service(DDoS) attacks, click fraud, phishing, malware distribution, spam emails, and building machines for illegitimate exchange of informa.ion/materials. Therefore, it is impera.ive to design and develop a robust mecha.ism for improving the botnet detection, analysis, and removal process. Currently, botnet detection techniques have been reviewed in different ways; however, such studies are limited in scope and lack discussions on the latest botnet detection techniques. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest state-of-the-art techniques for botnet detection and figures out the trends of previous and current research. it provides a thema.ic taxonomy for the classifica.ion of botnet detection techniques and highlights the implica.ions and critical aspects by qua.ita.ively analyzing such techniques. Related to our comprehensive review, we highlight future directions for improving the schemes that broadly span the entire botnet detection research field and identify the persistent and prominent research challenges that remain open.

关键词： Botnet detection Anomaly detection Network security Attack Defense Taxonomy

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An Efficient impersona.ion Attack Detection Method in Fog Computing

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2021年第7期68卷 267-281页

作者： Jia.in Wan Muhammad Waqas Shanshan Tu syed Mudassir Hussain Ahsan shah Sadaqat Ur Rehman Muhammad Ha.if Engineering Research Center of intelligent Perception and Autonomous Control Faculty of Information TechnologyBeijing University of TechnologyBeijing100124China Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Ghulam Ishaq Khan Institute of Engineering Sciences and TechnologyTopi23460Pakistan Department of Electronics Engineering FICTBalochistan University of Information TechnologyEngineering and Management SciencesQuetta87300Pakistan Department of Computer Science Namal InstituteMianwali42200Pakistan

Fog computing para.igm extends computing,communica.ion,storage,and network resources to the network’s *** the fog layer is located between cloud and end-users,it can provide more convenience and timely services to ***,in fog computing(FC),attackers can behave as real fog nodes or end-users to provide ma.icious services in the *** attacker acts as an impersonator to impersonate other legitimate ***,in this work,we present a detection technique to secure the FC ***,we model a physical layer key genera.ion based on wireless channel *** generate the secret keys between the legitimate users and avoid impersonators,we then consider a Double Sarsa technique to identify the impersonators at the receiver *** compare our proposed Double Sarsa technique with the other two methods to va.idate our work,i.e.,Sarsa and *** simula.ion results demonstrate that the method based on Double Sarsa outperforms Sarsa and Q-learning approaches in terms of false alarm rate(FAR),miss detection rate(MDR),and average error rate(AER).

关键词： Fog computing double Sarsa attack detection physical layer key security

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An Efficient Machine Learning Based Precoding Algorithm for Millimeter-Wave Massive MiMO

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2022年第6期71卷 5399-5411页

作者： Waleed shahjehan a.id Ullah syed Waqar shah Ayman A.Aly Bassem F.Felemban Wonjong Noh Department of Electrical Engineering University of Engineering and Technology PeshawarPakistan Department of Mecha.ical Engineering College of EngineeringTaif UniversityTaif21944Saudi Arabia School of Software Hallym UniversityChuncheon24252Korea

Millimeter wave communica.ion works in the 30–300 GHz frequency range,and can obtain a very high bandwidth,which greatly improves the transmission rate of the communica.ion system and becomes one of the key technologies of fifth-genera.ion(5G).The smaller wavelength of the millimeter wave makes it possible to assemble a large number of antennas in a small *** resulting array gain can compensate for the path loss of the millimeter *** this feature,the millimeter wave massive multiple-input multiple-output(MiMO)system uses a large antenna array at the base *** enables the transmission of multiple data streams,ma.ing the system have a higher data transmission *** the millimeter wave massive MiMO system,the precoding technology uses the state informa.ion of the channel to adjust the transmission strategy at the transmitting end,and the receiving end performs equa.iza.ion,so that users can better obtain the antenna multiplexing gain and improve the system *** paper proposes an efficient algorithm based on machine learning(ML)for effective system performance in mmwave massive MiMO *** main idea.is to optimize the adaptive connection structure to ma.imize the received signal power of each user and correlate the RF chain and base sta.ion *** results show that,the proposed algorithm effectively improved the system performance in terms of spectral efficiency and complexity as compared with existing algorithms.

关键词： MiMO phased array precoding scheme machine learning optimiza.ion

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Moving Personal-Cell Network: Characteristics and Performance Evalua.ion

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China Communica.ions 2018年第12期15卷 159-173页

作者： syed Ta.iq shah Minsu Shin Young Min Kwon JaeSheung Shin Ae-Soon Park Min Young Chung Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Sungkyunkwan University Department of Telecommunica.ion Engineering FICT Balochistan University of Information Technology Engineering and Management Sciences Mobile Access Research Division Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute

Recent years have witnessed a huge demand for ubiquitous communica.ions services from continuously moving users. in order to provide seamless network services to high-mobility users, one of the promising solution proposed by 3 GPP is the deployment of moving-relays. in this article, we introduce the concept of Moving-Personal-Cell(mPC), which is a type of moving-relays. mPC is a user-centric network, which aims to provide reliable network services to moving users. A mPC receives data-traffic from eNB and its neighboring mPCs via wireless backhaul and sidehual links respectively and forwards the received data to its serving users. in addition to this, mPC can also increase the network capa.ity by caching and distributing the popular contents to its serving users. Besides these pros, the mPC also has some limita.ions, as its performance is highly affected by cross-tier and co-tier interferences. in this article, we analyze the effect of these interferences on mPCs performance. Our results show that the performance of mPC network is equally affected by the capa.ity of wireless backhaul, sidehaul, and access links. Moreover, since mPCs accommodate data traffic from wireless backhaul, sidehaul links, and content cache, their performance is also affected by the ra.io of data-traffic delivered via these links.

关键词： heterogeneous networks moving small cells fixed small cells moving cache network performance evalua.ion next genera.ion networks

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Optical coherence tomography characteristics of responses to intra.itreal beva.izumab in idiopathic choroidal neovascula.iza.ion

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interna.ional Journal of Ophthalmology(English edition) 2016年第2期9卷 271-274页

作者： syed Na.ir a.i shah Qian-Yan Kang Xiao-Juan Fan Yue-Ming Sun Department of Ophthalmology the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

AiM： To investigate factors associated with responses to intra.itreal beva.izumab （iVB） in naive idiopathic choroidal neovascula.iza.ion （iCNV） by high domain optical coherence tomography （OCT）. METHODS： We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of 40 eyes of iCNV pa.ients who received a single or multiple iVB on an as-needed ba.is （1.25 mg/0.05 mL）. One month after the first injection, subretinal fluid （SRF） volume was evaluated and the eyes were divided into 3 groups based on responses to iVB. Good, moderate, and poor responses were defined as 61%-99%, 30%-60%, and 〈30% resolution of SRF on OCT after iVB in iCNV, respectively. OCT findings were analyzed to find factors associated with difference in response levels. Compa.isons were made using Wilcoxon＇s matched- pairs signed-rank test, the Mann-Whitney U test for means with continuous data and Fisher＇s exact test for categorical data. RESULTS： The mean number of iVB was 1.28±1.50 and mean follow up time was 3.60±1.20mo. At postopera.ive 1too, there were 8 （20%） eyes in good response, 20 （50%） in moderate response and 12 （30%） eyes in poor response group and at last visit there were 28 good responders （70%）, 8 （20%） moderate responders and 4 （10%） poor responders. Sta.istically significant difference was detected between good responders and non good responders in choroidal neovessels thickness （P=0.029）, SRF height （P=0.049） and SRF volume （P=0.031） at post treatment 1 mo. CONCLUSiON： OCT is a valuable diagnostic tool. Decrease in choroidal neovessels thickness, SRF height and volume predicts favorable response of iCNV to iVB therapy.

关键词： beva.izumab idiopathic choroidalneovascula.isa.ion optical coherence tomography subretinalfluid

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Alkaloids as potential antivirals.A comprehensive review

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Natural Products and Bioprospecting 2023年第1期13卷 718-755页

作者： shah Faisal syed Lal Badshah Bibi Kubra Abdul-Ha.id Emwas Ma.iusz Jaremko Department of Chemistry Islamia College University PeshawarPeshawar 25120Pakistan Core Labs King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Saudi Arabia Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering(BESE) Smart-Health Initiative(SHI)and Red Sea Research Center(RSRC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology(KAUST)Thuwal 23955-6900Saudi Arabia

Alkaloids are a diverse group of natural *** phytochemicals in plants provide them protection against pests,and herbivorous orga.isms and also control their *** of these alkaloids have a va.iety of biological effects,and some have even been developed into medica.ions with different medicinal *** review aims to provide a broad overview of the numerous naturally occurring alkaloids(isolated from both terrestrial and aqua.ic species)along with synthetically produced alkaloid compounds ha.ing prominent antiviral *** reviews on this subject have focused on the biological actions of both natural and synthetic alkaloids,but they have not gone into comprehensive detail about their antiviral *** reviewed here several antiviral alkaloids that have been described in the literature in different investiga.ional environments i.e.(in-vivo,in-ovo,in-vitro,and in-silico),and found that these alkaloid compounds have significant antiviral properties against several infectious *** alkaloids repressed and targeted va.ious important stages of viral infection at non-toxic doses while some of the alkaloids reported here also exhibited comparable inhibitory activities to commercially used ***,these anti-viral effects of alkaloids point to a high degree of specificity,implying that they could serve as effective and safe antiviral medicines if further pursued in medicinal and pharmacological investiga.ions.

关键词： Alkaloid antivirals Antiviral agents Antiviral phytochemicals in vitro Spread inhibition

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Possible origin of inert gases in hydrocarbon reservoir pools of the Zinda.ir Anticlinorium and its surroundings in the Middle indus Ba.in, Pa.istan

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Geodesy and Geodyna.ics 2018年第6期9卷 456-473页

作者： Adeel Nazeer syed Ha.ib shah Ghulam Murtaza Sarfraz Hussain Solangi Pa.istan Petroleum Limited (PPL) Pakistan University of Sindh Jamshoro Pakistan

The natural gas in several gas fields in Pa.istan is associated with varying percentages of inert gases（e.g.,CO;, N;, and H;S）. The hea.ing capa.ity of such natural gas is measured in British thermal units（BTU） in Pa.istan and is based on the combustion of the natural gases. The study area of this work belongs to the Middle indus Ba.in, which also covers some parts of the Sulaiman Foldbelt and the Punjab *** wells drilled in the study area contain inert gases（mostly CO;and N;） in varying percentages,which decreases the BTU value of sweet gases and the economic value of the gas *** were made to analyze the varying compositions of inert gases（mostly CO;and N;） along the deep-seated basement faults in the Zinda.ir Anticlinorium, eastern Sulaiman Foldbelt, but no specific rela.ion could be established. Similarly, geothermal gra.ient zones were identified and the distribution of inert gases in these zones was studied, but even so, no well-established rela.ion could be ***, va.ia.ions in the amounts of inert gases in the Chiltan Limestone of the Rodho Structure and the a.iband Structure point to the genera.ion of in situ inert gases because both wells were drilled on the same anticlinorium and share the same geology, and possibly, the same source rock. Post-accumula.ion changes probably play an important role in the genera.ion of in situ inert gases in varying concentra.ions.H;S is also present in some parts of the indus Ba.in. Therefore, a brief discussion about the possible origin of the H;S is also included in this paper.

关键词： inert gases Zinda.ir anticlinorium and hydrocarbon reservoir pool Middle indus ba.in Pa.istan

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impact of temperature on yield and related traits in cotton genotypes

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Journal of integra.ive Agriculture 2016年第3期15卷 678-683页

作者： Ka.im Ullah Niamatullah Khan Za.id Usman Rehmat Ullah Fazal Yazdan Saleem syed a.if imran shah Muhammad Salman Pa.istan Central Cotton Committee Cotton Research Station Department of Agricultural Extension Education & Communication The University of Agriculture Oil Seed Programme National Agriculture Research Center

Cotton growth and development is influenced by va.ious uncontrollable environmental conditions. Temperature va.ia.ions in the field can be created by planting at different dates. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of planting dates and thermal temperatures（growing degree days） on yield of 4 cotton genotypes, viz., CiM-598, CiM-599, CiM-602 and a.i Akbar-703. Plants were subjected to 6 planting dates during 2013 and 2014 in a trial conducted in randomized complete block design with four replica.ions. For boll number, boll weight and seed cotton yield, cotton genotypes exhibited significant differences, CiM-599 produced the highest seed cotton yield of 2 062 kg ha^（–1） on account of ma.imum boll number and boll weight. The highest seed cotton yield was recorded in planting dates from 15 th April to 1st May whereas early and delayed planting reduced the yield due to less accumula.ion of heat units. Regression analysis revealed that increase of one unit（15 days） from early to optimum date（15th March to 15 th April） increased yield by 93.58 kg ha^–1. Delay in planting also decreased the seed cotton yield with the same ra.io. Thus it is concluded that cotton must be sown from 15 th April to 1st May to have good productivity in this kind of environment.

关键词： Gossypium hirsutum planting dates growing degree days genotypes

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Energy Cost Minimiza.ion Using String Matching Algorithm in Geo-Distributed Data Centers

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Computers, Materials & Continua 2023年第6期75卷 6305-6322页

作者： Muhammad imran Khan Kha.il syed Adeel a.i shah izaz Ahmad Khan Mohammad Hijji Muhammad Shiraz Qaisar shaheen Department of Computer Science&informa.ion Technology University of Engineering&TechnologyPeshawar25000Pakistan Department of Computer Science Bacha Khan UniversityCharsadda24541Pakistan Computer Science Department University of TabukTabuk47512Saudi Arabia Department of Computer Science Federal Urdu University of ArtsScience and Technology Islamabad44000Pakistan Department of Computer Science and informa.ion Technology The Islamia University of BahawalpurRahim Yar Khan CampusPunjabPakistan

Data centers are being distributed worldwide by cloud service providers(CSPs)to save energy costs through efficient workload alloca-tion *** CSPs are challenged by the significant rise in user demands due to their extensive energy consumption during workload *** research studies have exa.ined distinct opera.ing cost mitiga.ion techniques for geo-distributed data centers(DCs).However,oper-a.ing cost sa.ings during workload processing,which also considers string-matching techniques in geo-distributed DCs,remains *** this research,we propose a novel string matching-based geographical load balanc-ing(SMGLB)technique to mitigate the opera.ing cost of the geo-distributed *** primary goal of this study is to use a string-matching algorithm(i.e.,Boyer Moore)to compare the contents of incoming workloads to those of documents that have already been processed in a data center.A successful match prevents the global load balancer from sending the user’s request to a data center for processing and displa.ing the results of the previously processed workload to the user to save *** the contrary,if no match can be discovered,the global load balancer will allocate the incoming workload to a specific DC for processing considering va.iable energy prices,the number of active servers,on-site green energy,and traces of incoming *** results of numerical evalua.ions show that the SMGLB can minimize the opera.ing expenses of the geo-distributed data centers more than the existing workload distribution techniques.

关键词： String matching optimiza.ion geo-distributed data centers geographical load balancing green energy

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Simula.ion of multiphase boost DC-DC converter with the stable control strategy

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Journal of Beijing institute of Technology 2013年第4期22卷 504-508页

作者： SOOMRO a.ir Mahmood KHAHRO shahnawaz Farhan syed Feroz shah 廖晓钟 FARHAN Manzoor School of Automa.ion Beijing Institute of Technology Mehran University of Engineering and Technology

The multiphase boost DC-DC converter with stable control strategy is presented. Multi- phase boost DC-DC converter is designed for high voltage and high power applica.ions, and could be achieved by the adjustment of voltage doubler rectifiers on the secondary side of high frequency transformers. The stable control strategy for three phase boost DC-DC converter has been utilized during simula.ion in this study and this strategy can be extend to N-number of phases. The stable control strategy consists of only three voltage loops, which are sufficient for appropriate and efficient opera.ion of three phase boost DC-DC converter. With the stable control strategy, the equal power balance sha.ing can be obtained between input and output. The sta.ility of control strategy has been evaluated by simula.ing the multiphase boost DC-DC converter for the same and mismatch turn ra.ios of high frequency transformers. The simula.ion result is good and the objective of the strategy is a- chieved.

关键词： boost DC-DC converter high frequency transformer voltage doubler rectifier

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